近亲结婚所致一遗传性非综合征型耳聋家系的调查

耳聋是一种最常见的人类感觉系统缺陷, 在已发现的遗传性耳聋中,有70％的属于非综合征型听力缺损。据估计非综合征型遗传性耳聋基因总数在100个以上,目前已经确定了近80个非综合征型遗传性耳聋的遗传位点,其中23个基因已经被成功克隆。文章报道一遗传性非综合征型耳聋家系。该家系中存在2代近亲结婚,共2代13人出现聋哑症状。经遗传分析,该家系的遗传方式与常染色体显性或隐性遗传均不符合,提示此家系中的非综合征型遗传性耳聋可能为线粒体突变所致。     

常染色体显性遗传非综合征性耳聋致病基因定位研究

耳聋具有高度的遗传异质性, 迄今已定位了51个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋(autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, DFNA)基因位点, 20个DFNA相关基因被克隆。文章收集了一个DFNA巨大家系, 家系中有血缘关系的家族成员共170人, 对73名家族成员进行了详细的病史调查、全身检查和耳科学检查, 提示39人有不同程度的迟发性感音神经性听力下降, 未见前庭及其他系统的异常。应用ABI公司382个常染色体微卫星多态标记进行全基因组扫描连锁分析, 将该家系致聋基因定位于14q12-13处D14S1021-D14S70之间约7.6 cM (3.18 Mb)的区域, 最大LOD值为6.69 (D14S1040), 与已知DFNA9位点有4.7 cM (2.57 Mb)的重叠区, DFNA9致病基因COCH位于重叠区域内。下一步拟进行COCH基因的突变筛查, 以揭示该家系耳聋的分子致病机制。     

常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋致病基因定位研究

耳聋具有高度的遗传异质性, 迄今已定位了51个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋(autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, DFNA)基因位点, 20个DFNA相关基因被克隆.文章收集了一个DFNA巨大家系, 家系中有血缘关系的家族成员共170人, 对73名家族成员进行了详细的病史调查、全身检查和耳科学检查, 提示39人有不同程度的迟发性感音神经性听力下降, 未见前庭及其他系统的异常.应用ABI公司382个常染色体微卫星多态标记进行全基因组扫描连锁分析, 将该家系致聋基因定位于14q12-13处D14S1021-D14S70之间约7.6 cM (3.18 Mb)的区域, 最大LOD值为6.69 (D14S1040), 与已知DFNA9位点有4.7 cM (2.57 Mb)的重叠区, DFNA9致病基因COCH位于重叠区域内.下一步拟进行COCH基因的突变筛查, 以揭示该家系耳聋的分子致病机制.     

一个母系遗传非综合征耳聋大家系mtDNA序列分析

通过分析本家mtDNA序列,探讨淮阴一非综合耳聋大家患病的分子遗传学机制。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增mtDNA与非综合征耳聋相关位点nt1555,nt7445的区域和人类种群研究的D－loop区,PCR－异源双链分析,PCR－RFLP、PCR产物克隆序列测定等技术对该家系进行了系统的研究。发现该家系中全部母系亲属有mtDNAA1555G突变,而家系中非母 个体,对照组（100例正常个体）的mtDNA1555位点均为A。该家系mtDNA7445位点无突变;该系属于Ⅱ型线性体;发现家系D－loop区存在未见报道的碱基插入。提示mtDNAA1555G位点突变可能是导致该家系患致聋的主要因素之一。遗传背景可能对家系疾病的表现存在一定程度的影响。     

非综合征型遗传性耳聋基因的研究进展及相关网络资源

耳聋是一种最常见的人类感觉系统缺陷,70%的遗传性耳聋属于非综合征型听力缺损。据估计非综合征型遗传性耳聋基因总数在100个以上,迄今已经有大约80个基因座被绘制于人类染色体上,至少23个基因得鉴定。本文系统地介绍了已鉴定的23个非综合征型耳聋基因,并列举了与遗传性耳聋相关的部分网络资源以供参考。 Abstract:Deafness is the most prevalent sensory system impairment of human,and 70% of genetic deafness belongs to nonsyndromic hearing impairment.The total number of genes involved in nonsyndromic hereditary deafness has been estimated to above 100.So far,approximate 80 loci have been mapped to human chromosome,and 23 genes have been identified.In this article,these 23 genes were summarized systematically and some databases about hereditary deafness were provided for reference.     

一个母系遗传非综合征耳聋大家系mtDNA序列分析

通过分析本家系mtDNA序列,探讨淮阴一非综合征耳聋大家系患病的分子遗传学机制.采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增mtDNA与非综合征耳聋相关位点nt1555、nt7445的区域和人类种群研究的D-loop区、PCR-异源双链分析、PCR-RFLP、PCR产物克隆序列测定等技术对该家系进行了系统的研究.发现该家系中全部母系亲属有mtDNAA1555G突变,而家系中非母系个体、对照组(100例正常个体)的mtDNA1555位点均为A.该家系mtDNA7445位点无突变;该家系属于II型线粒体;发现家系D-loop区存在未见报道的碱基插入.提示mtDNAA1555G位点突变可能是导致该家系患者致聋的主要因素之一.遗传背景可能对家系疾病的表型存在一定程度的影响。 Abstract:We find an extensive nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness family in Huaiyin,and investigate the possible molecular genetic mechanism of matrilineal nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness.We use PCR,combined with PCR-heteroduplex analysis,PCR-RFLP and sequencing techniques to examine part of 12S rRNA,tRNAser(UCN),and D-loop region of this pedigree.1)We found an A to G transition at position 1555(A1555G) of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA from all the patients and four matrilineal.2)An new nucleotide insertion was indentified in D-Loop region.3)According to the polymorphism of D-loop,this pedigree belong to mitochondrial type II.The study showed that the A1555G mutation may be one of major factors in progressive inherited deafness of this family and genetic background should be investigated in the future.     

25个携带线粒体12S rRNA A1555G 突变的中国汉族非综合征型耳聋家系

线粒体12S rRNA A1555G突变是引起氨基糖甙类药物诱导的非综合征型耳聋的重要原因之一。文章对收集的25个携带A1555G突变的中国汉族非综合征型耳聋家系进行了临床和分子遗传学评估。结果表明,这25个家系的母系成员在耳聋外显率、听力损失严重程度和发病年龄上存在较大差异。当包括和不包括氨基糖甙类药物使用史时,耳聋的平均外显率分别为28.1%和21.5%,排除氨基糖甙类药物时,耳聋的平均发病年龄从1~15岁不等。线粒体全序列分析发现了16个新变异,不同的线粒体DNA多态性位点显示这25个家系分别属于东亚人群A、B、D、F、G、M、N和R单倍型,其中线粒体单倍型B的家系耳聋外显率和表现度较其他单倍型高。此外,7个继发突变位点和21个高保守性位点突变可能增加了这些家系的耳聋外显率。GJB2基因上未检测到与耳聋相关的突变,表明在本研究的耳聋家系中,GJB2基因可能没有参与A1555G突变的表型表达。以上各方面提示,线粒体单倍型和其他因素可能参与了这25个家系耳聋患者的表型修饰。     

浙江省非综合征型耳聋患者12SrRNA突变频谱分析

线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)突变是引起耳聋的重要原因之一。尤其是12S rRNA基因是药物性耳聋与非综合征型耳聋相关的突变热点区域。文章收集了浙江省各地区非综合征型及药物性耳聋患者标本318例,对其进行临床和分子遗传学评估。12S rRNA基因突变分析发现34个变异位点,已知的1555A>G、1494C>T和1095T>C突变分别占9.1%、0.6%和1.25%。结构和种系发生分析显示,839A>G和1452T>C突变位于12S rRNA基因的高度保守区域且未在449例正常对照组中发现,可能增加了耳毒性药物的敏感性。其他变异位点为多态性位点。文章数据支持了12S rRNA基因是耳毒性药物的作用靶点之一这一理论,为预测个体耳毒性的发生风险,提高氨基糖甙类药物治疗安全性提供了有价值的信息,以期降低耳聋的发生。     

一性连锁Alport综合征中国家系COL4A5基因新突变位点的检测

通过PCR和直接测序的方法,对一性连锁Alport综合征家系17个受检个体的COL4A5基因所有51个外显子及其相邻内含子的DNA序列进行检测。结果发现,在第26外显子2240位点,男患者存在C碱基缺失(2240delc),女患者存在杂合缺失,同时对女患者相应的PCR产物进行克隆和测序以验证PCR测序结果的可靠性,而在正常家系成员和80例对照中均未发现此位点异常,说明2240delc为引起该家系临床病变的突变位点,不是多态性位点。在性连锁Alport综合征中,COL4A5基因的这个单碱基缺失突变位点为首次报道。     

应用基因芯片技术检测非综合征型耳聋基因突变

目的:应用遗传性耳聋基因芯片对散发性聋患者进行分子病因学检测,评估其在遗传性耳聋快速基因诊断中的可靠性。方法:门诊收集散发性聋患者10例,取外周血,提取基因组DNA,用遗传性耳聋基因芯片检测4个中国人中常见的耳聋相关基因中的9个热点突变,包括GJB2(35delG、176del16bp、235delC及299delAT)、GJB3(C538T)、SLC26A4(IVS7-2AG、A2168G)和线粒体DNA 12S rRNA(A1555G、C1494T)。同时,PCR扩增GJB2、线粒体12S rRNA基因全序列,DNA测序,以验证基因芯片检测结果的准确性。结果:在10名耳聋患者中,基因芯片方法检出1例携带线粒体DNA 12S rRNA C1494T突变;2例GJB2基因235delC纯合突变;2例235delC杂合突变;SLC26A4基因和GJB3基因未检出突变。基因芯片的结果与测序结果完全一致。结论:遗传性耳聋基因芯片技术对中国人常见耳聋相关基因热点突变的检出率高,结果准确、可靠,具有快速、高通量、高准确性、低成本等特点,能够满足临床耳聋基因检测的要求,同时结合产前诊断技术能有效预防耳聋患儿的出生,因而具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

Novel ACTG1 mutation causing autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing impairment in a Chinese family

Theγ-actin(ACTG1)gene is a cytoplasmic nonmuscle actin gene,which encodes a major cytoskeletal protein in the sensory hair cells of the cochlea.Mutations in ACTG1 were found to cause autosomal dominant,progressive,sensorineural hearing loss linked to the DFNA 20/26 locus on chromosome 17q25.3 in European and American families,respectively.In this study,a novel missense mutation (c.364A>G;p.I122V)co-segregated with the affected individuals in the family and did not exist in the unaffected family members and 150 unrelated normal controls.The alteration of residue I1e122 was predicted to damage its interaction with actin-binding proteins,which may cause disruption of hair cell organization and function.These findings strongly suggested that the I122V mutation in ACTG1 caused autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing impairment in a Chinese family and expanded the spectrum of ACTG1 mutations causing hearing loss.     

Low incidence of GJB2, GJB6 and mitochondrial DNA mutations in North Indian patients with non-syndromic hearing impairment

Mutations at the DFNB1 locus which encode connexin 26 (CX26) and connexin 30 (CX30) proteins, respectively, are main cause for sporadic and familial non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) in many populations. 342-kb deletion [del (GJB6-D13S1830)] of Cx30 gene is second most common connexin mutation. Specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found to be associated with NSHI. In this study, we screened 210 NSHI patients for GJB2 mutations, ΔGJB6-D13S1830 deletion and three point mutations in mtDNA (A1555G, A3243G, A7445G) using PCR, DHPLC and sequencing in North Indian cohort. 35delG was found to be the most common mutation (10.9%), followed by W24X (3.8%) and W77X (1.9%) mutations. We did not observe GJB6-D13S1830 deletion and three mitochondrial point mutations in our cohort. Most of patients (50/58) carried monoallelic variations. Our results reveal different spectrum of GJB2 mutations specific to North Indian cohort, with 35delG being most prevalent. These results suggest that different types of GJB2 mutations affect autosomal recessive NSHI according to ethnic background.     

The study of gene GJB2/DFNB1 causing deafness in humans by linkage analysis from district Peshawar

Families with at least 2 or more individuals having hereditary hearing loss were enrolled from different areas of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, mainly from district Peshawar. Detailed history was taken from each family to minimize the presence of other abnormalities and environmental causes for deafness. Families were questioned about skin pigmentation, hair pigmentation, and problems relating to balance, vision, night blindness, thyroid, kidneys, heart, and infectious diseases like meningitis, antibiotic usage, injury, and typhoid. The pedigree structures were based upon interviews with multiple family members, and pedigrees of the enrolled families were drawn using Cyrillic program (version 2.1). All families showed recessive mode of inheritance. I studied 8 families of these 10. For linkage analyses, studies for DFNB1 locus, 3 STR markers (D13S175, D13S292, and D13S787) were genotyped using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and haplotypes were constructed to determined, linkage with DFNB1 locus. From a total of 8 families, a single family-10 showed linkage to DFNB1 locus.     

GJB2 and mitochondrial A1555G gene mutations in nonsyndromic profound hearing loss and carrier frequencies in healthy individuals

This study aimed to assess mutations in GJB2 gene (connexin 26), as well as A1555G mitochondrial mutation in both the patients with profound genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss and healthy controls. Ninety-five patients with profound hearing loss (>90 dB) and 67 healthy controls were included. All patients had genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss. Molecular analyses were performed for connexin 26 (35delG, M34T, L90P, R184P, delE120, 167delT, 235delC and IVS1+1 A-->G) mutations, and for mitochondrial A1555G mutation. Twenty-two connexin 26 mutations were found in 14.7% of the patients, which were 35delG, R184P, del120E and IVS1+1 A-->G. Mitochondrial A1555G mutation was not encountered. The most common GJB2 gene mutation was 35delG, which was followed by del120E, IVS1+1 A-->G and R184P, and 14.3% of the patients segregated with DFNB1. In consanguineous marriages, the most common mutation was 35delG. The carrier frequency for 35delG mutation was 1.4% in the controls. 35delG and del120E populations, seems the most common connexin 26 mutations that cause genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss in this country. Nonsyndromic hearing loss mostly shows DFNB1 form of segregation.     

人工耳蜗植入聋儿术前基因检测及家系分析

摘要: 国内外研究表明GJB2、SLC26A4(PDS)和线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)的病理性突变导致了大部分的遗传性聋。 文章收集了2006年4月~2007年9月接受人工耳蜗(Cochlear implant, CI)植入的14 例患儿及其父母的外周血, 应用基因诊断方法进行 GJB2、SLC26A4(PDS)和mtDNA 1555位点突变检测。结果显示, 35.7%的患儿检测到致病突变, 其中28.6%为GJB2基因突变, 类型均为235delC纯和突变, 其父母为携带GJB2 235delC的杂和子; 7.1%为mtDNA A1555G突变, 其母亲亦携带mtDNA A1555G突变。这表明CI 植入聋儿最常见的基因突变是GJB2 235delC突变, 其次是mtDNA A1555G突变, 通过对耳聋家系常见致病基因的检测和家系分析, 可以对优生优育及减少耳聋发病率提供科学准确的遗传信息。     

Unexpected heterogeneity due to recessive and de novo dominant mutations of GJB2 in an Iranian family with nonsyndromic hearing loss: implication for genetic counseling

Mutations in the GJB2 gene are the most common cause of nonsyndromic autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss (HL). A few mutations in GJB2 have also been reported to cause dominant nonsyndromic HL. Here we report a large inbred family including two individuals with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. A dominant GJB2 mutation, c.551G>A (p.R184Q), was detected in the proband, yet his parents were negative for the mutation. The second affected person had heterozygous c.35delG mutation, which was inherited from his father. Large deletions of the GJB6 gene were not detected in this family. This study highlights the importance of mutation analysis in all affected cases within a pedigree.     

Identification of a novel mutation in POU3F4 for prenatal diagnosis in a Chinese family with X-linked nonsyndromic hearing loss

We present the clinical and genetic findings for a Chinese family with X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss in which the affected males showed congenital profound sensorineural hearing impairment. In two affected brothers, the computer tomography of temporal bone showed bilateral dilation of the internal auditory canal with fistulous communication between the lateral canal and the basal cochlear turn, which is consistent with the typical DFNX2 phenotype. A missense mutation (c.647G→A) in the POU3F4 gene caused a substitu- tion from glycine to glutamic acid at position 216 (p.G216E), and this mutation was found to consistently cosegregate with the deafness phenotype in the family. The mutation resulted in the loss of function of the POU3F4 by decreasing the affinity between the protein and DNA, as shown in silico by the structural analysis. Prenatal diagnosis of pregnant proband of this family revealed the c.647G→A muta- tion in DNA extracted from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. The appropriate use of genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis plays a key role in reducing the recurrence of genetic defects in high-risk families.     

Functional evaluation of GJB2 variants in nonsyndromic hearing loss

Mutations in the gap junction β2 (GJB2) gene, encoding the connexin26 (CX26) protein, are the most common cause of non-syndromic hearing loss (HL) in many populations. In the East Asian population, two variants, p.V27I (c.79G>A) and p.E114G (c.341G>A), are considered benign polymorphisms since these variants have been identified in both HL patients and normal hearing controls. However, some studies have postulated that homozygotes carrying both p.V27I and p.E114G variants could cause HL. To elucidate possible roles of these variants, we used in vitro approaches to directly assess the pathogenicity of four haplotypes generated by the two polymorphisms: VE (wild type), I*E (p.V27I variant only), VG* (p.E114G variant only), I*G* (both variants). In biochemical coupling assays, the gap junctions (GJs) composed of VG* and I*G* types displayed defective channel activities compared with those of VE wild types or I*E types, which showed normal channel activities. Interestingly, the defect in hemichannel activity was a bit less severe in I*G* type than VG* type, suggesting that I* variant (p.V27I) may compensate for the deleterious effect of G* variant (p.E114G) in hemichannel activities. Our population studies using 412 Korean individuals showed that I*G* type was detected at around 20% in both HL patients and normal controls, suggesting that I*G* type may not be a pathogenic polymorphism. In contrast, VG* type was very rare (3/824) and detected only in HL patients, suggesting that VG* homozygotes (VG*/VG*) or compound heterozygotes carrying VG* type with other mutations may cause HL.     

Maternally inherited nonsyndromic hearing loss is associated with the T7511C mutation in the mitochondrial tRNASerUCN gene in a Japanese family

We report here the characterization of a Japanese family with maternally transmitted nonsyndromic hearing loss. Fourteen of 21 matrilineal relatives in this family exhibited early or late-onset/progressive but noncongenital hearing impairment with a wide range of severity, ranging from severe to normal hearing. The age-of-onset varies from 3 to 30 years. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome in one matrilineal relative of this family revealed the presence of T7511C mutation and other variants. However, the levels of heteroplasmy of T7511C mutation did not correlate with the severity and age-of-onset of hearing loss in this family. Furthermore, none of other mtDNA variants are evolutionarily conserved and implicated to have significantly functional consequence. The absence of the ND1 T3308C and tRNA(Ala) T5655C mutations in this Japanese family but the presence of these mtDNA mutations in an African family with a high penetrance seems to account for different penetrance between two pedigrees. Incomplete penetrance in this family indicates the involvement of modulatory factors in the phenotypic expression of hearing impairment associated with the T7511C mutation. Here, two known variants G79A and G109A in the GJB2 gene were identified in the hearing-impaired and normal hearing matrilineal relatives of this Japanese family. However, the lack of correlation in the severity and age-of-onset in hearing impairment with homozygous or heterozygous G79A or G109A or combination of both variants in the GJB2 gene in those subjects with hearing impairment and normal hearing indicates that those variants of GJB2 gene may not be a modifier of the phenotypic effects of the T7511C mutation in those subjects. Thus, the phenotypic variability in this family is due to the involvement of other modifier factor(s).