桑树MaPP2C8基因克隆及其干旱胁迫下的表达

该研究基于桑树转录组测序结果及基因组数据库,采用PCR技术,克隆获得桑树2C型蛋白磷酸酶基因MaPP2C8的cDNA及其启动子序列,运用生物信息学方法对序列进行分析,并采用qRT-PCR方法检测MaPP2C8在干旱胁迫处理下的表达特性,为进一步研究MaPP2C8基因在干旱胁迫响应中的功能奠定基础。结果显示:(1)MaPP2C8基因cDNA全长为1 309 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)全长为1 053 bp,编码350个氨基酸。(2)MaPP2C8蛋白与桑科其他植物亲缘关系较近,归属于PP2Cs家族中的A亚族。(3)MaPP2C8蛋白分布于细胞中的多个位置,包括细胞质、细胞核及细胞膜等。(4)克隆获得MaPP2C8基因编码起始位点上游长度为1 612 bp启动子序列,该启动子含有3类激素相关的顺式作用元件,且与ABA相关的元件多达3个。(5)MaPP2C8基因受干旱胁迫诱导上调表达,复水处理后,其表达量显著下调。研究表明,MaPP2C8基因在桑树响应干旱胁迫过程中可能起重要作用。     

垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因克隆及干旱胁迫下的表达分析

晚期胚胎发育丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant,LEA),广泛存在于生物体内,与植物抗逆性密切相关,可在干旱胁迫下保护植物细胞,减少植物损伤。垫状卷柏(Selaginella pulvinata)是一种在干旱胁迫下生存能力极强的蕨类植物,具有很强的恢复能力。为探究垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因在耐旱植物中的分子机制与表达特征,该研究以高耐旱性植物垫状卷柏为实验材料,基于转录组测序结果,采用RT-PCR技术获得SpLEA1基因cDNA序列,采用HiTail-PCR技术获得启动子序列,利用生物信息学对序列进行了分析,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析了SpLEA1基因在干旱胁迫下的表达模式。结果表明:(1)垫状卷柏SpLEA1全长为476 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为279 bp,共编码92个氨基酸,通过在线工具预测到蛋白分子量为9 491.46 Da, 等电点为5.45,蛋白结构预测分析表明该蛋白为亲水性蛋白,含有10个磷酸化位点,二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。(2)预测到SpLEA1蛋白的保守结构域为Lea-5,来源于LEA1家族。基于系统发生树和遗传距离矩阵,发现垫状卷柏SpLEA1与来自鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum )和红车轴草(Trifolium pratense)的Lea-5蛋白同源性较高。(3)对启动子序列进行顺式作用元件的预测分析发现SpLEA1基因启动子含有5类激素响应元件和与干旱胁迫响应有关的功能元件。(4)在自然干旱处理下SpLEA1基因表达上调,并在12 h时达到峰值,在24 h干旱后进行复水处理,表达量显著下调。综上所述,SpLEA1基因在垫状卷柏中很可能参与了干旱胁迫响应机制的相关调控。该结果为进一步研究垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因在干旱胁迫下的功能及其表达调控机制提供了参考。     

棉花抗逆基因GhAREB4的克隆及功能分析

AREBs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应,在植物抵御各种逆境胁迫中起着非常重要的作用。该研究经序列电子拼接克隆了陆地棉GhAREB4基因,该基因全长1 784bp,其开放阅读框为1 227bp,编码408个氨基酸,预测分子量为44.3kD,等电点为8.88。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白二级结构中含有bZIP基因家族的保守结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhAREB4与可可的AREB转录因子同源性最高。绿色荧光蛋白亚细胞定位分析表明,GhAREB4蛋白分布在细胞核内。qRT-PCR分析表明,GhAREB4基因在花中的表达量最高;且GhAREB4基因表达受到干旱、高盐、低温、脱落酸(ABA)等处理的诱导,其可能调控棉花对非生物逆境的耐性响应。研究结果为进一步研究该基因对棉花耐逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

石蒜LrP5CS基因的克隆与表达特性分析

Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)是植物渗透胁迫下谷氨酸途径合成脯氨酸的关键酶。该研究以石蒜(Lycoris radiata)为材料,采用同源克隆、RACE方法结合RT-PCR技术克隆获得LrP5CS基因全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明,LrP5CS基因全长2 521bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为2 139bp,编码713个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白质的分子量为77.19kD,等电点为6.34;LrP5CS是1个稳定的疏水蛋白,不含信号肽,不具有跨膜结构,具有AAK超基因家族和ALDH-SF超基因家族的保守结构域。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化树分析发现,LrP5CS与植物其他P5CS蛋白具有较高的一致性,且与海枣PdP5CS及油棕EgP5CS聚为一类,亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,LrP5CS在根、鳞茎和叶片中均有表达,其中在鳞茎中的表达量最高。LrP5CS在20%聚乙二醇(PEG)处理下的表达模式分析发现,LrP5CS受PEG胁迫处理的诱导表达,其基因相对表达量在处理后6h达到最高;随着处理时间的延长,LrP5CS基因相对表达量水平逐渐下调至对照水平。将LrP5CS连接到表达载体pET-28a上,转化获得LrP5CS编码基因的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)工程菌,通过IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析表达产物发现成功表达目的蛋白。该研究结果为进一步分析LrP5CS基因功能及石蒜抗逆分子育种奠定了基础。     

马铃薯HSP17.7基因的克隆及其对高温逆境的响应

热激蛋白和植物对高温的响应密切相关,同时在植物生长发育调控和逆境抵抗等方面具有重要作用。该研究克隆了马铃薯热激蛋白基因StHSP17.7(GenBank登录号为XP_006350804.1),对其全长cDNA序列进行了相关生物信息学分析,并利用qRT-PCR分析StHSP17.7基因在高温胁迫下的差异表达特性。结果显示:(1)StHSP17.7全长755bp,包含465bp开放阅读框,编码154个氨基酸。(2)StHSP17.7分子质量约为17.62kD,等电点7.91,为亲水性蛋白,C端含有保守序列Ⅰ和Ⅱ组成的ACD结构域,属于典型的sHSPs家族成员。(3)系统进化分析发现马铃薯小分子热激蛋白归为12个亚家族,其中StHSP17.7与马铃薯HSP17.6蛋白亲缘关系较近,属于小分子热激蛋白C的Ⅰ类家族成员;基因结构分析显示,在马铃薯48个sHSP基因中,StHSP17.7基因不含内含子,含1个内含子的基因有23个,占47.9%。(4)qRT-PCR分析显示,高温能够快速诱导StHSP17.7基因表达,且基因表达量呈爆发式变化,在24h达到最高值。研究表明,StHSP17.7基因明显参与了马铃薯对高温的响应。     

茶树CsCIGR基因克隆及表达特性分析

该研究以茶树基因组数据库为基础,采用RT-PCR技术,从茶树‘龙井43’中克隆得到基因CsCIGR。序列分析显示,CsCIGR基因开放阅读框长度为1 677 bp,编码588个氨基酸。进化分析表明,CsCIGR属于GRAS家族的PAT1亚家族。多序列比对显示,茶树CsCIGR蛋白与其他植物的GRAS蛋白氨基酸序列具有很高的相似性。氨基酸理化性质分析显示,CsCIGR转录因子属于亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位预测显示,CsCIGR可能位于细胞核中。启动子预测分析发现,CsCIGR启动子区域包含胁迫响应元件(STRE)、干旱应答元件(MYC)、厌氧诱导元件(ARE)等多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,CsCIGR基因在低温(4℃)、高温(38℃)、干旱(200 g·L~(-1) PEG)、高盐(200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)胁迫下均能诱导表达,且对高盐,低温和高温胁迫响应更为明显,推测CsCIGR基因在茶树响应逆境胁迫中发挥重要作用。该研究为茶树抗性育种筛选基因提供了重要理论依据。     

青花菜BoSCL3基因的克隆和渍水胁迫下的表达特征分析

为了解SCL3 (scarecrow-like 3)基因的功能,从青花菜(Brassica olreacea var. italica)中克隆得到1个SCL3基因,命名为BoSCL3,其cDNA全长1 355 bp,编码446个氨基酸。BoSCL3分子量为49.96 kD,为疏水性蛋白,与油菜(B. napus)、芜菁(B. rapa)中SCL3蛋白的亲缘关系最近,同科植物的SCL3具有较高的同源性。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,青花菜BoSCL3基因表达量随渍水胁迫时间延长先下降后上升,推测其可能参与渍水胁迫响应。这为探讨青花菜BoSCL3基因响应渍水胁迫的分子机制提供理论依据。     

小麦TaLEC1基因的克隆及其表达特性分析

为了探讨LEC1基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum L)非生物胁迫应答中的功能,该研究通过RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆小麦TaLEC1基因,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析了该基因在小麦不同组织以及不同处理下的表达模式,为深入研究小麦LEC1基因在干旱、高温和高盐胁迫下的响应机制奠定基础。结果表明:(1)成功克隆到小麦TaLEC1基因,该基因cDNA序列全长为1 074 bp,其中5′端非编码区23 bp,开放阅读框为741 bp,3′端非编码区310 bp,编码246个氨基酸,具有典型的CBFD_NFYB结构域。(2)实时荧光定量分析显示,TaLEC1在不同组织间表达差异显著,10 d龄幼苗的叶中表达量最高。(3)TaLEC1基因可被植物激素ABA诱导而上调表达,属于ABA依赖型的表达调控通路。(4)PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的0.5～1 h,TaLEC1基因呈上调表达;42℃胁迫处理过程中,TaLEC1基因呈稳定上调表达趋势,并在胁迫处理后12 h和48 h时表达急剧上调,分别为对照的52.8倍和34.5倍;NaCl胁迫处理0.5 h时TaLEC1基因迅速上调表达。研究表明,小麦TaLEC1基因参与ABA依赖的胁迫响应,推测可能在小麦耐受高温胁迫和渗透胁迫过程中发挥着重要的脱水保护功能。     

茶树CsLEA5基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以茶树‘龙井长叶’为材料,克隆获得了茶树胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因CsLEA5的cDNA序列,该序列全长515 bp,包含一个375 bp的开放阅读框,编码124个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为13.5 kD,理论等电点为5.92。蛋白序列分析结果显示,CsLEA5为高亲水性和稳定性蛋白,且含有一个典型的LEA_3保守结构域,属于LEA蛋白中LEA_3亚家族成员。CsLEA5基因启动子区域包含多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,如乙烯响应元件（ERE）、胁迫响应元件（STRE）、创伤响应元件（WUN motif）及MYB、MYC转录因子识别位点等。qRT PCR分析显示,CsLEA5基因表达具有明显的组织特异性,在叶片中的表达量最高,其次是嫩茎,而在其他组织器官中的表达量较低,且CsLEA5基因表达受低温和干旱胁迫的诱导。研究表明,CsLEA5基因可能在茶树响应低温和干旱胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。该研究对了解茶树抗逆分子机制,筛选抗性候选基因资源提供了重要理论依据。     

新疆盐穗木GRAS转录因子基因克隆及表达分析

利用抑制消减杂交法从藜科盐穗木属盐生植物盐穗木中分离得到了一个盐胁迫响应的表达序列标签(EST)片段,结合SMARTTMRACE技术获得了盐穗木GRAS转录因子基因的cDNA。序列分析表明,该基因全长2 090bp,含有1 635bp的阅读框,294bp的5′-UTR和161bp的3′-UTR,编码544个氨基酸,分子质量为61.503kD,理论等电点为6.1。系统进化树和Blast同源序列比对分析结果显示,该基因编码的蛋白具有GRAS家族特有的C端保守结构域,并与葡萄GRAS家族蛋白VvSCL13聚集在一起,故将该基因命名为HcSCL13(GenBank登录号KC68640)。实时荧光定量qRT-PCR分析表明,HcSCL13基因在盐胁迫后表达呈明显上调,初步推测Hc-SCL13基因可能与盐穗木的耐盐性相关。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.