新型冠状病毒与系统损伤研究

自2019年12月全国及世界范围爆发了新型冠状病毒性肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),给中国和全球公共卫生安全带来了极大的挑战.研究发现,新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)不仅损...     

2019新型冠状病毒疫苗研究进展及展望

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)正在全球大流行,疫苗研发工作也在积极推进.截至2021年3月2日,全球正在研制的新型冠状病毒疫苗共有258种,疫苗种类囊括灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、DNA疫苗、RNA疫苗和病毒样颗粒,有76种疫苗已进入临床试验阶段.疫苗的安全性和有效性是两个最重要的指标,临床试验结束后将获取疫苗的这些关键指标,安全且有效的疫苗上市指日可待.本文对目前进入临床试验的疫苗类型、构建策略、优缺点、最新进展进行比较分析,同时针对新冠疫苗研制和免疫策略进行了探讨.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎:实验室检测、治疗及疫苗

新型冠状病毒肺炎(2019 novel coronavirus disease,COVID-19),一种由动物来源的新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SRAS-CoV-2)感染所致的疾病在全球范围内急速传播,严重的危害人类的健康.快速、准确的诊...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的治疗进展

2019年12月在湖北武汉出现不明原因肺炎,随后在国内和全球引起传播.目前,全球已有200多个国家出现感染病例,WHO将新型冠状病毒(简称为"新冠")引起的疫情暴发定义为全球大流行,严重危害人类的生命健康.我国经过前期的精准施策、科学防治,我国疫情已得到良好控制,取得了阶段性的胜利.在新冠肺炎患者的治疗中,通过对治疗方法的探索和实践,全国90％以上患者达到出院标准,在新冠肺炎的治疗中积累了宝贵的经验.本文就新冠肺炎的治疗作一综述,以期为新冠肺炎救治提供参考.     

新型冠状病毒受体血管紧张素转换酶2的研究进展

自新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发以来,中国已累计超过8万例患者。随着对其病毒结构和感染机制的深入研究,研究者们发现血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)2是新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的受体。根据既往的研究,ACE2是肾素血管紧张素系统(Renin angiotensin system,RAS)的关键酶之一,与其同源物ACE在该系统中起协同调节作用,同时,其生理调节功能也广泛作用于心血管、肾脏、肝脏、肠道等。疫情暴发后,人们急于了解SARS-CoV-2的溯源、中间宿主、流行病学分析和治疗的靶点,ACE2身份的转变使其成为研究的热点之一。本文就目前ACE2在SARS-CoV-2和心血管等领域的研究进展进行简要综述,以期为SARS-CoV-2的溯源、跨物种传播、流行病学分析以及抗病毒药物靶点研究提供参考依据。     

新型冠状病毒亚单位疫苗研究进展及现状*

自新型冠状病毒肺炎在2019年年末暴发以来,如何高效防控疫情一直是紧急的全球公共安全事件。疫苗是有效阻止病毒感染人体、保护高危人群免于疾病快速进展以及遏制疫情进一步扩大的手段之一,其中亚单位疫苗的主要成分为特定的病毒抗原蛋白或多肽,通过加入疫苗佐剂提高抗原的免疫原性。由于机体仅针对重组蛋白表面的特定抗原表位进行识别并产生抗体,因此亚单位疫苗具有较高的保护能力和安全性。通过对目前已上市及处于临床阶段的各类新型冠状病毒亚单位疫苗进行梳理,介绍了各类亚单位疫苗的抗原设计策略和佐剂选择、整体保护能力及研究进展,并对亚单位疫苗的应用及技术优势进行分析,期望能为亚单位疫苗研发及全球疫情防控提供参考。     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2的突变株及其疫苗

伴随着严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)疫苗(也称COVID-19疫苗)在世界各地预防接种的展开,SARS-CoV-2突变株也在世界多地相继出现,其中有的突变株可能对现行SARS-CoV-2疫苗诱导的抗体产...     

SARS冠状病毒S蛋白的功能性受体-ACE2

SARS冠状病毒的棘突S蛋白 ,与细胞受体介导的感染有关。血管紧张素转化酶 2 (ACE2 )是SARS CoVS蛋白的功能性受体 ,人类ACE2酶的细胞外区域由 2个亚基组成 ,其中锌金属肽酶区域可以进一步分成 2个亚域 (I和II) ,形成一个长而深的裂缝 ,环绕裂缝顶端的隆起线可能作为与S 糖蛋白结合的区域。ACE2可以与SARS CoVS蛋白的S3 1 8 5 1 0结合。这将为发展新型SARS疫苗和SARS的预防和治疗提供新的研究方向。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究策略分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与重症急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)同属于β-冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和一定的致死率。2019年12月在我国武汉被发现,随后蔓延到我国大部分省份,给我国人民健康和经济发展造成巨大损失。疫苗接种是预防和控制传染病的常规和有效手段,国内外多个机构已启动COVID-19疫苗研究工作。文中基于SARS和MERS疫苗研究的经验和教训,对COVID-19疫苗的研究策略和需要注意的关键问题进行了阐述,为相关研究人员提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒感染与复制的进展

冠状病毒是一类具有囊膜包裹的线性单股正链RNA病毒,在自然界广泛存在,可引起不同程度的呼吸性传染病。新型冠状病毒是一种新发突发病毒,对各类人群均易感。截止目前,该病已经在世界范围内广泛流行,对公共卫生安全构成极大的威胁。文中从冠状病毒及新型冠状病毒的基因组特征、关键蛋白、对宿主的感染和复制的角度加以综述,旨在为获得病毒侵染宿主细胞致病机制的探究提供理论依据,也为特异的抗病毒药物的研发提供基础支持。     

冠状病毒疫苗的研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)自被发现以来就引起了人们的广泛关注,开发针对该病毒的安全、有效疫苗成为近期的研究热点。本文以高致病性冠状病毒疫苗(包括灭活疫苗、重组亚单位疫苗、重组病毒载体疫苗和核酸疫苗)的研究展开综述,为研制SARS-CoV-2疫苗提供参考。     

Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vaccines are produced by the repeated passage in embryonated eggs resulting in spontaneous mutations. As a consequence attenuated viruses have only a few mutations responsible for the loss of virulence, which will differ between vaccines affecting virulence and/or immunogenicity and can revert to virulence. A new generation of vaccines is called for and one means of controlling IBV involves the development of new and safer vaccines by precisely modifying the IBV genome using reverse genetics for the production of rationally attenuated IBVs in order to obtain an optimum balance between loss of virulence and capacity to induce immunity.     

新型结核病疫苗及其评价方法的研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的慢性传染病,严重危害人类健康,卡介苗对儿童粟粒性结核和结核性脑膜炎保护效果较好,但对成人肺结核保护效果却不确定。过去十余年,众多研究人员一直致力于新型结核病疫苗的研发,但至今尚未成功。结核病的致病和免疫机制还不完全清楚,缺乏可以预测临床保护效果的指标和动物模型,动物实验结果常与临床试验结果不符,临床试验耗时漫长、成本昂贵、且需要大量结核病患者,这些都严重阻碍了结核病疫苗的研发。近年来,研究人员研发了一些新方法进行结核病疫苗临床前评价,从而缩短了进入临床试验的时间,加快了结核病疫苗的发展。综述了新型结核病疫苗的研究进展及其保护力评价方法,特别是临床前评价新方法。     

Recent advances and novel strategies in vaccine development

This review is intended to cover some recent advances in identification of vaccine candidates and in methods of delivery of vaccine antigens. Sequencing of bacterial genomes has led to rapid utilization of the predicted open reading frames to identify potential candidates for evaluation and, with improvements in proteomics combined with microanalytical sequencing techniques, to identify expressed proteins. Expression of vaccine antigens in human food sources has been greatly improved, opening the possibility of orally delivered subunit vaccines, as has the ability to modify the immune response with cytokines and chemokines. These techniques are slowly making their way to human studies and show great promise for future human use.     

SARS-CoV-2抗原表位分析及相关疫苗研发的进展与挑战

疫苗的接种被认为是阻止时下2019冠状病毒病(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情进一步蔓延的最有效手段.目前,国内外多个研究团队采用了不同的技术路线开展严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,S...     

From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development

The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV and HCoV-19) has posed serious threats to public health and economic stability worldwide, thus calling for development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses. Since SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have high similarity of their genomic sequences and share the same cellular receptor (ACE2), it is essential to learn the lessons and experiences from the development of SARS-CoV vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of the SARS-CoV vaccine candidates and prospected the strategies for the development of safe, effective and broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines for prevention of infection by currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses that may cause future epidemics or pandemics.     

Identification and development of a promising novel mumps vaccine candidate strain

Mumps epidemics are usually caused by airborne transmission of mumps virus (MuV) and have high morbidity in non-immunized children. Epidemiological studies in many regions of China show that the genotype F viral strain is the most prevalent. However, the genotype A strain is currently used to prepare vaccines. Regional epidemiological MuV data suggest a significant application for the development of live attenuated mumps vaccines targeting specific genotypes. This article reports the isolation and culture of a genotype F MuV candidate strain that could be used to prepare a live attenuated mumps vaccine. This strain is shown to have good immunological efficacy and stability in neurovirulence evaluations. This work should facilitate the implementation of mumps vaccination in mainland China by targeting the most prevalent MuV genotype, genotype F.     

Identification of novel tick salivary gland proteins for vaccine development

Methods currently used to control Ixodes scapularis ticks rely principally on acaricidal applications which suffer from a number of limitations. Recently, host vaccination against ticks has been shown to be a promising alternative tick control method. In tick salivary glands, numerous genes are induced during the feeding process. Many of these newly expressed proteins are secreted in tick saliva and may play a role in modulating host immune responses and pathogen transmission. We have performed suppression subtraction hybridization to identify unique I. scapularis salary gland proteins specifically expressed during engorgement. We have cloned and sequenced ten unique salivary gland-associated cDNAs that are up-regulated during feeding. The protein products of these genes represent potential vaccine candidates for use in the control of ticks and to prevent transmission of tick-borne diseases.