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Proteomic analysis requires the combination of an extensive suite of technologies including protein processing and separation, micro-flow HPLC, MS and bioinformatics. Although proteomic technologies are still in flux, approaches that bypass gel electrophoresis (gel-free approaches) are dominating the field of proteomics. Along with the development of gel-free proteomics, came the development of devices for the processing of proteomic samples termed proteomic reactors. These microfluidic devices provide rapid, robust and efficient pre-MS sample procession by performing protein sample preparation/concentration, digestion and peptide fractionation. The proteomic reactor has advanced in two major directions: immobilized enzyme reactor and ion exchange-based proteomic reactor. This review summarizes the technical developments and biological applications of the proteomic reactor over the last decade. 相似文献
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There are many approaches available for introducing foreign DNA into eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The most commonly used technique and currently of more practical interest is the electroporation. This review will focus on the electroporation as a promising, highly efficient and effective means of gene transfer. We summarize a detailed assessment of the various parameters and conditions that govern electroporation of a wide range of cell types. 相似文献
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Confocal microscopy: principles and applications to the field of reproductive biology 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Reynaud K Nogueira D Cortvrindt R Kurzawa R Smitz J 《Folia histochemica et cytobiologica / Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Histochemical and Cytochemical Society》2001,39(2):75-85
Confocal microscopy allows analysis of fluorescent labeled thick specimens without physical sectioning. Optical sections are generated by eliminating out-of-focus fluorescence and displayed as digitalized images. It allows 3-dimensional reconstruction (XYZ) and time-analysis (XYT), thus providing unique chance to link morphology with cell function. Since images are obtained by scanning, excess illumination of the specimen and quick decrease of the fluorescent signal are avoided. Resolution obtained with a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) is theoretically better than that of a conventional microscope. The preparation of the specimen may be based on standard techniques, such as immunocytochemistry applied to fixed cells, or on staining of living cells, following the use of different fluorescent probes at the same time (colocalization). In our laboratory, we use the LSCM system Fluoview version 2.1 (Olympus) to study reproductive biology of animals and humans. We work on stainings of oocytes and blastocysts (mouse, bovine, human), and human ovarian tissues. We study mitochondrial distribution, cortical granule migration, calcium oscillations and spindle quality to link culture conditions and oocyte quality. Staining of F-actin is used to check transzonal projections (in zona pellucida) or to detect abnormalities following experimental treatment. Blastocyst quality is analyzed in sequential optical sections for microfilament organization and counting of total cell number (staining with phalloidin (actin) and picogreen (DNA). Trophectoderm and inner cell mass distribution (differential staining), apoptotic cells (TUNEL method) and viable cells (live/dead test) are also evaluated. Confocal imaging can be helpful for rapid determination of follicle density (staining with AM Calcein) and follicle morphology (picogreen) in ovarian cortical biopsies. The current review describes the principles of confocal microscopy and illustrates its applications to the field of reproductive biology by a large collection of pictures. 相似文献
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Glycoside hydrolases are important enzymes in a number of essential biological processes. Irreversible inhibitors of this class of enzyme have attracted interest as probes of both structure and function. In this review we discuss some of the compounds used to covalently modify glycosidases, their use in residue identification, structural and mechanistic investigations, and finally their applications, both in vitro and in vivo, to complex biological systems. 相似文献
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Computational biology methods are now firmly entrenched in the drug discovery process. These methods focus on modeling and
simulations of biological systems to complement and direct conventional experimental approaches. Two important branches of
computational biology include protein homology modeling and the computational biophysics method of molecular dynamics. Protein
modeling methods attempt to accurately predict three-dimensional (3D) structures of uncrystallized proteins for subsequent
structure-based drug design applications. Molecular dynamics methods aim to elucidate the molecular motions of the static
representations of crystallized protein structures. In this review we highlight recent novel methodologies in the field of
homology modeling and molecular dynamics. Selected drug discovery applications using these methods conclude the review. 相似文献
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In this paper we review some of the basic principles of thetheory of dynamical systems. We introduce the reader to thedefinition of chaos and strange attractors and we discuss theirimplications in biology.
Received on June 9, 1988; accepted on October 24, 1988 相似文献
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Hazards and their exploitation in the applications of molecular biology to structure-function relationships 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
P Schimmel 《Biochemistry》1990,29(41):9495-9502
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Lectins are proteins that agglutinate cells and exhibit an antibody like, sugar-binding specificity. Professor Toshiaki Osawa has discovered, purified and characterized many plant lectins that display diverse biological activities. Using lectins as biochemical tools, he developed methods to determine the biochemical structures of glycoprotein glycans that react with lectins; separated and characterized glycoproteins and cell populations; analysed the mechanisms by which lectins activate cells; and characterized several cytokines produced by immune cells stimulated by lectins. The studies on lectins, the field he took strong leadership, developed into an essential hub of the biology of multicellular organisms. 相似文献
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A report on the Conference on Systems Biology of Mammalian Cells, Dresden, Germany, 22-24 May 2008. 相似文献
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Mathematical models in microbial systems biology 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Stelling J 《Current opinion in microbiology》2004,7(5):513-518
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N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1949,11(2):105-113
When an individual grows up in a society, he learns certain behavior patterns which are “accepted” by that society. He may
in general have a tendency toward behavior patterns other than those which are “accepted” by the society. This tendency toward
such unaccepted behavior may be due to a process of cerebration which results in doubt as to the “correctness” of the accepted
behavior. Thus, on the one hand, the individual learns to follow the accepted rules almost automatically; on the other hand,
he may tend to consciously break those rules. Using a neural circuit, suggested by H. D. Landahl in his theory of learning,
a neurobiophysical interpretation of the above situation is outlined. Mathematical expressions are derived which describe
the social behavior of an individual as a function of his age, social status, and some neurobiophysical parameters. 相似文献
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N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1967,29(1):181-186
Continuing a previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 28, 645–654, 1966), the biophysical mechanism of a corrective turn is investigated for the case where the stimulus for the
corrective turn is produced not only by the perception of the nearness of an edge of the lane, but also by the rate of approach
of the car towards the edge. In that case it is found that the tracking curve of the car may consist of a series of damped
sinusoids and safe driving would be possible at any speed if it were not for the endogenous fluctuation in the driver's central
nervous system. If the effect of the rate of approach increases sufficiently rapidly as the distance to the edge of the lane
decreases, then a stable undamped oscillating tracking curve is possible. The case is also studied where the driver makes
a corrective turn in response to a direct perception of the angle between the direction of the lane and the longitudinal axis
of the car. 相似文献
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Epithelial cells of the mammalian oviduct play an important role in reproductive and developmental events that occur there. Oviductal epithelial cells from several mammalian species can be isolated and cultured in serum or serum-free medium in vitro and cell culture of bovine oviductal epithelial cells (BOEC) has been described by many investigators. Cultured BOEC show a wide variety of secretory activities and these secretory factors may influence early embryonic development or sperm function. Monolayer cultures of BOEC have been widely used for in vitro co-culture of bovine preimplantation embryos. The use of BOEC co-culture systems has improved embryonic development in nearly all the studies conducted. In addition, interaction of bovine spermatozoa with BOEC, in a similar manner to that observed for spermatozoa in vivo, induced specific changes in sperm capacitation and consequently improved the fertilizing capacity of bovine spermatozoa in vitro. Thus co-culture systems with BOEC may not only offer an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of capacitation and acrosome reaction of bovine spermatozoa but also provide a useful tool for the improvement of embryo development in vitro. 相似文献
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Wesley D. Marner II Dr. 《Biotechnology journal》2009,4(10):1406-1419
Synthetic biology can be defined as the “repurposing and redesign of biological systems for novel purposes or applications, ” and the field lies at the interface of several biological research areas. This broad definition can be taken to include a variety of investigative endeavors, and successful design of new biological paradigms requires integration of many scientific disciplines including (but not limited to) protein engineering, metabolic engineering, genomics, structural biology, chemical biology, systems biology, and bioinformatics. This review focuses on recent applications of synthetic biology principles in three areas: (i) the construction of artificial biomolecules and biomaterials; (ii) the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals (including biofuels); and (iii) the construction of “smart” biological systems that respond to the surrounding environment. 相似文献