纳米酶在肿瘤催化诊疗方面的应用（英文）

作为一个特殊的交叉学科前沿,纳米酶在近几年来引起了科学界的广泛关注.自2007年首次发现四氧化三铁纳米材料具有类似辣根过氧化物酶的催化特性以来,纳米酶的研究迅速兴起.纳米酶在纳米尺度的特殊理化性质赋予它们优越的催化性能,以应用于各方面,例如癌症的诊断和治疗.本文重点介绍近年来催化化学的发展所促进的纳米医学在肿瘤诊疗方面的应用,以及纳米酶的研究现状和未来的展望.通过合理地将催化化学与临床纳米诊疗医学相结合,这些新型的纳米酶及其在肿瘤成像和治疗方面优越的催化性能,将会极大地促进纳米医学新子学科的产生.     

纳米金在肿瘤成像和放射治疗领域的应用进展

纳米金颗粒以其优越的理化性质在医学领域发挥独特的作用.近年来越来越多的研究证实了纳米金在肿瘤早期诊断和治疗方面方面有重要作用,尤其是纳米金正被逐步应用肿瘤成像和治疗领域.本文从纳米金的性质,在肿瘤成像和放射治疗方面的应用进展等方面作一综述.     

基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展

磁性纳米材料具有独特的磁学性质，可响应外磁场，产生力、热等效应。如在静磁场下将药物磁靶向递送至肿瘤部位；低频交变磁场下可将纳米药物主动渗透至病灶部位，实现瘤内均一分布；中频交变磁场作用下磁滞损耗产生热和增强的活性氧，用于肿瘤治疗。磁性纳米材料同时具有尺寸依赖的磁学性质以及表面多功能化等特点，可将磁靶向、分子靶向以及磁热疗联合。此外，磁性纳米材料具有磁共振成像性能以及纳米酶催化特性，使其在肿瘤诊疗一体化治疗方面获得了广泛应用。近年来，纳米给药系统不断被优化，基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗也得到了长足的发展。鉴于此，本文围绕提高靶向肿瘤治疗效果，从磁靶向药物治疗、被动靶向磁热疗和主动分子靶向磁热疗、纳米酶特性以及诊疗一体化应用等几方面出发，综述了基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展。     

纳米生物催化的研究现状和发展态势

纳米生物催化领域包括:(ⅰ)利用纳米技术或纳米材料调控生物催化剂的效率;(ⅱ)直接利用纳米材料或技术实现生物催化功能,并拓展生物催化在非友好环境及疾病诊疗中的应用.纳米生物催化已成为纳米生物学重要的研究领域,主要涉及纳米载体固定化酶和纳米材料人工模拟酶(纳米酶).一方面,可以借助纳米技术或材料所具有的特殊纳米效应来增强生物催化剂的效率和稳定性.另一方面,从模拟酶的理念出发,借助纳米材料自身所具有的催化能力,直接实现对生化反应的催化,这类具有酶学特性的纳米酶被视为新一代人工模拟酶.近年来,基于纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶技术的纳米生物催化已在疾病诊断和治疗、化工制药、环境处理等领域得到了广泛研究,并展示了其具有重要的应用价值.本文简要综述了纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶的发展历程及应用进展.     

综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：纳米酶的发现与应用

自2007年发现四氧化三铁纳米材料具有类似辣根过氧化物酶的催化特性以来,纳米酶研究领域迅速崛起．不同形貌、尺度和材料各异的纳米酶相继出现,同时其催化机制逐渐被认识．由于纳米酶具有催化效率高、稳定、经济和规模化制备的特点,它在医学、化工、食品、农业和环境等领域的应用研究便应运而生．纳米酶的发现,不仅推动了纳米科技的基础研究,还拓展了纳米材料的应用．本文将介绍纳米酶研究领域的最新研究进展．     

综述与专论: 贵金属和碳纳米酶分子机制的理论研究

2007年四氧化三铁类过氧化物酶活性的发现催生了纳米酶这一新兴多学科交叉研究方向,多种基于金属、金属氧化物和碳纳米材料的纳米酶被发现,并在环境,食品安全,化工,生物医学等领域获得应用。相应的,纳米酶催化分子机制的理论研究也取得了进展。本文将回顾化学催化的基本原理,重点总结贵金属和碳纳米酶分子机制的理论研究进展。     

磁性纳米材料的生物医学应用进展

以四氧化三铁为代表的医用磁性纳米材料具有独特的磁学性能、表面易功能化、良好的生物学相容性等特点,在纳米医学相关领域展现出巨大的应用前景,特别是近年来它作为可介导外场的智能材料,在材料设计和生物医学应用方面均取得了突破性的进展.鉴于此,本文围绕磁性氧化铁纳米材料的生物医学应用,着重介绍近年来其在磁共振影像探针、磁热和磁力效应的生物医学应用、诊疗一体化以及纳米酶催化等领域的研究进展,并对磁性纳米材料在生物医学领域未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

新模式肿瘤纳米诊疗一体化

纳米诊疗一体化是恶性肿瘤精准治疗的重要研究方向之一。通过纳米载体实现的可视化药物递送和治疗监控,在肿瘤诊断和治疗过程中具有独特优势。本文归纳了近年来纳米诊疗一体化发展的新模式及其研究现状,旨在为推动纳米诊疗一体化的进一步应用提供参考。     

纳米递送系统线粒体靶向策略在肿瘤诊疗中的应用

肿瘤是危害人类健康的重大疾病之一。目前用于肿瘤治疗的方法有手术治疗、化学药物治疗、放射治疗等。然而,传统的治疗方法存在治疗效果不佳、易引发多药耐药、毒副作用大等缺点,仍需进一步探索新的肿瘤治疗靶点和策略。线粒体作为细胞的能量转换器,被认为是肿瘤、心血管和神经性疾病新药设计的最重要靶点之一。纳米药物递送载体具有易被主动靶向基团修饰的特点,可实现细胞乃至细胞器的精准靶向给药。本文从抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤复发与转移、诱导细胞自噬等方面综述了线粒体靶向纳米载体在肿瘤诊疗中的应用。     

纳米药物在癌症诊疗中的应用进展

癌症的诊断和治疗在近年取得了重大进步,但癌症目前仍是影响人类生存和健康的主因之一。提高癌症的早期诊断率和治疗效果具有重要意义。近来纳米技术在医学领域发展迅速,突破了传统癌症诊疗手段的固有局限性,并在临床上取得了一定成功。已有多个代表性药物获得新药批准或正处于临床试验阶段。然而,纳米药物仍面临肿瘤生物学的复杂性和异质性、药物安全性、纳米-生物界面的相互作用等挑战。该文阐述了近期纳米药物在肿瘤诊断以及化疗、放疗、光疗、化学动力治疗、免疫治疗和联合疗法等方面的应用进展,讨论了其在临床转化、生产和商业化所面临的问题,并对未来的发展机会和方向进行了展望。     

Gold nanoparticles: Emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system

The application of nanotechnology in medicine, known as nanomedicine, has introduced a plethora of nanoparticles of variable chemistry and design considerations for cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the most important field is the design and development of pharmaceutical drugs, based on targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). Being inspired by physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles, TDDS are designed to safely reach their targets and specifically release their cargo at the site of disease for enhanced therapeutic effects, thereby increasing the drug tissue bioavailability. Nanoparticles have the advantage of targeting cancer by simply being accumulated and entrapped in cancer cells. However, even after rapid growth of nanotechnology in nanomedicine, designing an effective targeted drug delivery system is still a challenging task. In this review, we reveal the recent advances in drug delivery approach with a particular focus on gold nanoparticles. We seek to expound on how these nanomaterials communicate in the complex environment to reach the target site, and how to design the effective TDDS for complex environments and simultaneously monitor the toxicity on the basis of designing such delivery complexes. Hence, this review will shed light on the research, opportunities and challenges for engineering nanomaterials with cancer biology and medicine to develop effective TDDS for treatment of cancer.     

Metal–Organic Framework Composites for Theragnostics and Drug Delivery Applications

Among a plethora of nano-sized therapeutics, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been some of the most investigated novel materials for, predominantly, cancer drug delivery applications. Due to their large drug uptake capacities and slow-release mechanisms, MOFs are desirable drug delivery vehicles that protect and transport sensitive drug molecules to target sites. The inclusion of other guest materials into MOFs to make MOF-composite materials has added further functionality, from externally triggered drug release to improved pharmacokinetics and diagnostic aids. MOF-composites are synthetically versatile and can include examples such as magnetic nanoparticles in MOFs for MRI image contrast and polymer coatings that improve the blood-circulation time. From synthesis to applications, this review will consider the main developments in MOF-composite chemistry for biomedical applications and demonstrate the potential of these novel agents in nanomedicine. It is concluded that, although vast synthetic progress has been made in the field, it requires now to develop more biomedical expertise with a focus on rational model selection, a major comparative toxicity study, and advanced targeting techniques.     

纳米水解酶的研究进展

水解酶由至少200种单独的蛋白质组成,可催化一系列独特化学键的水解.但是天然酶的固有缺点,如易变性、成本高、制备费力和回收困难,极大地限制了它们的实际应用.为了克服这些缺点,研究人员长期以来致力于探索人工水解酶模拟物.自从2007年发现Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒可以作为过氧化物酶模拟物,关于纳米酶的研究不断涌现.与天然酶相比,纳米酶具有制备简单、可大规模生产、环境耐受性强、制备及储存成本低廉、可重复使用等优势.纳米水解酶是指具有水解酶活性的纳米材料,金属有机框架材料、碳基纳米材料和金纳米粒子等的水解酶活性均已被报道.近年来,纳米水解酶研究领域进入蓬勃发展期,然而至今尚未见关于纳米水解酶的综述.本文首先根据水解底物的不同对纳米水解酶进行分类并分别讨论其催化机理,之后对影响纳米水解酶活性的因素及纳米水解酶的应用进行总结,最后概述和讨论纳米水解酶的当前挑战和未来前景.     

Design rules for nanomedical engineering: from physical virology to the applications of virus-based materials in medicine

Physical virology seeks to define the principles of physics underlying viral infections, traditionally focusing on the fundamental processes governing virus assembly, maturation, and disassembly. A detailed understanding of virus structure and assembly has facilitated the development and analysis of virus-based materials for medical applications. In this Physical Virology review article, we discuss the recent developments in nanomedicine that help us to understand how physical properties affect the in vivo fate and clinical impact of (virus-based) nanoparticles. We summarize and discuss the design rules that need to be considered for the successful development and translation of virus-based nanomaterials from bench to bedside.     

Nanoparticles and cancer therapy: Perspectives for application of nanoparticles in the treatment of cancers

Rapid growth in nanotechnology toward the development of nanomedicine agents holds massive promise to improve therapeutic approaches against cancer. Nanomedicine products represent an opportunity to achieve sophisticated targeting strategies and multifunctionality. Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) have multiple applications in different branches of science. In recent years, NPs have repetitively been reported to play a significant role in modern medicine. They have been analyzed for different clinical applications, such as drug carriers, gene delivery to tumors, and contrast agents in imaging. A wide range of nanomaterials based on organic, inorganic, lipid, or glycan compounds, as well as on synthetic polymers has been utilized for the development and improvement of new cancer therapeutics. In this study, we discuss the role of NPs in treating cancer among different drug delivery methods for cancer therapy.     

Construction of the active site of glutathione peroxidase on polymer-based nanoparticles

A new nanoenzyme model with glutathione peroxidase-like active site was constructed on polystyrene nanoparticle (PN1) via microemulsion polymerization. In this model system, two functional monomers were designed: one is a tellurium-containing compound that was introduced on the surface of the nanoparticle and acts as a catalytic center, and the other one is an arginine-containing compound designed as a binding site for the complexation of the carboxyl group of substrate 3-carboxy-4-nitrobenzenethiol (ArSH, 1). As a new glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimic, it demonstrated excellent catalytic activity and substrate specificity. In ArSH assay system, it was at least 316,000-fold more efficient than PhSeSePh for the reduction of cumene hydroperoxide (CUOOH) by ArSH. In contrast to model PN2, which lacks of substrate binding site, PN1 exhibits an obvious enhancement in catalytic activity. To further promote the catalytic efficiency, a substrate ArSH surface-imprinted nanoenzyme model (I-PN) was developed. By correctly incorporating and positioning the catalytic center tellurium and functional binding factor guanidinium, a continuative activity enhancement of 596,000-fold for the reduction of CUOOH by catalyst I-PN compared with diphenyl diselenide (PhSeSePh) was observed. The results clearly show that polymeric nanoparticle can be developed as an excellent model for combining most of catalytic factors of enzyme into one scaffold.     

The evolving war on cancer

Building on years of basic scientific discovery, recent advances in the fields of cancer genetics and medicinal chemistry are now converging to revolutionize the treatment of cancer. Starting with serendipitous observations in rare subsets of cancer, a paradigm shift in clinical research is poised to ensure that new molecular insights are rapidly applied to shape emerging cancer therapies. Could this mark a turning point in the "War on Cancer"?     

Emerging concepts in designing next-generation multifunctional nanomedicine for cancer treatment

Nanotherapy has emerged as an improved anticancer therapeutic strategy to circumvent the harmful side effects of chemotherapy. It has been proven to be beneficial to offer multiple advantages, including their capacity to carry different therapeutic agents, longer circulation time and increased therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. Over time, nanotherapy evolved in terms of their designing strategies like geometry, size, composition or chemistry to circumvent the biological barriers. Multifunctional nanoscale materials are widely used as molecular transporter for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents. Nanomedicine involving multi-component chemotherapeutic drug-based combination therapy has been found to be an improved promising approach to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment. Next-generation nanomedicine has also utilized and combined immunotherapy to increase its therapeutic efficacy. It helps in targeting tumor immune response sparing the healthy systemic immune function. In this review, we have summarized the progress of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticle designing and targeting cancer. We have also discussed its further applications in combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Integrating patient-specific proteomics and biomarker based information and harnessing clinically safe nanotechnology, the development of precision nanomedicine could revolutionize the effective cancer therapy.     

The clinical impact of recent advances in LC-MS for cancer biomarker discovery and verification

Mass spectrometry (MS) -based proteomics has become an indispensable tool with broad applications in systems biology and biomedical research. With recent advances in liquid chromatography (LC) and MS instrumentation, LC–MS is making increasingly significant contributions to clinical applications, especially in the area of cancer biomarker discovery and verification. To overcome challenges associated with analyses of clinical samples (for example, a wide dynamic range of protein concentrations in bodily fluids and the need to perform high throughput and accurate quantification of candidate biomarker proteins), significant efforts have been devoted to improve the overall performance of LC–MS-based clinical proteomics platforms. Reviewed here are the recent advances in LC–MS and its applications in cancer biomarker discovery and quantification, along with the potentials, limitations and future perspectives.