辽宁省二代亚洲玉米螟为害防治的经济阈值

为探明二代亚洲玉米螟发生量对玉米产量损失的影响,本试验在田间采用人工密度梯度接卵法(0、20、50、100和200块·百株-1),模拟自然情况亚洲玉米螟发生量,研究辽宁地区二代亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée)对玉米的经济阈值。结果表明:百株接卵量与虫孔数呈极显著正相关(P0.01),百株虫孔数与产量损失率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),回归方程分别为y=3.1999x+24.8416(R2=0.953,P0.01),y=0.0234x-1.6167(R2=0.988,P0.01),推导出百株接卵量与玉米产量损失率的方程为z=0.0749x-1.0354,即落卵量每增加1块,虫孔数增加约3.2个,产量损失率增加7.49%;隧道长度与雌穗长度、穗粗及粒重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与产量损失率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),表明玉米茎秆隧道长度每增加10 cm,玉米平均减产7.02 g,产量损失率平均增加4.38%;根据经济阈值定义,在产量8411 kg·hm~(-2)的玉米田,使用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura)进行单次防治时,辽宁地区防治二代亚洲玉米螟的经济阈值为百株玉米累计落卵量17.39块。     

二代玉米螟为害玉米产量损失研究

【目的】研究二代亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)为害对玉米产量的影响。【方法】以"先玉335"为供试玉米品种,通过人工接虫模拟二代玉米螟不同发生量为害玉米对产量损失的影响。【结果】随着接卵量增加,虫孔数和蛀孔隧道长度增加,玉米单穗粒重降低。单株虫孔数每增加1个,玉米产量损失率增加4.52%;隧道长度每增加10 cm,产量损失率增加8.34%。接卵量与玉米产量损失率的关系符合方程z=-10.0297+4.034 ln(x)。【结论】根据害虫经济阈值的定义,推算出二代玉米螟的防治指标为百株累积卵量12.8块,对二代玉米螟的防治决策具有重要指导作用。     

番茄潜叶蛾幼虫和卵在新疆大棚番茄的空间分布型及理论抽样数

【目的】明确新疆新发外来入侵生物番茄潜叶蛾幼虫和卵在不同种群密度下的垂直分布、空间分布型和理论抽样数,探索田间易观察的危害症状和幼虫密度的关系,为田间取样和调查提供理论指导。【方法】在察布查尔县连续调查3个大棚同一品种京番502杂交一代上的番茄潜叶蛾的不同种群密度,利用聚集度指标及Iwao回归分析,计算并分析了番茄潜叶蛾卵和幼虫在不同种群密度下的空间分布型、垂直分布和理论抽样数,分析危害叶片数、虫道长度和虫道数与幼虫密度的动态关系。【结果】计算并统计番茄潜叶蛾幼虫和卵的空间分布聚集度指标的均值m、扩散系数C、扩散型指数I、负二项分布值K、平均拥挤度m~*、聚块指数m~*/m、扩散指数CA和种群聚集均数λ。番茄潜叶蛾卵主要集中在上部,占比43.9%～100%。幼虫主要集中在下部,占比53.3%～100%。番茄潜叶蛾幼虫数与虫道数、虫道长度或为害叶片数的比值随为害加剧呈动态变化。番茄潜叶蛾幼虫和卵Iwao直线回归方程拟合公式为m~*=1.9114+1.2055m (R~2=0.9703)和m~*=0.0536+1.4147m (R~2=0.9014)。根据空间分布型参数,在D=0.1、0. 2和0. 3时,幼虫的理论抽样数模型分别为n=1118. 4/x+78. 9、n=279. 6/x+19.7、n=124.3/x+8.8,卵的理论抽样数模型分别为n=404.8/x+159.3、n=101.2/x+39.8、n=45.0/x+17.7,该模型适用于不同虫口密度下的田间抽样。【结论】在京番502杂交一代上,番茄潜叶蛾幼虫为m=0.6头·株~(-1)以上,卵在达到密度最大值前,均呈聚集性分布。番茄潜叶蛾成虫偏好在幼嫩的叶片产卵,随植株被害加剧该偏好略有减弱。当番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的虫口密度为10和30头·株~(-1)时,建议分别取样50和30株;当卵量为10和30粒·株~(-1)时,分别取样50和45株。     

贵州稻水象甲危害损失和防治指标研究

【目的】为了摸清贵州稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel危害与水稻产量损失的关系,明确贵州稻水象甲的防治指标。【方法】采用田间笼罩接虫法系统的研究了不同密度的稻水象甲成虫与水稻被害叶率、幼虫密度、水稻分蘖数、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量损失等的关系。【结果】稻水象甲成虫密度与水稻被害叶率和幼虫密度呈正相关关系;稻水象甲的危害明显减少水稻分蘖数和穗数,但对穗粒数和千粒重的影响不大。建立了产量损失率与被害叶率、成虫密度、幼虫密度的回归方程,计算获得了插秧后的第5天、第10天、第15天、第20天的叶片被害率的防治指标为59.65%、52.97%、50.96%、48.52%,成虫的防治指标为20头/m~2(1头/丛),幼虫的防治指标为130头/m~2(6.5头/丛)。【结论】该结果对贵州省稻水象甲的预测预报及防治具有重要的指导意义。     

杨扇舟蛾卵和幼虫的空间分布型及抽样技术

研究了杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta(Fabricius)卵和幼虫的空间分布型及抽样技术,结果表明杨扇舟蛾卵和幼虫在杨树林的分布型均为聚集型中的负二项分布。几种抽样方法中,卵以棋盘式最好,幼虫以平行线法最好。同时建立了杨扇舟蛾卵的下层抽样模型为y=2.4481x 0.4243;幼虫的中、下层抽样模型为y=2.4605x 3.9126。     

豆天蛾对大豆为害产量损失的研究

本文通过测定大豆的不同虫口密度与产量损失的关系,研究了3龄幼虫后所造成的不同产量损失。笼罩条件虫量(x)与产量损失率(y)的回归方程,=1.55+0.43x±0.6643,r=0.9943~(**);笼罩条件虫量(x)与结荚损失率(y)的回归方程,=15.11+0.35x±1.9544,r=0.9466~(**)。     

江苏沿江棉区第三代棉铃虫防治指标研究

通过人工接虫为害,获得了棉铃虫各龄期幼虫在棉花上的为害量和为害损失。并观察了不同年份棉铃虫卵和各龄幼虫的自然存活率。在此基础上．研究得出了自然状态下第3代棉铃虫的防治指标,其值为百株累计卵量100粒,或当日百株新增卵量25粒。与用固定虫量研究方法得出的指标相比,该指标更合理、更经济可行。     

相对湿度对咖啡豆象生长发育、繁殖及种群增长的影响

【目的】研究在实验室条件下,咖啡豆象Araecerus fasciculatus生命活动对不同相对湿度环境的适生性,并通过组建实验种群生命表,明确相对湿度对其种群增长的影响。【方法】实验设定30%、45%、60%、75%、90%5个相对湿度梯度,观察比较咖啡豆象卵、幼虫、蛹历期及其存活率、成虫寿命、单雌产卵量。【结果】在30%~90%范围内,随相对湿度的增加咖啡豆象幼虫发育历期缩短,卵至蛹期存活率、成虫寿命及繁殖力提高。相对湿度为90%时,卵、幼虫、蛹存活率最高且发育历期最短,成虫寿命最长,单雌产卵量最高。各湿度生命表参数内禀增长率(r_m)在0.197~0.319之间,相对湿度75%时最高;净增殖率(R_0)在9.653~73.493之间,相对湿度90%时最高。此外,内禀增长率(r_m)、净增殖率(R_0)与相对湿度关系符合Logistic模型,分别为y=0.32/1+exp(1.71-0.07x)(R~2=0.90442,P=0.00201)和y=78.13/1+exp(5.03-0.09x)(R2=0.98931,P=0.00213)。【结论】研究表明相对湿度是影响咖啡豆象生长发育、繁殖力、种群增长的重要因素,有助于进一步了解气象环境条件对咖啡豆象的影响,同时为其种群增长数学模型的拟合提供参考。     

粉虱小毛瓢虫Nephaspis oculatus(鞘翅目,瓢虫科)捕食功能反应与寄主植物选择(英文)

Nephaspisoculatus (Blatchley)属毛瓢虫亚科的小毛瓢虫族 ,专食粉虱。它源于中美洲 ,自七十年代初就在美国佛州被发现 ,是柑橘和蔬菜上白粉虱的重要天敌。本研究确定了该瓢虫各幼虫龄期和雌雄成虫在青菜 (col lard)叶上捕食银叶白粉虱BemisiaargentifoliiBellows&Perring卵在 6个密度的捕食功能反应及其成虫对 5种寄主植物的选择。结果表明 ,该瓢虫捕食率与白粉虱卵的密度呈线性相关。除第四龄幼虫其相关系数 (r2 )仅为0 .6 33外 ,其它各虫态的相关系数高达 0 .82 7～ 0 .94 4。根据该瓢虫各龄幼虫和雌雄成虫捕食量和白粉虱卵密度的关系 ,其捕食功能反应符合Holling圆盘方程的第二种反应模式。随着龄期的增加 ,幼虫捕食白粉虱卵的量也随之增加。第四龄幼虫捕食白粉虱卵量最多可达 312粒 ,其次为第三龄幼虫 2 2 9粒 ,第二龄幼虫 73粒 ,而第一龄幼虫捕食量仅为 34粒。雌成虫捕食白粉虱卵量 (32 1粒 )明显高于雄成虫 (2 37粒 )。雌成虫特别喜欢在青菜上活动、取食和产卵 ,而不喜欢番茄 ,大豆 ,茄子和甘薯。有 4 4 .9%的雌成虫在青菜上活动 ,只有 9.9% - 17.1%的雌成虫在其它植物上活动。雌成虫在青菜 ,甘薯和茄子上的产卵量占总产卵量的比率依次为 95 .8% ,2 .8%和 1.4 % ,而无任何卵产在番茄和大豆上。     

温度对褐飞虱发育、存活和产卵影响的关系模型

设置系列恒温19、22、25、28、31、34℃,测定了温度对褐飞虱发育、存活和产卵的影响,建立了温度对褐飞虱生物学参数影响的关系模型。试验结果表明:(1)褐飞虱卵和若虫的发育历期在28℃下最短。除22℃以外,短翅型雌若虫的发育历期长于雄若虫的发育历期。(2)34℃下,褐飞虱卵未成功孵化,推测34℃是褐飞虱发育的限制性高温。不同温度下若虫的存活率为:25℃22℃28℃19℃31℃;低温主要导致低龄若虫死亡,而高温则主要导致高龄若虫死亡。(3)不同温度下产卵前期为19℃31℃22℃25℃28℃。产卵期22℃时最长。短翅型雌虫寿命随着温度降低而延长,产卵量在28℃时最大(256粒),19℃时最低(108粒)。(4)采用温度(x)与褐飞虱各生物学参数(y)间进行回归分析,获得一系列关系模型;其中,卵历期(y=0.079 x2-4.462 x+70.536),若虫历期(y=0.233 x2-12.886 x+189.878),产卵前期(y=0.068 x2-3.614 x+49.88)和短翅型雌成虫寿命(y=-0.622 x+35.03)与温度间具有显著的回归关系。     

茴香薄翅野螟发生动态的调查

经调查研究表明:在青海省的油菜种植区,茴香薄翅野螟Evergestis extimalis Scopoli越冬幼虫从6月初开始化蛹,6月中旬化蛹率达为80%,到6月下旬化蛹率达到100%;成虫于7月上旬开始羽化,7月15～20日为成虫羽化高峰;田间卵始见期为6月下旬至7月上旬,7月中旬达到产卵高峰期;越冬幼虫平均死亡率为96.63%。     

The effect of beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, on the yield of sugar beet in organic soils

In ten experiments on commercial sugar-beet crops grown on organic soils in 1984–86, a Genstat programme was used to examine the relationship between the initial population of Heterodera schachtii and sugar-beet root yield using the equation
Y = Ymin + (Ymax - Ymin) Z^pi-T
Fixing T = 200 eggs + juveniles 100 g^-1 soil and Z^T= 0.95, estimated values of Ymax varied from 49.2–67.1 t ha^-1 (129– 155% of the national average root yield for the years in which the experiments were carried out) and estimates of Ymin varied from 14.5–53.9 t ha^-1 (27–94% of Ymax). The estimated average root yield loss caused by the nematode was 6.95 t ha^-1.     

浙江稻田稻秆潜蝇为害损失与防治指标研究

2000-2004在浙江较系统地研究了山区和半山区稻田稻秆潜蝇的种群动态与为害损失的关系,组建了田间自然种群生命表。结果表明：自然条件下,1、2代稻秆潜蝇的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫死亡率分别为42.7%、14.5%、4.4%、12.6%和32.8%、16.5%、18.9%、15.6%。水稻秧苗期、大田期稻秆潜蝇卵（虫）量与株为害率、为害损失率的关系分析表明,随着卵（虫）量增加,株为害率上升,产量损失率加大,两者呈显著正相关。成虫盛发至卵孵盛期为防治适期,稻秆潜蝇防治指标为秧苗期平均每百株有卵10粒,株为害率1%以上;大田期平均每丛水稻有卵1粒,株为害率3%～5%。     

The Influence of Egg Parasitoids Belonging to the Telenomus busseolae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Species Complex on Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Maize Fields in Southern Benin

During the second cropping season of 1992, maize fields in southern Benin were examined twice at the pre-tasselling stage, to assess the abundance of eggs of Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and egg parasitism by Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). They were also examined at harvest, to investigate the impact of egg parasitism early in the season on S. calamistis populations, and thus plant growth. S. calamistis eggs were found in 84.0% of the fields and on 16.8% of the plants. The parasitoid was present across the entire survey area, with the rate of egg parasitism averaging 76.4%. On average, 84.1% of the egg masses/field were parasitized, indicating that the parasitoid had a good capacity for searching. The relationship between parasitization rates and egg batch size was best described by a quadratic function, with maximum parasitism of about 95% between 1 and 25 eggs/batch. In a multiple regression analysis involving infestation levels at harvest, and soil and parasitoid variables, the T. busseolae parasitization rate was one of the major factors influencing S. calamistis densities. The yield loss due to S. calamistis decreased with increasing egg parasitism.     

The effect of desiccation and low temperature on the viability of eggs and emerging larvae of the tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Ixodidae)

Process-based population models need sound and comprehensive data on an animal's response to climatic factors if they are to function reliably under a wide range of climatic conditions. To this end, different aged egg masses of the livestock tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, were either desiccated in atmospheres with saturation deficits of 5, 10, 15 or 20 mmHg at 20 or 26 degrees C, or chilled at temperatures of 5, 10 or 14 degrees C with a saturation deficit of 1 mmHg for varying periods. The survival rate of the eggs through to hatching was related to the initial age of the eggs, the severity of the treatments and the duration of exposure. We established a relationship between desiccation and weight loss of eggs and, secondarily between weight loss and mortality. Mortality increased with weight loss until it reached 100% when the weight loss was about 35%. Low temperatures were increasingly detrimental to eggs as they reduced from 14 to 5 degrees C. Freshly laid eggs were more susceptible to both low temperatures and desiccation than were older eggs. Larvae emerging from eggs that were stressed by either cold or desiccation lived for a shorter time under optimal conditions than did larvae from eggs incubated under optimal conditions. Larvae from eggs with the same hatching rate had the same viability, whether the stress was induced by desiccation or low temperatures. Models were developed to describe the dynamics of weight loss of eggs with desiccation, the accumulation of cold stress of the eggs, and their effects on egg survival and larval viability. These data provide a sound basis for the development of predictive models for use under field conditions, although the response of different aged eggs to low temperatures was too variable to allow us to develop an accurate model to describe that relationship. Field models will also need to take diurnal temperature fluctuations into account.     

Assessment of the damage caused to potatoes by potato cyst eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll

Thirty field trials were carried out from 1960 to 1967, mainly on peat and silt soils in the eastern counties of England, to study the relationship between potato yield and numbers of H. rostochiensis. The population range of most interest to advisers (0–60 full cysts/100 g (0–150 eggs/g)) was encountered by chance fairly frequently. The relationship between yield and initial eelworm densities over this range could be expressed equally well untransformed or transformed (using square root transformation for cyst counts and log. transformation for egg counts). Sigmoid curves could not often be fitted to the graphs of yield against log. egg count because densities large or small enough were not often encountered and small numbers cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Assuming straight-line regressions of yield on untransformed eelworm densities certain generalizations can be made. The slopes vary somewhat, but on average losses are 1·2 tons/acre per ten full cysts/100 g and 0·85 tons/acre per twenty eggs/g. Linear regressions tend to be parallel over a large range of potential yields which means that yield loss is independent of potential yield. In five trials there was some evidence that the yield had reached a minimum varying between 5 and 10 tons/acre when eelworm populations were very dense. In two trials, estimates of maximum and minimum yield were obtained. Both gave the difference (maximum loss) as 7 tons/acre and the ratio of minimum to maximum as 0·50 and 0·44 respectively. Yield losses were often great without obvious symptoms appearing in the haulm.     

Premature cortical granule loss does not prevent sperm penetration of mouse eggs.

The role of cortical granules in the mouse egg's plasmalemma block to polyspermy was investigated by examining the effect of premature granule loss on egg fertility. Granule loss, quantitated by transmission electron microscopic examination, was induced in zona-free eggs by exposure to the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, or by mechanical removal of zonae. Egg exposure to ionophore led to the loss of approximately 50% of the egg's complement of granules in the absence of nuclear activation (parthenogenesis), while complete cortical granule loss accompanied the parthenogenetic activation seen in a limited population of mechanically stimulated eggs. Aged eggs underwent nuclear activation without a dramatic reduction in granule complements. The fertility of treated zona-free eggs was identical to that of controls, as measured by the percentage of eggs penetrated and by the mean number of sperm recovered per egg. Moreover, both ionophore-treated and aged eggs subsequently underwent a normal sperm-induced block response. Exposure of zona-intact eggs to ionophore was also without effect on egg fertility. These results indicate that cortical granules are not involved in the plasmalemma block to polyspermy in the mouse.     

葱斑潜蝇防治指标及防治适期研究

研究表明葱斑潜蝇百株潜道 (X)与大葱产量损失率 (Y)之间呈显著的相关性 ,其相关回归式 :Y=-2 .8397+ 0 .0 30 4 8X。在大葱产量 30 0 0～ 6 0 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 时 ,经济允许损失率为 1 .4 7%～ 2 .94 % ,允许百株潜道为 1 4 1 .4～ 1 89.6条 ;防治指标拟定为百株潜道 1 5 0条。防治适期为成虫羽化高峰期至幼虫初孵期 ;大葱生育中、后期 ( 6～ 1 0月 )防治对于降低葱属作物的损失具有较大意义。药剂防治以含有阿维菌素的制剂和乐斯本效果较好。     

华北棉区第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值

1980—1982、1984—1985年在河北省饶阳县的不同土壤肥力水平、不同棉花品种上进行了模拟为害和自然为害试验,旨在确定第三代棉铃虫 Heliothis armigera(Hubner)虫口密度与棉花产量之间的关系.结果表明,棉花对于第三代棉铃虫为害的补偿能力较弱.较好的土壤肥力亦不能促使棉株完全补偿三代期间的受害损失.每亩皮棉减产斤数Y与第三代百株累计卵量E₃的关系为:Y=-0.2801+0.0643E₃.根据防治的直接收益与直接代价,算出了第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值为百株累计卵量35粒,这一阈值可适用于不同肥力水平的地块.     

Factors Affecting the Biology and Pathogenicity of Heterodera schachtii on Sugarbeet

A direct relationship exists between soil temperature and Heterodera schachtii development. The average developmental period of two nematode populations from Lewiston, Utah, and Rupert, Idaho, from J2 to J3, J4, adult, and the next generation J2 at soil temperatures of 18-28 C were 100, 140,225, and 399 degree-days (base 8 C), respectively. There was a positive relationship (P < 0.05) between nematode Pi, nematode generations, and sugarbeet yields. The greatest sugarbeet growth inhibition (87%) occurred when sugarbeets were exposed to a Pi of 12 eggs/cm³ soil for five generations (1,995 degree-days), compared with a 47% inhibition when plants were exposed to the same Pi for two generations. There was a negative correlation (P < 0.05) between the Pi, Pf, and sugarbeet yield for each population threshold. The smaller the Pi, the greater the sugarbeet yields and the greater the Pf. Root yields were 80 and 29 t /ha and Pf were 8.4 and 3.6 eggs/cm³ soil when sugarbeet seeds were planted at Pi of 0.4 and 7.9 eggs/cm³. respectively, at a soil temperature of 8 C. The number of years rotation with a nonhost crop required to reduce the nematode population density below a damage threshold level of 2 eggs/cm³ depends on the Pi. A Pi of 33.8 eggs/cm³ soil required a 5-year crop rotation, whereas a Pi of 8.4 eggs/cm³ soil required a 2-year crop rotation.