蜜蜂春季增长阶段饲料适宜蛋白质水平的研究

早春将群势、蜂王年龄和质量基本一致的30群意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola,随机分为5个处理组和1个对照组。处理组分别饲喂蛋白质水平为20%、25%、30%、35%和40%的5种代用花粉饲料,对照组饲喂油菜花粉,观测饲料蛋白质水平对蜂群群势、取食量、初生重以及蜂体组织蛋白含量的影响。结果表明对照组中蜜蜂对油菜花粉的取食量最高,但仅显著高于蛋白质水平为40%的饲料(P<0.05);蛋白质水平为25%、30%、35%的处理组群势增长差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平升高,工蜂初生重逐渐升高,在35%到达最高值,随后又下降;饲喂蛋白质水平为20%、25%、30%饲料的蜂体组织蛋白含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),饲喂蛋白质水平为35%、40%饲料的蜜蜂体组织蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

不同水平亮氨酸对繁殖期意大利蜜蜂蜂群群势及工蜂发育的影响

【目的】评价日粮中不同水平亮氨酸对繁殖期意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica蜂群群势及工蜂发育的影响。【方法】选取重庆荣昌本地繁殖期意大利蜜蜂21群,随机分为7组,分别饲喂添加0,15.30,17.50,26.25,35.00,43.75和52.5 g/kg亮氨酸的试验日粮,每12 d测定各组蜂群群势、封盖子量、蜂群取食量和营造王台情况,24 d后测定蜂群采集行为、工蜂初生重、工蜂虫体蛋白质含量及工蜂寿命。【结果】当亮氨酸添加水平为43.75和52.50 g/kg时能够显著提高繁殖期意大利蜜蜂的蜂群群势、封盖子量、蜂群取食量及采集行为(P0.05)。与空白对照组相比,基础日粮组及各亮氨酸添加组的新出房蜂和6日龄幼虫体蛋白质含量较高(P0.05);各亮氨酸添加组的工蜂初生重显著高于空白组(P0.05);不同亮氨酸添加水平对意大利蜜蜂工蜂寿命影响较小。此外,亮氨酸添加水平26.25,35.00和43.75 g/kg能够在饲喂0-24 d时促进蜂群营造自然王台,刺激蜂群分蜂。【结论】配方日粮中43.75和52.5 g/kg的亮氨酸能够显著促进繁殖期意大利蜜蜂蜂群发展,其中43.75 g/kg的亮氨酸饲喂量还能刺激蜂群营造自然王台,激发蜂群分蜂。     

蜜蜂人工代用花粉中适宜钙磷水平的初步研究

钙磷是蜜蜂饲粮中必需的常量元素。为了探讨蜜蜂人工代用花粉中适宜的钙磷水平,本试验选取蜂王、群势基本一致的意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola 70群,随机分为14个组,每组5群蜂,前12组饲喂采用均匀设计法配制的不同钙磷水平的人工代用花粉。第13组饲喂不加钙磷的人工代用花粉为负对照,第14组饲喂纯油菜花粉为正对照。试验从春繁开始,到刺槐流蜜期结束为止。试验期间测定蜂群的采食量、蜂群群势、幼蜂初生重,成蜂蜂体组织内钙磷含量。结果表明:当人工代用花粉中钙磷水平分别为0,0.65%时,蜂群的采食量、蜂群群势、幼蜂初生重均取得最大值;成蜂蜂体组织内钙含量与人工代用花粉中钙磷含量成正相关,成蜂蜂体组织内磷含量与人工代用花粉中钙磷含量之间没有相关性。     

蜜蜂蜂王质量及其性状表现影响因素研究进展

作为重要的传粉昆虫,蜜蜂蜂群损失现象受到广泛关注。研究表明,蜂王问题是导致蜂群损失的主要因素之一。蜂王是蜂群中唯一雌性生殖器官发育完全的个体,是维持蜂群存续的关键。蜂王质量决定了蜂群的群势以及生产性能,对蜂群的发展和存活至关重要。本文详细介绍了表征蜂王质量的相关指标及其在蜂王选育过程中的应用,深入论述了幼虫日龄、营养、交尾、环境温度、病虫害以及农药等相关因素对蜂王质量及其性状表现的影响,以期为蜂王的培育和使用以及蜜蜂资源的保护和利用提供参考。     

云南短头熊蜂的繁育特性研究

短头熊蜂Bombus breviceps是云南省优势蜂种,为更好地挖掘本土熊蜂资源,繁育农业授粉蜂群,本研究从云南3个地区（屏边、个旧和昆明）收集短头熊蜂蜂王后,在相同条件下饲养,统计分析其蜂王产卵前期、工蜂发育期、蜂群生长特性、群势、产卵蜂王率及蜂群可应用率等繁育特性指标。结果表明：3个地区工蜂的发育期相同,屏边地区的蜂王产卵前期最长,蜂群始见工蜂时间及工蜂数量达到6头、30头和60头的时间也最长,均显著高于个旧地区和昆明地区（P<0.05）。3个地区短头熊蜂的群势差异不显著（P>0.05）,但昆明地区的工蜂数量最少,显著低于屏边地区和个旧地区（P<0.05）,而子代蜂王数量显著高于屏边地区和个旧地区（P<0.05）,雄性蜂数量显著高于屏边地区（P<0.05）。昆明地区的产卵蜂王率和蜂群可应用率高于屏边地区和个旧地区。总体而言,云南的短头熊蜂群势强,产卵蜂王率75%以上,蜂群可应用率均在63%以上,易于人工繁育,具有重要的授粉利用价值。     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂生长性能和体组成的影响

试验采用3×3因子设计,探讨了饲料中不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂[均重:(50.37±1.27)g]生长性能和体组成的影响。试验设3个蛋白质水平(25%、30%和35%)和3个脂肪水平(3%、6%和9%),共配制9组饲料。试验鱼饲养于网箱(规格为2 m×1 m×1 m)中,每天投喂3次,试验期为8周。结果表明:蛋白质和脂肪之间无交互作用存在(P>0.05)。蛋白质和脂肪水平对存活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和饵料系数显著受蛋白质和脂肪水平影响(P<0.05)。其中,25%蛋白组的增重率及特定生长率显著低于其他蛋白组(P<0.05),而6%脂肪组显著高于其他脂肪组(P<0.01)。尽管35%蛋白6%脂肪组的饵料系数最低,但与除了25%蛋白3%脂肪和25%蛋白9%脂肪这两组外的其他组相比,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。蛋白效率比和氮保留率随蛋白质水平的升高显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,蛋白效率比显著受脂肪水平的影响(P<0.05),以6%组最高。能量保留率随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。鱼体肥满度随蛋白质和脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。腹脂率和肝体比随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05),而受蛋白质水平的影响较小(P>0.05)。蛋白质水平对全鱼、胴体和肝脏的组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。脂肪水平对全鱼水分、脂肪和能量有极显著影响(P<0.01),其中,全鱼水分含量随脂肪水平的升高显著降低(P<0.01),而脂肪和能量含量则显著升高(P<0.01)。胴体和肝脏水分、脂肪含量的变化趋势与全鱼基本一致。以上结果表明,1龄团头鲂的适宜蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为30%和6%,适宜蛋能比为18.21 g/MJ。     

不同人工代花粉对蜂群群势和生产性能的影响

早春将群势、蜂王年龄和质量基本一致的25群意大利蜜蜂Apis melliferaL.,随机分为5个处理,分别饲喂纯花粉和4种不同的人工代用花粉,观测它们对蜂群群势和生产性能的影响。结果表明,含有添加剂的各代用花粉组与纯花粉组的蜂群的蜂子数量差异均不显著,但均显著高于纯豆粕组(P<0.01);各组产蜜量随着纯花粉所占比例的减少而呈现递减的趋势,但饲喂含有60%花粉+40%豆粕+添加剂1组与纯花粉组没有明显的差异;含有添加剂的各代用花粉组的王台接受率均显著高于纯花粉组(P<0.01);饲喂含有添加剂的各代用花粉组与饲喂纯花粉组相比,王浆产量及蜂王浆中的10-HDA、水分、蛋白质的含量及酸度均没有差异。     

育王框位置对中华蜜蜂蜂王质量的影响

蜂王质量的好坏决定了蜂群的群势和生产性能。培育优质的蜂王有利于蜂群的饲养管理及提高经济效益。在育王过程中,育王框所处位置对王台接受率以及蜂王质量均有所影响。本研究基于免移虫育王技术,以中华蜜蜂为研究对象,探究育王框在不同类型子脾之间的位置(封盖子脾之间、幼虫脾之间以及混合脾之间)对王台接受率、蜂王个体形态指标及蜂王卵巢卵黄原蛋白基因表达的影响。研究结果表明,育王框置于幼虫脾之间蜂王幼虫接受率和蜂王卵黄原蛋白表达量显著高于封盖子脾,但对蜂王个体指标无影响。     

不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂的蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能影响

为了探究不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能的影响。本研究在不同浓度（0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL）反式-9-氧代-2-癸烯酸\[(E)-9-oxodec-2-enoicacid,9-ODA\]对工蜂卵黄原蛋白基因（Vg）表达影响基础上,以蜂蜡为载体,用4种蜂王上颚腺信息素（9-ODA,9-HDA,HOB,HVA）与蜜蜂幼虫饥饿信息素（β-罗勒烯）按照一定比例组配了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片（T1-1、T1-2、T2-1、T2-2）,同时以纯蜂蜡挂片作为空白对照组（CK）。系统研究了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片对西方蜜蜂无王群急造王台以及有王群的蜂蜜产量、封盖子数和群势影响。结果表明：人工饲喂0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL的9-ODA,对工蜂Vg表达水平具有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,4个实验组（T1-1、T1-2、T2-1和T2-2组）出现封盖王台的时间均有显著延迟（P<0.05）,推迟时间2~3 d;T2-1组蜂蜜产量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,蜂蜜产量提高24.00%;T1-2组、T2-1组和T2-2组封盖子数量都显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,分别提高84.52%、64.50%和80.09%;T1-2组和T2-1组蜂群群势显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,分别提高了53.37%和50.85%。因此不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能都起到了积极作用,相关研究结果对养蜂生产中合理利用蜜蜂信息素有指导意义。     

不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对中华蜜蜂生产及繁殖性能的影响

【目的】为了探究蜜蜂信息素对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的生产及繁殖性能的影响。【方法】以蜂蜡为载体,选择4种蜂王上颚腺信息素（9-ODA:9-HDA:HOB:HVA）与蜜蜂幼虫饥饿信息素（β-罗勒烯）按照一定比例组配了4种强蜂素挂片（T1-1组、T1-2组、T2-1组、T2-2组）,同时设置一个纯蜂蜡挂片作为空白对照组（CK组）。将2种组配强蜂素（T1-1、T1-2）分别置于特殊密闭容器瓶中,15、30和45 d后用捕集针抽取密闭容器瓶气体,利用气相-质谱联用系统测定2种组配强蜂素（T1-1、T1-2）中β-罗勒烯挥发含量。并系统研究了4种组配强蜂素对无王群急造王台以及对有王群的蜂蜜产量、群势和封盖子数影响。【结果】在15、30和45 d时,2种组配强蜂素中β-罗勒烯挥发量差异不显著（P> 0.05）,即2种组配强蜂素中β-罗勒烯都能稳定释放;与对照组相比,T1-2组封盖王台出现时间显著延迟（P<0.05）,推迟时间2.17d,但4个实验组间出现封盖王台出现时间差异不显著（P>0.05）;T1-1组蜂蜜产量和封盖子数显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,蜂蜜产量和封盖子数量分别30.18%和30.00%;T1-2组蜂群群势显著强于对照组（P <0.05）,提高群势25.15%;4个实验组间蜂蜜产量、封盖子数和蜂群群势都差异不显著（P> 0.05）。【结论】不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对中华蜜蜂生产及繁殖性能都有积极作用,为进一步在养蜂生产中推广蜜蜂信息素产品提供了理论支撑。     

Relation between reproductive, physiological, and immunological condition of Litopenaeus setiferus pre-adult males fed different dietary protein levels (Crustacea; Penaeidae)

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of amount of dietary protein levels on blood indicators of protein metabolism and immune condition (blood protein, hemocyanin, osmotic pressure, and hemocytes concentrations), and reproductive capacity of pre-adult Litopenaeus setiferus males (F0). Assessments were made of the relationship between amount of dietary protein, immune condition, and reproductive condition of the shrimp during the maturation process. Three different diets, with different amounts of protein (DP; 35, 45, and 55%), were evaluated over 55 days and compared with shrimp that were from a baseline group before treatments were administrated. Osmotic pressure, hemocyanin, blood protein, and hemocytes were greater in shrimp from control ponds than those obtained of shrimp fed 35 and 45% DP and similar to that obtained in shrimp fed 55% DP, demonstrating that food in the control pond had a nutritional value to that obtained by feeding amounts of dietary protein beyond 45%. Osmotic pressure, hemocyanin (Hc), blood protein (BP), and hemocytes were influenced by amount of DP with the physiology and immune system of shrimp being influenced by diet. At the same time, a maximum reproductive condition (measured as a proportion of normal cells of the total sperm cells) of shrimp males was observed in shrimp fed 45% DPL with lesser normal cells being present in shrimp fed 35 and 55% DPL. These results indicate that an immune reaction can occur in response to dietary protein with excess DP affecting several physiological functions included the sperm synthesis and sperm quality. Influence on hemocytes concentration in shrimp fed protein in excess could activate an attack on sperm cells in the vas deferens provoking lose of sperm quality in such conditions. Results indicate an optimal DP of 45 for maintaining the broodstock bank of L. setiferus.     

The Use of the Vibration Signal and Worker Piping to Influence Queen Behavior during Swarming in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

We investigated worker regulation of queen activity during reproductive swarming by examining the rates at which workers performed vibration signals and piping on queens during the different stages of the swarming process. Worker–queen interactions were first examined inside observation hives during the 2–3 wk that preceded the issue of the swarm (pre‐swarming period) and then inside the swarm clusters during the period that preceded liftoff and relocation to a new nest site (post‐swarming period). Queen court size did not differ between the pre‐ and post‐swarming periods, but workers fed the queens less inside the swarm clusters. Workers performed vibration signals on the queens at increasing rates throughout the pre‐swarming period inside the natal nest, but rarely or never vibrated the queen inside the swarm. Piping was performed on the queens during both the pre‐ and post‐swarming periods and always reached a peak immediately before queen flight. During the final 2–4 h before swarm liftoff, queens were increasingly contacted by waggle dancers for nest sites, some of which piped the queen. The vibration signal may operate in a modulatory manner to gradually prepare the queen for flight from the natal nest, and the cumulative effects of the signal during the pre‐swarming period may make further vibrations on the queen unnecessary when inside the swarm cluster. In contrast, worker piping may function in a more immediate manner to trigger queen takeoff during both the pre‐ and post‐swarming periods. Workers that vibrate and pipe the queen tend to be older, foraging‐age bees. The regulation of queen activity during colony reproduction may therefore be controlled largely by workers that normally have little contact with queens, but help to formulate colony reproductive and movement decisions.     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

目的观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。方法选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行实验,断奶日龄为35 d。共分为5个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。实验组一:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌),实验组二:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,干酪乳杆菌),实验组三:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),实验组四:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌,干酪乳杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),对照组:饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为109CFU/g。饲养30 d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,实验组一和二显著高于对照组(P0.05);在腹泻率方面,实验组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高经济效益。     

日本大耳白黑眼兔在不同生长阶段蛋白质营养与肝脏相关基因表达的关系

目的研究日粮粗蛋白水平和生长阶段对日本大耳白黑眼兔（WHBE兔）肝脏相关基因表达的影响。方法采用两因素实验设计,分别选取断奶和2月龄WHBE兔各20只进行为期1个月的幼兔期和育成兔期饲养实验,每个阶段实验均将兔随机分为5组,各组日粮粗蛋白水平分别为12%、14%、16%、18%和20%,实验结束,用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定肝脏胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶-C（PEPCK-C）的mRNA的表达丰度。结果生长阶段和粗蛋白水平均对WHBE兔肝脏IGF-1mRNA的表达丰度有显著影响,育成兔期IGF-1 mRNA的表达丰度明显高于幼兔期;日粮粗蛋白水平为16%和18%时IGF-1mRNA表达丰度较高,显著高于其他3组。PEPCK-C mRNA的表达也以16%粗蛋白组最高,幼兔期和育成兔期之间差异无显著性。结论日粮粗蛋白水平对IGF-1和PEPCK-C基因表达有显著影响,生长阶段与IGF-1mRNA表达密切相关。     

Changes in the blood chemistry of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich, in relation to dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid hormone, ethylestrenol

The effect of feeding isocaloric test diets containing 35, 45 and 55% protein, with and without inclusion of the anabolic steroid hormone, ethylestrenol, was studied in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , in relation to blood chemistry. The control (no hormone) and experimental diets (hormone-supplemented), were fed for a total of 60 days, after which time all groups of fish were fed an identical commercial diet with no hormone for a further 30 days (withdrawal period). After 60 days, the body weights offish fed the 35 and 45% experimental diets were significantly greater than their respective controls, and after hormone withdrawal, increased growth was still apparent in the 35% experimental group.
No significant changes in serum amino acid nitrogen (AAN), protein, or glucose in relation to the dietary protein level, or inclusion of steroid, were observed after 30 days. Serum creatinine, however, increased with an increase in dietary protein, and was significantly higher in the 35% experimental group than the respective control. After 60 days, the most significant observation was the marked increase in serum glucose with an increase in dietary protein, but respective control and experimental values were not significantly different at this time. Following a 30-day withdrawal period, serum AAN in the 55% experimental group was significantly higher than the control, whereas serum protein, creatinine, and glucose stabilized to similar concentrations in all groups. Over the 90-day period of feeding, in both control and experimental groups, serum AAN and protein tended to increase, serum creatinine and glucose to decrease, whilst haematocrit remained constant. It is concluded that addition of ethylestrenol to trout diets has apparently little effect on serum metabolite concentrations and haematocrit, the most significant variations being related more to diet composition and duration of study.