内蒙古四子王旗大庙中新世的真角鹿一新种(英文)

描述了内蒙古四子王旗大庙中中新世化石地点(DM01)产出的真角鹿一新种:高枝真角鹿Euprox altus sp.nov.。新种具真正的角节,角节之上一定高度的两个分枝,长的角柄;牙齿低冠,上臼齿的前附尖和中附尖发育,新棱和齿带存在;p4的下后尖发育,下次凹存在;下臼齿具古鹿褶。这些特征可作为其归入真角鹿属Euprox的依据。Euprox altus最主要的特征是其分叉起始位置比属内其他种的高。分叉起始位置的标志是角基的突然变宽,它不同于分叉的位置,可作为一个新的鉴定特征。角冠表面纵向分布不均的沟棱、更低冠的牙齿、P4原尖后棱上的脊、p4不明显的下前凹和不是很发育的下三角凹、下臼齿上发育较弱的古鹿褶等特征都是新种区别于属内其他种的重要特征。Euprox altus所指示的可能是温暖湿润的生活环境,与大庙现在干旱、恶劣的景象截然不同。     

New records of archaic ungulates from the Lower Eocene of Sanshui Basin,Guangdong, China

Phenacolophidae is a group of little known archaic ungulates from the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene of Asia. Its phylogenetic relationships with other altungulates have remained uncertain, partly because most phenacolophids are represented by poorly preserved material. Here we report a new phenacolophid, Sanshuilophus zhaoi gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Eocene Huayong Formation of the Sanshui Basin, Guangdong, China. Although still fragmentary, the new specimens show that the new taxon is characterised by relatively large body size (except for Zaisanolophus), sub-molariform premolars, relatively higher bilophodont molars that lack the mesostyle, and tooth enamel microstructure with true prisms and typical Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB). With the new specimens and a review of the published phenacolophid material, we are able to provide an alternative identification for the tooth loci for the type specimen of Phenacolophus and further present an emended diagnosis for Phenacolophidae. The tooth morphology and enamel microstructure provide new evidence to support the notion that phenacolophids differ from species of Embrithopoda in having low-crown teeth, considerably slanting lophids, distinct paralophids and lacking the arsinoitheriid radial enamel. Phenacolophidae should not be included in Tethytheria but probably represent a stem group for altungulates, if not for all archaic ungulates.     

山东临朐中新世松鼠类一新属

本文描述的Meinia asiatica gen.et sp.nov.代表我国新第三纪首次发现的一类飞松鼠,化石采自山东省临朐县解家河中中新统山旺组,新属的特征表明,它与欧洲新第三纪的Sciu(?)optera类有接近的亲缘关系。     

记广西田东却林缅甸先炭兽的新材料

记述了产自广西田东县却林那读组中一残破的缅甸先炭兽 (Anthracokeryxbirmanicus)头骨。通过对化石的描述 ,对该种特征进行了补充和分析 ,并认为其终生生长的上犬齿可能是用来作为争夺领域和配偶的武器。终生生长的上犬齿的发现 ,证明炭兽类具有性双形。将那读动物群和缅甸邦唐动物群进行对比 ,认为那读组的时代很可能有一部分属于中始新世     

华南古新世哺乳类一新科

本文记述了一个新科(丽(犭亚)科)的两个新属和四个新种。文中除对四新种进行了较详细的描述与对比外,还初步讨论了丽(犭亚)科、(犭亚)科与假古猬科同Kennalestes和zalambdalestids之间的亲缘关系。从目前材料来看,在形态上,丽(犭亚)比Gypsonictops更接近于Kennalestes。丽(犭亚)科有可能是后者的古新世后裔,(犭亚)科和假古猬科的起源或许与达种白垩纪真兽类也有密切关系。     

A new species of lesser panda Parailurus (Mammalia,Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny

A new species of the lesser panda, Parailurus baikalicus sp. nov., from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia is described. In contrast to the European taxa P. anglicus and P. hungaricus, it retains a primitive occlusal pattern of M¹-M², with a concave buccal outline, small mesostyle on M¹, and undeveloped styles on M². At the same time, the Transbaikalian panda is more advanced than other representatives of Parailurus in the upper molars with a reduced lingual cingulum and an enlarged paraconule, which is partially (M¹) or completely (M²) separated from the protocone. This combination of primitive and advanced characters points to the separation of the Asian branch at the earliest stages of the genus development. The Transbaikalian lesser panda may represent a terminal form of this phylogenetic lineage.     

Enigmatic new mammals from the late Eocene of Egypt

A new mammalian genus and species from the earliest late Eocene of Egypt is represented by a lower jaw fragment and two isolated lower molars. A rare combination of features and the fragmentary nature of the materials make their taxonomic assignment to either Marsupialia or Chiroptera uncertain. The holotype of the new genus is the best-preserved specimen in the sample, a dentary fragment with two molars that have uncompressed trigonids, weak buccal cingulids, and a nyctalodont arrangement of the hypocristid. Some traits appear to more clearly support marsupial, as opposed to chiropteran, affinities for this species, including the very likely presence of four molars in the dentary. The enamel of an additional lower molar assigned to this species consists of a single layer of radial enamel without any prism decussation, an enamel type that characterizes marsupials as well as chiropterans. A second taxon is represented by two isolated upper molars. Some traits appear to more clearly support marsupial, as opposed to chiropteran, affinities for these species, including the orientation of pre- and postprotocristae, the moderately slender lingual portion of the trigon, and the absence of any talon expansion. As some of these features can be found in various bat clades, chiropteran affinities for these species cannot be ruled out, but we propose that the new taxa are more likely to represent specialized ‘didelphimorphian’ marsupials.      

山西垣曲先炭兽类一新种

本文主要报道1983年9月,在山西省垣曲县寨里发现的一件较完整的先炭兽类老年个体上颌骨.带有颇为完整的左、右齿列. I~1-P~2 各齿前、后均有较长的齿隙. P~1、P~2、P~3 前的齿隙颌骨上,保留有乳前臼齿的齿槽.这块标本在大小及形态特征上,与目前所知先炭兽属 Anthracokeryx 中任何种都有相当大的差异.它代表了该属中的一个新种.     

广东三水盆地的哺乳动物化石

在广东三水盆地新村水库附近的第三系中发现了一哺乳动物的下颌骨和上臼齿。其形态特征很象叉齿兽（Hypsilolambda）,但尺寸比已知的种大很多。它可能代表叉齿兽的一新种,或新属。现暂将其归入叉齿兽属。其产出地层心群一组的时代可能为古新世。     

New cranial material of Shansirhinus (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) from the Lower Pliocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China

A well-preserved skull and articulated mandible of Shansirhinus, a horned aceratherine rhinocerotid, is described from an Early Pliocene (Gaozhuangian; approximately 5.3-4.34 Ma) locality of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Comparing the new material of Shansirhinus ringstromi Kretzoi, 1942, we confirm the synonymy proposed previously for the species Chilotherium yunnanensis Tang et al., 1974, Chilotherium cornutum Qiu and Yan, 1982, and Ch. tianzhuensis Zheng, 1982. New knowledge concerning its cranial and mandibular morphology allows insight into its phylogenetic position among aceratherine rhinocerotids. A sister group relationship between Shansirhinus and Chilotherium is proposed on the basis of cranial, mandibular and dental evidence. Shared derived characters that support this relationship include: an expanded mandibular symphysis with a concave ventral surface; retracted premaxillae lacking upper incisors; a robust and right-angled facial crest; a flat or slightly concave dorsal skull profile; a weak or absent parastyle fold; and a constricted protocone on the premolars. Shansirhinus was probably a grazer, which is evidenced by the high crown, strong wear, well-developed secondary folds, and enamel plications on its teeth. The age of S. ringstromi is Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene, corresponding to the Turolian to Ruscinian, MN12-MN15 of Europe. S. ringstromi is likely the ancestor of the more advanced S. brancoi (Schlosser, 1903).     

A new protictithere from the late Miocene hominoid locality Ravin de la Pluie of Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece)

This article concerns the study of a protictithere from the late Miocene of Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). The material was found in the hominoid-bearing mammal locality Ravin de la Pluie (RPl), which is corellated with the late Vallesian, MN 10. The available material, including maxillary and mandibular elements, is described and compared morphologically and metrically with the known Eurasian protictitheres. The small size, the low cusps(-ids) of the teeth, the protocone of the P4, which is in line with the mesial border of the parastyle, the large molars (especially the M2), the small buccal projection of the M1 paracone, the strongly molarized p4, the strong metaconid and large talonid with high entoconid of the m1 separate the RPl protictithere from the known Eurasian protictitheres and allow the erection of a new species, named P. thessalonikensis n. sp.     

New dental remains of Anoiapithecus and the first appearance datum of hominoids in the Iberian Peninsula

New dental remains of the fossil great ape Anoiapithecus brevirostris are described from the Middle Miocene local stratigraphic series of Abocador de Can Mata (ACM) in els Hostalets de Pierola (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). These specimens correspond to maxillary fragments with upper teeth from two female individuals from two different localities: left P³–M¹ (IPS41712) from ACM/C3-Aj (type locality; 11.9 Ma [millions of years ago]); and right M¹–M² and left P⁴–M² (IPS35027) from ACM/C1-E* (12.3–12.2 Ma). Relative enamel thickness is also computed in the latter individual and re-evaluated in other Middle Miocene hominoids from ACM, in order to better assess their taxonomic affinities. With regard to maxillary sinus development, occlusal morphology, molar proportions and enamel thickness, the new specimens show greater resemblances with the (male) holotype specimen of A. brevirostris. They differ from Pierolapithecus catalaunicus in displaying less inflated crests, a more lingually-located hypocone, and relatively lower-crowned molars; from Dryopithecus fontani, in the relatively thicker enamel and lower-crowned molars; from Hispanopithecus spp., in the more inflated crown bases, less peripheral cusps and more restricted maxillary sinus; and from Hispanopithecus laietanus also in the thicker crests, more restricted occlusal foveae, and relatively lower-crowned molars. The new specimens of A. brevirostris show some slight differences compared with the holotype of this species: smaller size (presumably due to sexual size dimorphism), and less distally-tapering M² occlusal contour (which is highly variable in both extant and extinct hominoids). The reported remains provide valuable new evidence on dental intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in Anoiapithecus. From a taxonomic viewpoint, they support the distinction of this taxon from both Dryopithecus and Pierolapithecus. From a chronostratigraphic perspective, IPS35027 from ACM/C1-E* enlarges the known temporal distribution of Anoiapithecus, further representing the oldest record (first appearance datum) of hominoids in the Iberian Peninsula.     

Structural Morphology of Molars in Large Mammalian Herbivores: Enamel Content Varies between Tooth Positions

The distribution of dental tissues in mammalian herbivores can be very different from taxon to taxon. While grazers tend to have more elaborated and complexly folded enamel ridges, browsers have less complex enamel ridges which can even be so far reduced that they are completely lost. The gradient in relative enamel content and complexity of structures has so far not been addressed within a single species. However, several studies have noted tooth position specific wear rates in small mammals (rabbits, guinea pigs) which may be related to individual tooth morphology. We investigate whether differentiated enamel content by tooth position is also to be found in large herbivores. We use CT-scanning techniques to quantify relative enamel content in upper and lower molar teeth of 21 large herbivorous mammal species. By using a broad approach and including both perissodactyls and artiodactyls, we address phylogenetic intraspecific differences in relative enamel content. We find that enamel is highly unevenly distributed among molars (upper M1, M2, M3 and lower m1, m2, m3) in most taxa and that relative enamel content is independent of phylogeny. Overall, relative enamel content increases along the molar tooth row and is significantly higher in lower molars compared to upper molars. We relate this differential enamel content to prolonged mineralisation in the posterior tooth positions and suggest a compensatory function of m3 and M3 for functional losses of anterior teeth.     

Enamel microstructure defines a major Paleogene hippopotamoid clade: the Merycopotamini (Cetartiodactyla,Hippopotamoidea)

We present new material of the selenodont anthracothere Hemimeryx blanfordi from the Oligocene deposits of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan), collected between 1999 and 2002. This is the first undisputed Oligocene occurrence of the species, previously known from the early Miocene of Pakistan. Investigation of the molar enamel microstructure reveals a surprising mono-zonal Schmelzmuster, already detected in some middle to Late miocene selenedont anthracotheres. We include this observation combined with a morphological revision of H. blanfordi and a cladistic assessment of the dental evidence, to propose a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding Hemimeryx and its close relatives. We confirm the clade including advanced bothriodontines, which we erect to a tribe rank and name Merycopotamini. The South Asian origin of Merycopotamini is consistent with hypothesized subsequent dispersal events of Merycopotamini from Asia to Africa.     

A new species of Celebochoerus (Suidae,Mammalia) from the Philippines and the paleobiogeography of the genus Celebochoerus Hooijer, 1948

Celebochoerus is a unique suid having extremely large upper tusks, and which was to date only known from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Sulawesi Island in Indonesia. Here, we report on the discovery of a canine fragment referable to Celebochoerus from the Cagayan Valley of Luzon, Northern Philippines. We name a new species, Celebochoerus cagayanensis nov. sp., which differs from the Sulawesi species Celebochoerus heekereni in having mesial and distal enamel bands on the upper canines. We see these characteristics as symplesiomorphic in suids and propose a migration route from the Philippines to Sulawesi, possibly out of Taiwan, which would have occurred independently from the better known Pleistocene migration route from India into Java.     

THE MIDDLE MIOCENE (LAVENTAN) QUEBRADA HONDA FAUNA, SOUTHERN BOLIVIA and A DESCRIPTION OF ITS NOTOUNGULATES

Abstract: The Laventan Quebrada Honda Fauna of southern Bolivia is one of the best sampled middle Miocene South American faunas. The present study describes the toxodontid, interatheriid and mesotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Honda and summarizes the present state of knowledge of the fauna. Toxodontid specimens from Quebrada Honda include two isolated molars, one upper and one lower. The upper molar compares favourably with Paratrigodon and may represent a new species, but too little material is known to make an adequate diagnosis. The lower molar may pertain to the same taxon, or to a distinct species that is even more poorly represented. A new species of the interatheriid Miocochilius is described, M. federicoi, on the basis of a partial skull. It differs from M. anomopodus in its significantly smaller size (at least 20 per cent smaller based on linear upper molar dimensions); relatively wider P4 with deeper lingual sulcus; more prominent middle lobes on upper molars; and M3 with deeper lingual sulcus and more prominent metastyle (distal lobe). The generic allocation of this new species is considered tentative, pending a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among currently recognized species of Miocochilius and Protypotherium. Mesotheriids are represented at Quebrada Honda by a pair of poorly preserved mandibles that are referred to Plesiotypotherium minor, a species previously recorded from slightly older deposits near Cerdas, Bolivia. A newly revised faunal list for Quebrada Honda is compiled that includes 30 species of non‐volant mammals, 27 of which have been identified to at least genus level. This revised faunal list is used to compare Quebrada Honda to other well‐sampled middle–late Miocene faunas (including La Venta, Columbia; Collón‐Curá, Argentina; and Arroyo Chasicó, Argentina) using the Simpson Index of faunal similarity. In order to compensate for inadequately identified specimens (i.e. those not identified to genus level), minimum and maximum values of faunal similarly were estimated using two different sets of assumptions. The analysis indicates that the middle‐latitude Quebrada Honda Fauna is more similar to the slightly older high‐latitude fauna of Collón‐Curá than to the contemporaneous low‐latitude fauna of La Venta, suggesting that isolating mechanisms between the low and middle latitudes were in place during the early and/or middle Miocene. The relative paucity of taxa shared between Quebrada Honda and La Venta, despite their contemporaneity, suggests that the system of South American Land Mammal ‘Ages’ (SALMAs) may not be useful for biocorrelation between low‐latitude faunas and those from elsewhere in South America.     

Ostéologie et affinités de Trematochampsa taqueti (Crocodylia,Mesosuchia) du Sénonien inférieur d'In Beceten (République du Niger)

Among the abundant remains of Mesosuchia that have been yielded by the early Senonian locality of In Beceten (Niger), the most numerous belong to the species Trematochampsa taquetiBuffetaut, 1974. The osteology of this species is described here. This medium-sized crocodilian, with a moderately elongated skull, is characterized, among other features, by its antorbital fenestra, its surangular-quadratojugal articulation, its slightly displaced post-orbital pillar, its teeth with wrinkled enamel, and its amphicoelous vertebrae. In its general outlook, this animal is rather reminiscent of the Goniopholidae, from the Upper Jurassic and the Cretaceous of Laurasia, but it is more primitive than them, and resemblances are probably due to convergence phenomena. The family Trematochampsidae is probably essentially Gondwanian, and could persist until the Senonian thanks to a certain isolation from Laurasia, where more progressive Crocodylia became predominant much earlier than in Africa and South America.     

Indications for a dietary change in the extinct Bovid genus Myotragus (Plio-Holocene,Mallorca, Spain)

Evolution in isolated island has shaped a variety of endemic taxa with outstanding characteristics. Amongst them is the extinct bovid genus Myotragus, endemic to Mallorca and Menorca Island, for which six succeeding species have been described: M. palomboi, M. pepgonellae, M. antiquus, M. kopperi, M. batei and M. balearicus. Myotragus has developed special cranial and post-cranial adaptations to meet the specific ecological demands of its insular habitat, like progressive dwarfing and fused limb elements. During its evolution, the dentition of Myotragus underwent subsequent changes: firstly a reduction in the number of teeth, and secondly an increase in hypsodonty. The ecological conditions inducing this dental evolution, especially Myotragus’ diet, remain unknown. In this study, methods of 3D-dental topometry, enamel surface texture analysis according to ISO/FDIS 25178-2, and Scale-Sensitive Fractal Analysis (SSFA) are applied in order to infer palaeodiets of M. pepgonellae, M. kopperi, M. batei and M. balearicus, and to test the hypothesis that a dietary change may have occurred in the Myotragus lineage which relates to gradual morphological changes on upper second molars. We detect changes in the enamel/dentin ratio, enamel ridge length and enamel surface area within the lineage. Furthermore, Myotragus balearicus has enamel surface texture characteristics also present in extant browsing ungulates, while the three antecedent Myotragus species show an enamel surface texture signal similar to extant grazers. These results suggest a dietary change and are interpreted as a successive adaptation to limited resources in an isolated, insular environment. They can either be a consequence of a change in plant community structure or a successive expansion of Myotragus’ dietary range due to increased intraspecific competition.     

Early Miocene Carnivora of Aktau Mountains, South Eastern Kazakhstan

New material is described ofAktaucyon brachifacialis n. gen., n. sp. (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae),Phoberocyon (Cinctocyon n. subgen.)akhmetievi n. sp. (Ursidae, Hemicyoninae), and Mustelidae indet. from the lower Miocene deposits of the middle Member of the Chul’adyr Formation in the Aktau Mountains, Ili Basin, SE Kazakhstan. Daphoenine remnants are reported from Asia for the first time. They are assigned to the new tribe Aktaucyonini, which are middle to large-sized amphicyonids with a shortened facial region; a reduced P/1; enlarged upper canines; an enlarged P4/ with a welldeveloped protocone, paracone and parastyle blade; enlarged M1/ and M2/, which have conical protocones, symmetrical talons, and reduced hypoconules; and an M2/ that is transversely widened with a greatly reduced metacone. The phoberocyonine described here is the first reported from Kazakhstan and for the whole western part of Central Asia. The composition of the carnivore fauna resembles that from Shanwang, eastern China (MN 4–5).