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1.
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2.
Twelve of the main European LCA software packages currently available are examined wirh the aim of establishing which are the most appropriate for LCAs on industrial processes. The packages performances are assessed in terms of
–  • Volume of Data
–  • WindowsTM environment
–  • Network Capabilities
–  • Impact Assessment
–  • Graphical representation of the inventory results
–  • Sensitivity analysis
–  • Units
–  • Cost
–  • User Support
–  • Flow Diagrams
–  • Burdens allocation
–  • Transparency of data
–  • Input & output parameters
–  • Demo version
–  • Quality of data
The review concludes with a Specification Table which summarises the facilities available on each software package. The general conclusion from this study is that for industrially based LCAs, there are four packages which may offer advantages over the rest. These are The Boustead Model, The Ecobilan Group’s TEAM™, PEMS 3.0 and SimaPro 3.1.  相似文献   

3.
Looking at the on-going discussions, integrated product policy seems to become important for the LCA community and should therefore be reflected in the International Journal of LCA. Reasons include that IPP:
–  clearly follows life cycle thinking,
–  encourages the usage of the life cycle tool box, e.g. for product-innovation,
–  could become a political umbrella for a new co-operation along the life cycle - beyond the old roles of life cycle stakeholders acting on their own,
–  faces similar issues as the LCA community looking e.g. at environmental value / objective setting.
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4.
Nanomedical developments range from nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapy to integrated medical nanosystems, which may perform complex repair actions at the cellular level inside the body in the future. There are three categories where MNT are applied in biomedicine
–  • drug discovery (genomics, proteomics, HTS)
–  • diagnostics
–  • drug deliveries
This paper will concentrate on visions and applications for drug deliveries and medical diagnostics.  相似文献   

5.
Experiences with-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the Japanese Automotive Industry and the author’s thoughts on how to apply LCA for automobiles are described. In this paper, LCA applications are categorized into three types:
1.  LCA that is strictly based on ISO 14040 series standards → In Japan, this type of LCA studies is used commonly by industry-wide or nation-wide research work,
2.  LCA that is somehow not consistent with the ISO standards → This type is internally utilized by individual business companies for the purpose of development of environmentally conscious products with discussions about their own subjective judgement and choices, and
3.  LCA that is completely streamlined in regard to the ISO standards → This type is limited to internal improvement activities for each process or shop in a factory, based on Life Cycle considerations.
The idea of the above mentioned categorization and distinctions of LCA applications may also be useful for assembly-based industries other than the automotive industry.  相似文献   

6.
This paper has outlined the areas of the Environment and Climate Programme (Economic and Social Aspects of Human Settlement) the BEQUEST project addresses. It has also examined the framework for analysis the project sets out for a common understanding of SUD and the assessment methods currently made use of by planners, architects, engineers and surveyors to build environmental capacity. The paper has done this by:
•  fore-grounding the question of urban development and representing the process of urbanisation as a life cycle of inter-related activities;
•  agreeing the sustainable development issues underlying the urban process;
•  identifying the environmental, economic and social structure, spatial level and time scales of sustainable urban development.
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7.
–  — Use of a 2-dimensional spectrophotometer allows the detection and analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in biological samples
–  — the “in vitro” system—yeast extract—behaves as an excitable medium. Oscillatory degradation of trehalose yields NADH-oscillations which, after running out, convert to spatiotemporal waves
–  — the observation of excitability coupled to oscillatory processes in biological systems might provide new insights into the meaning of oscillations for metabolism
–  — with an “in vitro” system at hand, it should be possible to perform defined experimental manipulations in order to detect the mechanism for excitability in biological systems.
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8.
On behalf of the French press group Le MONDE, four newspapers have been examined in a Life Cycle Assessment study. The products were the newspaper actually produced and sold in 1995, two other 1995 versions with reduced amounts of unsold circulation and an improved version manufactured under adequate management control and using paper, inks, printing plates and packaging material with lower environmental impacts. Results include the following
•  An improved distribution, reducing the unsold circulation by 40% and 80%, does not reduce significantly the relative effect score of the different environmental impacts because the effects of the internal management are predominant.
•  The development of an improved version of Le MONDE depends more on managerial will than on technical decisions.
•  The use of vegetal inks improves significantly the air quality inside the printing plant as well as the photochemical oxidant potential.
System boundaries and references are given in the paper.  相似文献   

9.
The conclusions about the development of the content of the LC Initiative are the following:
–  A specific niche for the Life Cycle Initiative has developed, compared with the role of SETAC, the International Society of Industrial Ecology (ISIE) and ISO.
–  The aims of the initiative have step by step been extended, by bringing the initiative at a world level, by including both LCI and LCIA, and by including a program on Life Cycle Management (LCM).
–  In the LCM program due attention is to be given to other tools and approaches than quantitative LCA which are relevant for life-cycle thinking in general, and also to the other two dimensions of sustainability, i.e. the social and economic dimensions.
–  A number of important questions regarding the scope of the initiative and the methodological set-up have been in-depth discussed, thus resulting in a clear basis for the technical content of work to come.
–  Three definition studies will now be implemented which will define the work program for the three programs of the initiative; these studies will be finalised by the end of 2002.
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10.
Conclusions  
(1)  The aminoesters inhibit glucose-stimulated proton extrusion by yeast cells.
(2)  The inhibitory activity depends on aliphatic carbon chain length.
(3)  The inhibition of proton extrusion is concentration-dependent.
(4)  The aminoesters stimulate quinacrine accumulation in vacuoles of yeast cells so they should possess affinities for lysosomes.
This work was supported byKBN grant no. 7 A203 013 07.  相似文献   

11.
Cannibalism in teleost fish   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
1.  Cannibalistic behaviour in fish is reviewed here for the first time.
2.  Cannibalism has been recorded in 36 out of 410 teleost families according to the published literature, but is considered to be more widespread than this. Finding examples of cannibalism is not difficult, and it may be more interesting to look for taxa in which the behaviour does not take place.
3.  The families that have provided the most information include the Engraulididae, Esocidae, Poeciliidae, Gasterosteidae, Percidae and Cichlidae.
4.  Cannibalism has been classified into seven types, depending on life-history stage, age difference between cannibal and prey, and whether or not they are related.
5.  Although in captive populations, cannibalism tends to increase with increasing density and decreasing food availability, its role in population regulation has not been unequivocally demonstrated in any wild population, and obtaining the necessary data presents a formidable challenge to fish ecologists.
6.  Cannibalism is of some economic importance in aquaculture, but its impact can be reduced relatively easily, by frequent grading to reduce size variability.
7.  The main proximate advantage conferred by cannibalism is assumed to be nutritional. In an ultimate sense the behaviour may have evolved as a particularly effective competitive strategy.
8.  Finally, it is considered that cannibalism deserves more attention from fish biologists. Investigations, however, should recognize the different types of cannibalistic interaction, and, in particular, should explore the different implications of kin and nonkin cannibalism
  相似文献   

12.
Müller  D. G.  Frenzer  K. 《Hydrobiologia》1993,(1):37-44
Culture studies with healthy and virus-infected isolates of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Feldmannia simplex and F. irregularis gave the following results:
–  Virus particles are produced in deformed reproductive organs (sporangia or gametangia) of the hosts and are released into the surrounding seawater.
–  Their infective potential is lost after several days of storage under laboratory conditions.
–  New infections occur when gametes or spores of the host get in contact with virus particles. The virus genome enters all cells of the developing new plant via mitosis.
–  Virus expression is variable, and in many cases the viability of the host is not impaired. Infected host plants may be partly fertile and pass the infection to their daughter plants.
–  Meiosis of the host can eliminate the virus genome and generate healthy progeny.
–  The genome of the Ectocarpus virus consists of dsDNA. Meiotic segregation patterns suggest an intimate association between virus genome and host chromosomes.
–  An extra-generic host range has been demonstrated for the Ectocarpus virus.
–  Field observations suggest that virus infections in ectocarpalean algae occur on all coasts of the world, and many or all Ectocarpus and Feldmannia populations are subject to contact with virus genomes.
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13.
3DFS is a 3D flexible searching system for lead discovery. Version 1.0 of 3DFS was published recently (Wang, T.; Zhou, J. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1998, 38, 71–77). Here version 1.2 represents a substantial improvement over version 1.0. There are six major changes in version 1.2 compared to version 1.0.
1.  A new rule of aromatic ring recognition.
2.  The inclusion of multiple-type atoms and chains in queries.
3.  The inclusion of more spatial constraints, especially the directions of lone pairs.
4.  The improvement of the query file format.
5.  The addition of genetic search for flexible search.
6.  An output option for generating MOLfiles of hits.
Besides the above, this paper supplies:
1.  More query examples.
2.  A comparison between genetic search and Powell optimization.
3.  More detailed comparison between 3DFS and Chem-X.
4.  A preliminary application of 3DFS to K+ channel opener studies.
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0089490050231  相似文献   

14.
1.  Auditory stimuli consisting of tape-recorded natural sounds were used in a study of 129 neurons in Field L of the caudal neostriatum in the forebrain of curarized starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).
2.  An extensive program of stimuli comprising many different signals (109 sound elements) was devised in order to permit identification of even very highly specialized neurons.
3.  As a rule, the time courses of the neuronal responses parallel those of certain parameters or parameter combinations of the sound stimuli. The responses of a few very specialized neurons, however, did not reflect any distinguishable temporal substructure within the effective sounds.
4.  64 neuons were examined with respect to the number of stimuli, out of a sample of 80 sound elements, eliciting a response. 24 of these neurons responded to less than 10 of the 80 natural sounds. These include neurons responding only to a single sound or to sounds of a single type.
5.  30 of the 64 neurons responded most strongly, or exclusively, to sounds of a single type.
6.  The criterion determining whether a neuron responds to a given sound may be a single parameter, a combination of parameters, or the entire complex of parameters describing the sound.
  相似文献   

15.
1.  Direct contact between intra-epithelial nerve endings and ciliated cells was observed in frog (Rana pipiens) palate epithelium.
2.  Electrical stimulation of the palatine nerve to the explant or the explant culture induced an increase in ciliary beat frequency in explant and outgrowth cells.
3.  Atropine inhibited electrically stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase in the explant and outgrowth cells.
4.  Gap junctional intercellular communication appears to be involved in the propagation of stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase from innervated to non-innervated ciliated cells.
  相似文献   

16.
J. Robb 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):215-229
In recent years anthropologists have made much progress in understanding ancient activities from skeletal remains. In this paper, material from the Iron Age cemetery at Pontecagnano (VII-IV century BC) is used to illustrate activity-related traits of eight basic categories:
(1)  idiosyncratic patterns of dental wear
(2)  activity-related articular degeneration
(3)  non-pathological functional alterations (neoformations, contact facets)
(4)  mechanical remodelling of bone architecture
(5)  enthesopathies (muscular lesions)
(6)  traumatic lesions
(7)  activity-related pathologies
(8)  activity-related nutritional characteristics
These traits, and others, can be used not only singly but in conjunction to define (a) patterns of activity and occupational specialization for individuals, and (b) distributions within society reflecting the basic division of labor by geneder and class.  相似文献   

17.
1.  Non-visual sensory systems are likely to be important in antarctic fish since these fish inhabit an area where low light levels occur for long periods. This study was undertaken to examine the suitability of the lateral line system for prey detection.
2.  Recordings were made from afferent fibres of the anterior lateral line in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki.
3.  A vibrating probe was used to stimulate the lateral line at a range of frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz.
4.  Most units responded best at a stimulus frequency of 40 Hz. Below the best frequency the response typically declined steeply and at higher frequencies it was usually better sustained.
5.  Crustacea identified as major components of the diet ofPagothenia borchgrevinki were individually attached to a force transducer to determine the vibrations produced by swimming movements.
6.  The Fourier amplitude spectra of swimming crustaceans exhibited prominent low frequency peaks at 3–6 Hz and higher frequency peaks in the 30–40 Hz range.
7.  It is concluded that the overlap in the frequency response characteristics of the anterior lateral line and the frequencies produced by crustacean prey clearly establishes the suitability of the lateral line for prey detection.
8.  In several instances recordings were made from fish primary afferent neurons responding to a swimming amphipod. These recordings confirm that crustacean swimming is indeed a potent natural stimulus of the lateral line system.
  相似文献   

18.
1.  Paramecium bursaria was stimulated by a light spot of 10–15 m diameter, and the photosensitive site was searched by recording responses in swimming behavior and in membrane potential.
2.  Local stimulation to the anterior half of the cell caused an avoiding response.
3.  Stimulation to the cells deciliated by ethanol treatment elicited a depolarization of the membrane potential.
4.  Local stimulation to the anteroventral portion elicited a depolarization, but stimulation to the dorsal side induced no change in the membrane potential.
5.  The action spectrum of depolarization elicited by local stimulation to the anteroventral surface showed two main peaks at 420 nm and 560 nm, corresponding to those of light stimulation of the whole cell.
6.  It is concluded that a photosensitive site exists on the anteroventral surface ofParamecium, in particular within the oral groove of the cell. This local photosensitivity is discussed with respect to the mating reaction.
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19.
1.  Properties of the membrane currents ofDidinium nasutum have been investigated under voltage clamp in different solutions and after deciliation.
2.  Theearly transient Ca2+ inward current activates in a voltage-dependent manner. Inactivation is both Ca2+ -dependent and voltage-dependent.
3.  Alate Ca2+ current rises with time to peak > 50 ms and decays in the order of seconds.
4.  Activation and inactivation of the late Ca2+ current is voltage-dependent.
5.  The delayed outward current is activated by voltage. The kinetics of this K+ current, but not its amplitude, are enhanced in the presence of intracellular EGTA.
6.  The two voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are located in the cilia, whereas all K+ channels are restricted to the somatic membrane.
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20.
Summary  
1.  The phenotype of the ‘assimilated bithorax’ stock is due in part to a number of genes, on all the chromosomes, which act directly on the individuals containing them, and partly to a recessive X-chromosome condition which causes a maternal effect.
2.  Attempts to break down the maternal-effect condition by crossing-over were unsuccessful.
3.  The maternal effect condition, when made homozygous in a wild-type background, causes the appearance of some bithoraxes in the next generation.
4.  The condition may have arisen by mutation during the course of the selection by which the assimilated stock was built up, but it may have been present in very low frequency in the initial population.
5.  The offspring of females homozygous for the maternal-effect condition do not produce a higher percentage of bithoraxes, following ether treatment, than do flies of similar genotype from other mothers.
  相似文献   

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