Suppression of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, with an attract-and-kill formulation

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a worldwide pest of citrus crops and is responsible for proliferation of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis (Hasse) pv. citri (Gamma Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). We developed and evaluated an attracticide formulation, termed MalEx, for control of P. citrella. MalEx is a viscous paste with UV‐protective properties that is dispensed as 50‐μl droplets using custom‐made calibrated pumps. A formulation containing 0.016%P. citrella pheromone [3:1 blend of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal and (Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal] and 6% permethrin was found to suppress male response to pheromone in the field better than formulations containing 10× less pheromone. Although formulations without permethrin showed some suppression of male activity because of mating disruption, addition of 6% permethrin to the formulation was required for optimal efficacy. When MalEx, containing 0.016% pheromone and 6% permethrin, was applied at 3 000 point sources ha^?1, the application height did not influence efficacy of male P. citrella suppression within mature 4‐m tall citrus trees. Decreasing the rate of MalEx from 3 000 to 1 500 droplets ha^?1 reduced efficacy as measured by both male P. citrella activity and larval infestation. Although 4 500 droplets ha^?1 did not result in statistically better efficacy than 3 000 droplets ha^?1, there was a noticeable trend for higher efficacy as droplet density increased. Continuous treatment of 0.5‐ha blocks of citrus with MalEx over the course of 112 days reduced larval infestation of new flush, as compared with those in untreated control plots, by 3.6–7.2× depending on droplet application density. In laboratory behavioral bioassays, the attractiveness of MalEx droplets to male P. citrella was drastically reduced after 21 days of field aging. However, our laboratory investigation confirmed that 100% of males contacting MalEx droplets, aged up to 35 days in the field, were killed within 24 h. Direct observation of male P. citrella behavior in the field confirmed that attracted males made contact with droplets. Control of P. citrella with MalEx should reduce the number of required broad spectrum sprays for leafminer management in both field and citrus nursery settings.     

Season‐long mating disruption of citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton,with an emulsified wax formulation of pheromone

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a major worldwide pest of citrus. Larval feeding by this insect facilitates proliferation of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Herein, we describe a season‐long disruption trial of P. citrella with a newly developed, emulsified wax dispenser of pheromone (SPLAT‐CLM^TM). A formulation containing a 3 : 1 blend of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal:(Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal at a 0.2% loading rate of active ingredient by weight and deployed twice per season (24 weeks total) at 490 g of formulation/ha caused season‐long disruption of male moth catch in pheromone traps as well as reduced leaf infestation. Analysis of pheromone release from dispensers by gas chromatography revealed that effective disruption of P. citrella occurred at a deployment rate of 126 μg of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal/ha/h. Direct observation of moth behaviour in the field suggested that disruption by this formulation occurred by a non‐competitive mechanism. A formulation of the 3 : 1 attractive blend at a 0.02% pheromone loading rate caused only 2–6 weeks of disruption per deployment and did not reduce leaf infestation during mid and end of the season evaluations. A formulation containing 0.2% of (Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal alone and deployed at 490 g/ha caused 6–7 weeks of moth disruption to pheromone traps and did not prevent leaf infestation, while an identical formulation loaded with 0.02% (w/w) of (Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal alone had no effect on P. citrella orientation to pheromone traps. The SPLAT formulation evaluated herein appears to be an excellent release device for (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal given that approximately 100 days of steady release occurred following an initial brief (ca. 7 days) burst of higher release. The advantages of SPLAT as a formulation for P. citrella disruption include low cost of manufacturing, biodegradable and weather resistant characteristics, and flowability allowing machine application. Mating disruption should be an effective alternative to insecticides for management of P. citrella and may reduce the incidence of citrus canker.     

Factors influencing adult female oviposition in the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella

1 The citrus leafminer (CLM) Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a serious pest in most citrus‐growing regions of the world. The influence of leaf length, citrus species or variety, leaf colour tone and temperature on CLM oviposition was studied from field observations and laboratory experiments. The spatial distribution of eggs on leaves was also examined. Field data were obtained from 1100 samples collected in eastern Spain for 7 years. 2 Significant differences in oviposition rate were found among citrus species in ‘no choice’ laboratory experiments. This tendency was not apparent in the field due to the confounding effect of such factors as the intensity of new flushes and adult CLM abundance. Leaf colour tone and air temperature in the range studied (18–27°C) had no effect on CLM egg‐laying. 3 The distribution of eggs among leaves was random for population densities lower than four eggs per leaf, but became strongly aggregated above this, when not all eggs could survive and complete development. 4 The CLM developmental stage found on leaves depended on the leaf length, and most of the egg‐laying occurred only on leaves that were 10–25 mm long. These leaves had the highest CLM stages in the field and thus give the best estimate of CLM oviposition.     

合成性信息素对柑桔潜叶蛾的田间引诱作用

目前柑桔潜叶蛾的防治主要依赖化学农药, 而且生产中缺少有效测报技术。为此, 我们于2009年6月30日至10月6日在浙江宁波通过有机合成柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella（鳞翅目, 细蛾科）的3种性信息素化合物顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛, 配制成不同浓度比例的混合物, 进行田间试验比较其引诱活性。结果表明, 单一的顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛对柑桔潜叶蛾雄蛾就可以显示较强的引诱作用, 而顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛单一成分没有引诱活性, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛与顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛的二元混合物30∶1~3∶1之间活性较强, 而在30∶1的质量比例时诱虫量最高。含顺7-十六碳烯醛的三元混合物, 当顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛∶顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛∶顺7-十六碳烯醛三者比例为100∶10∶3时有显著增效作用。剂量与诱捕活性试验显示每枚诱芯1 mg顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛的剂量引诱作用最强, 随浓度降低, 引诱作用下降。诱捕器在0.8~1.5 m之间的不同悬挂高度对诱捕数量无显著影响。结果说明, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛组成的三元混合物诱芯可以作为柑桔潜叶蛾的诱杀技术并应用于其生物防治和预测测报。     

Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida

Seasonal mortality of the citrusleafminer, Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton, was studied from 1994 through 1998 in`Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle,in Homestead, Florida. Survival of eachdevelopmental host stage and the proportionattacked by indigenous and introduced naturalenemies were determined. Before the recovery ofthe introduced parasitoid, Ageniaspiscitricola Logvinovskaya, in 1995, thethird-instar host had the highest averageproportion of parasitized individuals (0.14)followed by the prepupa (0.11) while the firstinstar had the lowest proportion parasitized(0.02). After the first recovery andestablishment of A. citricola, theproportion of pupae parasitized increased to0.56 followed by the prepupa (0.14) and thethird instar (0.11). Before the introduction ofA. citricola, the highest proportion ofhosts killed by predation was observed insecond instar (0.17) and third instar (0.15).After the establishment of the introducedspecies, the proportion of dead individuals dueto predation was greater for second instar(0.31) and third instar (0.21) larvae.Mortality caused by indigenous natural enemieswas significantly correlated with increases ofP. citrella density. Parasitism ofP. citrella by the exotic parasitoid,A. citricola, correlated less well to hostdensity over the season (r² = 0.12) thandid mortality caused by indigenous naturalenemies (r² = 0.76). Moreover, a higherpercent mortality in population of P. citrellawas obtained from predation by theindigenous natural enemies than the introducedparasitoid as shown in the mortality estimatesfrom 1995 to 1998.     

Volumes of petroleum spray oil required for control of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in mature citrus orchards

Studies on the relationship between volume of spray and suppression of citrus leafminer ( Phyllocnistis citrella ) oviposition by petroleum spray oil on 4 m-high mature orange trees showed a negative exponential relationship between spray volume and the number of mines per leaf. Significant reductions in the number of mines per leaf compared to unsprayed trees was achieved at spray volumes of ≥ 3300 L/ha using oscillating boom and at ≥ 3200 L/ha using rotary atomiser sprayers. However, improvements in efficacy at volumes over 3200–3300 L/ha were not significant and so of little practical value. The optimal spray volumes for citrus leafminer control are therefore suggested to be 3000–3500 L/ha. No significant difference in effectiveness was found between the oscillating boom at 3300 L/ha and a rotary atomiser at 3200 L/ha. The effect of oil spray on the citrus leafminer parasitoid Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was inconsistent. Improved droplet deposition and coalescence may enhance the coverage of new growths and increase the efficacy of oil spray for protection of plants from oviposition.     

Towards the identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The objective of this work was to characterize the sexual behavior of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, as the foundation for the isolation, identification, and synthesis of the complete sex pheromone of this species. Mating occurred in a time window of 2h, starting 1h before the onset of photophase. The large majority of tested insects mated in the first two days after emergence, with no significant difference between mating at day 1 and day 2. A stereotypical courtship and copulation behavior were described for this species. When mating was successful, the copulation was recorded in average for 49.6 min. In Y-olfactometer tests conducted at the time of mating activity, males were strongly attracted to caged virgin females as well as to extracts from putative pheromone glands.     

Factors affecting male Prays oleae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) captures in pheromone-baited traps in olive orchards

Effects of trap design, height and side of trap placement on olive trees, pheromone doses in dispensers, aging of dispensers in the field, and secondary pheromone components were evaluated for the development of an effective pheromone monitoring system for Prays oleae (Bernard) Lesne (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in olive orchards. Field trials showed that trap design, pheromone dose, and trapping side affected male captures, whereas dispenser age, trap height, and secondary components had no influence. Pherocon 1C and Delta traps baited with 1 mg of (Z)-7-tetradecenal captured more male moths than Pherocon II or Funnel traps. Placement of traps at different cardinal directions significantly affected captures, but this trend was not consistent and varied with flight period and trap position internal or external to the tree canopy. Moth phenology as determined by pheromone traps from early April to mid-October was consistent with published field data. Results indicate that Pherocon 1C or Delta traps baited with 1 mg of (Z)-7-tetradecenal provide an effective tool for monitoring the flight activity of P. oleae and the time of application of control measures.     

不同施肥处理对柑橘粉虱和柑橘潜叶蛾发生的影响

柑橘粉虱Dialeurodes citri Ashmead和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘的主要害虫,为了评估施肥对其发生的影响,本研究调查了施用有机肥、化肥、复混肥(有机肥与化肥混合)的砂糖橘苗木上这两种害虫的发生危害情况。结果表明,施用有机肥的苗木上柑橘粉虱的卵和若虫数量显著低于化肥,由柑橘粉虱诱发的煤污病发病程度也显著低于化肥处理。有机肥处理柑橘粉虱成虫数量也最少,但与化肥、复混肥差异未达显著水平。另外,柑橘潜叶蛾为害情况在3种肥料处理之间则没有显著差异。说明施有机肥的砂糖橘对柑桔粉虱的吸引作用最弱,其次为复混肥,化肥最吸引柑橘粉虱。3种施肥处理对柑橘潜叶蛾的吸引作用差异不明显。     

Reproductive strategies and parasitization behavior of Ageniaspis citricola, a parasitoid of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella

We describe the number, distribution, and function of sensilla located on different organs of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) females using scanning electron microscopy, selective staining, and contact electrophysiology. The tarsi of the prothoracic legs bear contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla chaetica (5–13 per tarsomere), arranged in rings mainly concentrated on ventral surfaces, and different mechanosensory structures (sensilla chaetica, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla campaniformia, and spines). A single contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensillum chaeticum is present between the claws on the pretarsus. The ventral surface of the ovipositor lobes is covered with numerous mechanosensory sensilla chaetica of different types, out of which 10 have a contact chemosensory function. Putative contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla were also observed on the proboscis and antenna. Longitudinal rows of alternated sensilla styloconica and basiconica are present on the distal part of the proboscis, and rings of sensilla chaetica are present at the antennal tip. The sensilla on these body parts may play different roles in the selection of an oviposition site.     

Modification of host finding and oviposition behaviour of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, by horticultural mineral oil

Horticultural mineral oil (HMO) deposits affect postlanding searching behaviour and contact evaluation of oviposition substrates by females of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Both unsprayed and sprayed lemon trees were equally capable of arresting randomly moving female moths by eliciting kinetic responses. The presence of HMO deposits did not affect the approach of female moths to flushes (shoots with immature leaves suitable as oviposition sites), and female moths were equally likely to land on sprayed and unsprayed immature flushes provided mature leaves were not sprayed. The presence of HMO on both the mature leaves and the flushes caused shorter residence and search times within trees and also resulted in fewer immature leaves visited. The HMO‐sprayed flushes were also more likely to be rejected for oviposition after contact. Nevertheless, eggs were sometimes deposited on sprayed flushes between residues of the oil droplets.     

悬挂高度和位置对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫效果的影响

本文研究了红心蜜柚园和新余蜜橘园中诱捕器悬挂高度、设置距离对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton雄虫效果的影响.结果表明,诱捕器悬挂的垂直高度明显影响性诱剂对柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫诱集量,同时这个影响随着高度相对树干的水平位置变化而变化.诱捕器最佳悬挂位置是三分之二树高的树冠底部边...     

Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures

The effects of dispenser type, dispenser aging in the field, pheromone dose in the dispenser and trap type on trapping efficiency of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), males were investigated in Israel. An Israeli-manufactured rubber septum was significantly better than the CM Pherocon cap in attracting males to a Pherocon 1C cap trap or an IPS trap. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant in CM Pherocon caps and the Israeli septa. Captures in traps were negatively correlated with aging of septa. The effect of aging of dispensers was more marked during summer than during spring. The fairly rapid loss of attractancy indicates that the lures should be replaced after 2 weeks at the most. The release rate of the pheromone from the dispensers was measured in a flow system. The emission from the Israeli septa and Pherocon caps decreased sharply after 2 weeks and then was almost constant, which explains the lower attractancy of aged septa. However, there was a marked difference in the release profiles of the pheromone from the two types of dispensers, which may explain the different performance of the two dispensers. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 μg pheromone per dispenser, male response increased positively with the pheromone dose. Pheromone loadings of 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser did not differ significantly in their attractiveness for males. A load of 5000 μg per dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than was 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser. The non-sticky IPS trap was significantly better in capturing codling moth males than was the sticky, commonly used Pherocon 1C trap, provided it was baited with the Israeli dispenser. The two traps were equally effective when baited with the CM Pherocon caps. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps for monitoring codling moth is of great importance. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel. No 3702-E, 1992 series.     

Changes in predation and parasitism of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) populations in Spain following establishment of Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, is a pest native to Southeast Asia which threatened the citrus industry in the Mediterranean region upon its introduction in 1993. Immediately afterward, a classical biological control program was implemented in Spain. The exotic parasitoid Citrostichus phyllocnistoides was the only introduced parasitoid to become established. In 2006, data on both the incidence of P. citrella and the impact of its natural enemies were collected following the same protocols used in 1997–1999 when C. phyllocnistoides was not yet present. C. phyllocnistoides constituted 99.4% of the parasitoids collected in 2006 corresponding to a decrease in the incidence of P. citrella from 3.2–5.1 to 1.8–2.4 mines per leaf in 1997–1999 and 2006, respectively. Mortality caused by natural enemies on P. citrella in 2006 was 93.3% (18.0% parasitism, 40.8% feeding punctures and 34.5% predation). C. phyllocnistoides, which preferentially parasitizes P. citrella second instar larvae, has displaced most of the indigenous parasitoids that moved onto P. citrella mainly parasitizing third instar larvae, upon its introduction. Because C. phyllocnistoides is an idiobiont parasitoid and preferentially parasitizes P. citrella second instars, this stage has become dominant in the orchards. The shift in the relative abundance of P. citrella larvae has prompted generalist predators to prey mostly on second instars and has contributed to the displacement of the native non-specific parasitoids, which principally utilize third instars, from the system. Both indigenous predators and the introduced parasitoid are key players in the natural regulation of P. citrella.     

Seasonal dynamics, dispersion, sequential sampling plans and treatment thresholds for the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in a mature lemon block in coastal New South Wales, Australia

Abstract  Studies of citrus leafminer in a coastal orchard in NSW, Australia indicated that an increase in abundance to about one mine per flush was followed during the midseason flush by a rapid increase in population that was related to an increase in the percentage of leaves infested within flushes and the number of mines per leaf. The fits of frequency distributions and Iwao's patchiness regression indicated that populations were highly contagious initially, and as the exponent k of the negative binomial distribution increased with increasing population density, the distribution approached random. Concurrently, the coefficient of variation of mines per flush (which was strongly related to the proportion of un-infested flushes) decreased to about unity as the proportion of un-infested flushes reached zero and fell further as the number of mines per flush increased. Both numerative and binomial sequential sampling plans were developed using a decision threshold based on 1.2 mines per flush. The binomial sampling plan was based on a closely fitting model of the functional relationship between mean density and proportion of infested flushes. Functional relationships using the parameters determined from Iwao's patchiness regression and Taylor's power law were equally satisfactory, and one based on the negative binomial model also fitted well, but the Poisson model did not. The three best fitting models indicated that a decision threshold of 1.2 mines per flush was equivalent to 50% of flushes infested. From a practical point of view, the transition from 25% infestation of flushes through 50% is so rapid that it may be prudent to take action when the 25% level is reached; otherwise, the 50% may be passed before the crop is checked again. For valuable nursery stock should infestation be detected in spring, it may be advisable to apply prophylactic treatment as the midseason flush starts.     

Characterization of the sexual responses of male tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans, to pheromone-baited decoy 'females' in the field

ABSTRACT. The sexual behaviour of male Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) towards decoys dosed with sex phero-mone (15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane) is described quantitatively from field observations. The flies responded with a standard behavioural pattern after landing. This involved: first, the perception of pheromone; second, orientation on the decoy and genitalia engagement; and third, a lengthy quiescence corresponding to natural copulation. The probability of a fly leaving a decoy decreased during the sequence and was least in the final 'copulatory' phase, when it remained constant under constant conditions. The initial, rapid rates at which flies left decoys were affected mostly by pheromone dose: the lower the dose, the higher the rate. The final, slow rate of leaving was unaffected by pheromone dose, being most affected by environmental stimuli, especially interference from other flies: at high fly densities, final rates of leaving were high. The results are discussed in the context of improving the potential for using pheromone and chemo-sterilant-dosed decoys for tsetse autosterilization.     

利用人工合成性信息素诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟的影响因素分析

采用自行设计式及仿制圆筒式诱捕器,以人工合成性信息素(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (简称TDA) 为引诱源在实验室条件下对影响诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella效果的几个因素进行分析测定。多元线性回归分析结果表明：日平均温度在18.5～26.2℃,人工合成性信息素TDA散发日数9～37天,温度(X₁)、TDA散发日数(X₂)、当日释放蛾(雄)量(X₃)、累计2日释放蛾量(X₄)、累计3日释放蛾量(X₅)等5个因素与每日诱捕蛾量间存在着相关关系。对5个因素进行逐步回归分析和筛选,得出线性回归方程：Y=-27.31+1.37X₁+0.28X₃,回归系数R（0.90）>R_0.01(n-2,0.63)。统计分析结果表明：日平均温度(X₁)、当日释放蛾量(X₃)与诱蛾量(Y)之间呈显著线性相关关系。卡方测验表明预测值与实测值之间差异不显著。     

Parasitoid complex of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrellaon lemon in the Central Jordan Valley

From March 1997 to June 1999, samples of lemonleaves infested with citrus leafminer (CLM),Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), were collectedfrom the Al-Masalha Citrus Orchard in theCentral Jordan Valley in order to rear CLMparasitoids and to study their populationtrends. Nine species of eulophid parasitoidswere reared from CLM larvae; these were Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan, C. pictusNees, Pnigalio agraules, Pnigalio sp. B,Pnigalio sp. C, Citrostichusphyllocnistoides Narayanan, Ratzeburgiolaincompleata Boucek, Semielacherpetiolatus Girault, and Zagrammosoma sp.Cirrospilus ingenuus was the most commonparasitoid of CLM from March 1997 to June 1999and could be a good potential biologicalcontrol agent after rearing and releasing it incitrus orchards in the Jordan Valley. Onehyperparasitoid species was reared fromimmatures of parasitoids of CLM larvae, andidentified as Tyndrichus sp. An increasein the activity of parasitoids was observed inautumn 1999 when the temperature was between 15–20 °C and the relative humidity was between 55–65%.     

Structure and composition of the assemblage of parasitoids associated to Phyllocnistis citrella Pupae Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus orchards in Southern Brazil

The structure and composition of the assemblage of pupal parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, the citrus leafminer, were studied in two citrus orchards (Citrus deliciosa Tenore cv. Montenegrina and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck x Citrus reticulata Blanco hybrid Murcott), in Montenegro County (29 degrees 68'S and 51 degrees 46'W), southern Brazil. At fortnightly samplings, from July 2001 to June 2003, all the new shoots from 24 randomly selected trees were inspected. The species richness reached five native species in the Murcott orchard, and six in Montenegrina. In Murcott, the presence of Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an exotic species, was detected in the first year of sampling, probably migrating from the nearby areas where it had been released for the miner control. In Montenegrina, its presence was only registered in the second year. A. citricola in both areas was dominant and changed the community structure of parasitoid complex of P. citrella in both orchards.