国际水稻所水稻新株系的抗性评价

为了进一步扩大我国稻种资源,丰富水稻育种材料,引进了165份国际水稻研究所在非洲进行穿梭育种的水稻新株系,于2011年和2012年在湖北生态条件下进行稻瘟病抗性、白叶枯病抗性和褐飞虱抗性的评价。评价结果表明,在165份新株系中有14份株系在宜昌和恩施2个稻瘟病病圃鉴定均表现抗或中抗稻瘟病,有40份株系同时高抗或抗白叶枯病菌株ZHE173和GD1358,有19份株系抗或中抗褐飞虱,有7份株系同时抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病,有8份株系同时抗白叶枯病和褐飞虱,有1份株系同时中抗稻瘟病、褐飞虱和白叶枯病。部分材料正在作为中间材料用于水稻育种。     

云南30个水稻品种对水稻白叶枯病的抗性评价

【目的】水稻白叶枯病是一种严重危害水稻的细菌性病害,培育抗性品种是治理该病害的重要途径。因此,明确云南水稻材料对检疫性病害水稻白叶枯病的抗性,可以为该病害的防治与监测、水稻栽培的合理布局和良好抗性资源的获取提供依据。【方法】采用剪叶接种法测定云南稻区30个品种对7个不同致病型白叶枯病菌的抗性。【结果】在供试的30个云南水稻品种中,2个品种(玉粳16和JS42糯稻)对7个不同致病型菌株均表现为抗性;15个品种对7个致病型菌株均表现感病;对HEN11、SCYC-6、YN7、YN11、FUJ、YN241和PX099等7个致病型菌株表现抗性的水稻品种分别占26.67%、16.67%、23.33%、13.33%、6.67%、10.00%和20.00%。此外,区试材料的抗性比例高于主栽品种,地方稻未发现抗性品种。【结论】现在生产上的大部分水稻品种对优势致病型病原菌入侵的抵抗能力降低甚至丧失。针对云南地区的优势致病小种FUJ筛选得到2个抗性品种:玉粳16和JS42糯稻。     

利用二代测序技术高通量分析水稻品种间抗病性差异的分子基础

稻瘟病和白叶枯病是由稻温病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)和白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)引起的两种主要水稻病害,也是制约中国水稻生产的主要病害。为了从DNA水平探索造成水稻感病品种‘丽江新团黑谷’(LTH)和高抗品种‘特特普’(Tetep,TTP)间抗病性差异的分子基础,该研究对其已知的3个抗稻瘟病基因和3个抗白叶枯基因所在DNA区段分别进行PCR扩增,将等量混合的PCR产物再与基因组重测序样品按Ct值差值(ΔCt)~10的比例混合,采用二代测序技术进行一次性测序和比较分析,并对有差异的基因区域进行常规传统测序验证,以确定这2个品种中抗性基因(R基因)的数目和结构与品种抗病或感病表型的关联性。实验结果表明,二代测序能够快速并准确地寻找到2个不同水稻品种中多个特定基因的序列差异,且差异位点与常规测序结果相符。从LTH和TTP这2种抗性不同水稻品种在多个抗性基因的DNA水平差异来看,有差异的抗性基因位点在高抗品种TTP中大都与原始抗性基因序列相同,而对应的普感品种LTH的抗性基因往往多表现为氨基酸突变,这些序列差异很可能就是导致TTP与LTH抗性差异的分子基础。     

我国水稻微核心种质资源对白叶枯病抗性的鉴定和评价

由Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)引起的白叶枯病是水稻生产中普遍发生、危害严重的一种细菌病害。本研究采用我国和菲律宾的6个Xoo代表菌株,人工接种评价了来源于我国26个省份的174份水稻微核心种质资源对白叶枯病的抗性。结果表明,来源于不同稻作区的种质资源以及籼粳亚种对白叶枯病的抗性存在明显分化,6个粳稻品种和7个籼稻品种对2个或2个以上的菌株具有抗性,其中7-304、山酒谷、麻谷子、包二幅以及古154抗谱较广。本文的研究结果将为水稻抗白叶枯病育种提供有用的信息。     

白叶枯病菌侵染水稻体细胞无性系变异植株叶片的扫描电镜观察

选用离体筛选的抗白叶枯病水稻体细胞无性变异系后代植株的种子,收获后播种。对其功能叶用白叶枯病菌菌株浙１７３剪叶接种７２ｈ后,对叶片进行扫描电镜观察。结果发现,筛选的抗性品种的水孔周围病菌较少,而感病品种的水孔周围病菌则分布较多。证明了白叶枯病菌的侵染途径首先是通过水孔进入植物叶片内部的;另外也证明了筛选的水稻体细胞无性变异系后代植株已具有成株抗性。     

来源于疣粒野生稻的白叶枯病新抗源的鉴定

疣粒野生稻对白叶枯病高抗甚至免疫。粳稻品种8411与疣粒野生稻体细胞杂交获得了2个高抗所有栽培稻白叶枯病抗性基因均不能抵御的国际广致病菌系P6的新种质SH5和SH76,遗传分析鉴定出新种质含有1个抗P6小种的显性基因。本研究以高感白叶枯病水稻品种IR24及携带不同抗性基因的16个材料为参照,对分蘖期、孕穗期的SH5和SH76分别接种11个白叶枯病小种,抗性分析表明SH5和SH76的抗谱广,与IRBB21(Xa21)抗谱一致,与IRBB5(xa5)、IRBB7(Xa7)和Asominori(Xa17)的较相近。用Xa21的分子标记pTA248和XA21检测,确定SH5和SH76不携带Xa21基因,前期研究结果证实新种质中不含xa5和Xa7;与Asominori的杂交试验表明其抗性基因与Xa17基因不等位。这些结果表明SH5和SH76中存在1个抗P6小种的新基因。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因的鉴定、定位和克隆进展

由水稻黄单胞菌水稻变种Xoo引起的水稻白叶枯病是全球性的重要病害之一。已有31个水稻白叶枯抗性基因被鉴定并报道,其中18个被定位到染色体上,5个被克隆。简要综述了水稻白叶枯抗性基因的鉴定、定位和克隆的进展,并讨论了合理利用抗性基因防治白叶枯病的前景。     

国际水稻白叶枯病圃种质资源在华南的抗性评价和利用

在华南生态稻区鉴定评价2270份国际水稻品种资源对白叶枯病的抗性,结果表明参试材料对华南优势致病菌系Ⅳ型菌的抗性,高抗（1级）500个占22.03%,抗（3级）617个占27.18%,中感（5级）355个占15.64%,感（7级）373个占16.43%,高感（9级）425个占18.72%;对华南强毒菌系Ⅴ型菌的抗性,高抗（1级）131个占8.23%,抗（3级）322个占20.23%,中感（5级）292个占18.34%,感（7级）422个占26.50%,高感（9级）425个占26.70%;对Ⅳ和Ⅴ型菌双抗的有411份,占25.82%。 筛选出BG1222、IRBB5、IRBB7、IRBB203等一批抗病兼有较好农艺性状的水稻品种资源抗性遗传分析,发现BG1222携带抗病新基因,并定位于第1染色体上;抗源创新利用,育成一批优质抗病新品系,其中利用IRBB5（xa5）育成华南首个抗白叶枯病强毒菌系Ⅴ型菌优质水稻新品种白香占。     

分子标记辅助选择聚合Xa23,Pi9和Bt基因

利用分子标记辅助选择将高抗水稻白叶枯病的Xa23基因、广谱高抗稻瘟病的Pi9基因、抗水稻螟虫和稻纵卷叶螟的Bt基因聚合到同一株系中,获得了三基因聚合的纯合株系。病、虫抗性鉴定结果显示：聚合了Xa23、Pi9和Bt基因的株系HB1471、HB1473能同时抗白叶枯病、稻瘟病和稻纵卷叶螟;与Xa23、Pi9基因的供体材料L10相比,对白叶枯病和稻瘟病的抗谱相同、抗性水平相当;对稻纵卷叶螟抗性与Bt基因的供体亲本MH63-Bt水平相当。Xa23、Pi9和Bt三基因纯合株系可以作为水稻育种的多抗供体材料。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因及其应用研究进展

由黄单胞菌水稻变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv.Oryzae（Xoo）引起的白叶枯病是水稻重要病害之一。目前,已有37个水稻白叶枯抗性基因被鉴定并报道,其中28个被定位到染色体上,7个被克隆。本文简要综述了水稻白叶枯抗性基因的鉴定、定位和克隆的进展,并讨论了合理利用抗性基因防治白叶枯病的前景。     

The genetic origin of fragrance in NERICA1

In this study, we investigated the cause and origin of fragrance in NERICA1, a fragrant rice inbred line developed from an interspecific cross between two non-fragrant parents. The genetic cause of fragrance in NERICA1 was found to be due to a previously reported mutation in the BADH2 gene, the same allele responsible for the majority of modern fragrant rice varieties. Haplotype analysis around the BADH2 gene in NERICA1, its parents, and 95 other varieties carrying the badh2.1 allele identified the source of the badh2.1 allele in NERICA1 was a fragrant tropical japonica variety, WAB638-1, which had been growing in the vicinity of the NERICA1 nursery during varietal development. The allele-specific marker for the badh2.1 allele consistently predicted fragrance in the diverse African germplasm tested, making it very useful for marker-assisted breeding of fragrant rice varieties in Africa.     

Pre-attachment Striga hermonthica resistance of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars based on low strigolactone production

Striga hermonthica (Striga) is an obligate hemiparasitic weed, causing severe yield losses in cereals, including rice, throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Striga germination depends on strigolactones (germination stimulants) exuded by the host roots. The interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars offer a potentially interesting gene pool for a screen for low germination-inducing rice cultivars. Exudates were collected from all NERICA cultivars and their parents (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) for the analysis of strigolactones. In vitro and in situ Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates were recorded for each cultivar. NERICA 1 and CG14 produced significantly less strigolactones and showed less Striga infection than the other cultivars. NERICAs 7, 8, 11 and 14 produced the largest amounts of strigolactones and showed the most severe Striga infection. Across all the cultivars and parents, there was a positive relationship between the amount of strigolactones in the exudate and Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates. This study shows that there is genetic variation in Striga pre-attachment resistance in NERICA rice. Cultivars combining this pre-attachment resistance with post-attachment resistance (already identified) can provide a key component for durable integrated management of this noxious weed in cereal production systems in sub-Saharan Africa.     

Nonglandular silicified trichomes are essential for rice defense against chewing herbivores

Interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties have been recently developed and used in Sub-Saharan Africa but herbivore resistance properties of these plants remain poorly understood. Here we report that, compared to a local Japanese cultivar Nipponbare, NERICA 1, 4 and 10 are significantly more damaged by insect herbivores in the paddy fields. In contrast to high levels of leaf damage from rice skippers and grasshoppers, constitutive and induced volatile organic compounds for indirect plant defense were higher or similar in NERICAs and Nipponbare. Accumulation of direct defense secondary metabolites, momilactones A and B, and p-coumaroylputrescine (CoP) was reduced in NERICAs, while feruloylputrescine accumulated at similar levels in all varieties. Finally, we found that Nipponbare leaves were covered with sharp nonglandular trichomes impregnated with silicon but comparable defense structures were virtually absent in herbivory-prone NERICA plants. As damage to the larval gut membranes by Nipponbare silicified trichomes that pass intact through the insect digestive system, occurs, and larval performance is enhanced by trichome removal from otherwise chemically defended Nipponbare plants, we propose that silicified trichomes work as an important defense mechanism of rice against chewing insect herbivores.     

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars exhibit different levels of post-attachment resistance against the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica

Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica are root parasitic weeds that infect the major cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa causing severe losses in yield. The interspecific upland NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are popular amongst subsistence farmers, but little is known about their post-attachment resistance against Striga. Here, we evaluate the post-attachment resistance levels of the NERICA cultivars and their parents against ecotypes of S. hermonthica and S.asiatica, characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms and determine the effect of Striga on host biomass. Some NERICA cultivars showed good broad-spectrum resistance against several Striga ecotypes, whereas others showed intermediate resistance or were very susceptible. The phenotype of a resistant interaction was often characterized by an inability of the parasite to penetrate the endodermis. Moreover, some parasites formed only a few connections to the host xylem, grew slowly and remained small. The most resistant NERICA cultivars were least damaged by Striga, although even a small number of parasites caused a reduction in above-ground host biomass. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms and tolerance would allow the development of cultivars with multiple, durable resistance for use in farmers' fields.     

Development and field performance of nitrogen use efficient rice lines for Africa

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are a major input cost in rice production, and its excess application leads to major environmental pollution. Development of rice varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for sustainable agriculture. Here, we report the results of field evaluations of marker‐free transgenic NERICA4 (New Rice for Africa 4) rice lines overexpressing barley alanine amino transferase (HvAlaAT) under the control of a rice stress‐inducible promoter (pOsAnt1). Field evaluations over three growing seasons and two rice growing ecologies (lowland and upland) revealed that grain yield of pOsAnt1:HvAlaAT transgenic events was significantly higher than sibling nulls and wild‐type controls under different N application rates. Our field results clearly demonstrated that this genetic modification can significantly increase the dry biomass and grain yield compared to controls under limited N supply. Increased yield in transgenic events was correlated with increased tiller and panicle number in the field, and evidence of early establishment of a vigorous root system in hydroponic growth. Our results suggest that expression of the HvAlaAT gene can improve NUE in rice without causing undesirable growth phenotypes. The NUE technology described in this article has the potential to significantly reduce the need for N fertilizer and simultaneously improve food security, augment farm economics and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the rice ecosystem.     

Expression of Arabidopsis DREB1C improves survival, growth, and yield of upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) under drought

Dehydration-responsive-element-binding protein 1 genes have important roles in response to stress. To improve the drought tolerance of an upland rice cultivar NERICA1, we introduced Arabidopsis AtDREB1C or rice OsDREB1B driven by a stress-inducible rice lip9 promoter. Plants of some transgenic lines survived better than non-transgenic plants under severe drought. AtDREB1C transgenic plants had higher dry weights than non-transgenic plants when grown under moderate drought until the late vegetative growth stage. On the other hand, OsDREB1B transgenic plants had lower dry weights than non-transgenic plants under the same condition. Similar results were obtained under osmotic stress. The AtDREB1C transgenic plants headed earlier, had a larger sink capacity, and had more filled grains than non-transgenic plants. These results suggest that AtDREB1C expressed in NERICA1 improves not only survival under severe drought, but also growth and yield under moderate drought.     

水稻品种和稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱协同作用的模拟分析

利用我们先前的试验结果和文献资料,组建了水稻品种－褐飞虱－稻虱缨小蜂３者相互关系的模拟模型．模拟分析表明水稻品种能直接和间接地通过物理或化学特性影响稻虱缨小蜂的寄生作用,其中以影响褐飞虱卵垂直分布型、稻虱缨小蜂的迁入时间、未成熟期历期和怀印量等的水稻品种特性起主要作用．同时,模拟分析还表明中等抗性的水稻品种,配以增强稻虱缨小蜂寄生作用的品种特性,就能有效地控制褐飞虱的危害．文中还就协调水稻品种抗性与天敌协同控制褐飞虱的途径进行了讨论．     

近20年气候变暖对东北水稻生育期和产量的影响

为探究近20年气候变暖对东北地区水稻生育期和产量的影响,利用东北三省近20年水稻生育期、产量数据和气候观测数据,采用数理统计等方法进行分析.结果表明: 1989-2009年东北三省水稻生长季日平均温度、最高温度和最低温度均呈上升趋势,降水量均呈下降趋势.与1990s相比,2000s黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省水稻全生育期分别延长了14、4.5和5.1 d.东北地区5、6和9月温度升高可延长水稻全生育期,而7月温度升高则缩短生育期.除黑龙江省外,东北地区的审定品种和观测站点水稻生育期均呈相似的变化趋势,审定品种生育期的延长是导致观测站点水稻生育期延长的主要原因.东北地区日平均温度、最低温度和最高温度的变化均会影响水稻产量,温度上升对黑龙江省的增产效应较明显,尤其是三江平原以西地区.除辽宁省南部以外,其他地区升温均表现为增产.东北地区可以采取育种、栽培和耕作等措施充分挖掘水稻适应气候变暖的能力.
     

Diversity of Rice yellow mottle virus in Benin and Togo and Screening for Resistant Accessions

Surveys were conducted in rice fields in Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Niger to assess the importance of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). Diseased leaf samples were collected. In Togo, surveys were made mainly in the southern part of the country, and in Benin, all areas where rice is grown were covered. Leaf samples were serologically confirmed by ACP ELISA as bearing RYMV, propagated and all conserved. One hundred and forty‐eight (148) Beninese and 27 Togolese strains were serotyped. They were also phenotyped on three susceptible accessions including IR 64, four resistant lines with known alleles on RYMV 1 gene namely TOG 5681 (rymv 1‐3), TOG 5672 (rymv 1‐4 and RYMV 2), TOG 5674 (rymv 1.5) and Gigante (rymv 1‐2). RYMV spots with 9–100% incidences were identified. Serotyping by triple antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA indicated that two main groups S1 and S2 coexisted in Benin with S1 being prevalent. In Togo, 26 strains were S1 and only one was S2. Phenotyping of the 148 Beninese and 27 Togolese indicated that they all attacked the three susceptible accessions, while TOG 5681 (rymv 1‐3), TOG 5672 (rymv 1‐4 and RYMV 2), TOG 5674 (rymv 1‐5) and Gigante (rymv 1‐2) remained symptomless. The use of the genes/alleles above in these countries against the disease is discussed. Three representative Beninese strains were selected to screen 48 accessions for disease resistance. Nine accessions were as susceptible as IR 64 to all strains while six (NERICA 9, NERICA 12, NERICA 13, TOG 7291, WAB56‐50, CG 14 and Moroberekan) were very resistant. Susceptibility of the six ARICA and resistance of some NERICA lines could be explained by the fact that one or both parental lines were, respectively, susceptible or resistant to the strains.     

籼稻基因枪转化的研究

对国内外１７个籼稻品种进行了基因枪转化,研究了有利于籼稻愈伤组织诱导和生长的培养条件和筛选程序,１５个品种获得了潮霉素抗性愈伤组织,５个品种再生了植株,包括当前国际上推广的ＩＲ系统及国内的优良品种和恢复系,分子生物学证据证明潮霉素基因已经整合入籼稻的基因组。最高植株转化频率接近一般粳稻水平,多数低于粳稻水平。这为建立籼稻的转化系统打下了基础。