新疆不同寄主植物苹果蠹蛾成虫动态调查

【背景】苹果蠹蛾是世界性重大检疫害虫,新疆是我国最早发现该虫的地区。监测苹果蠹蛾的种群动态能提高控制效率并阻止其在非疫区蔓延。【方法】利用性诱剂于2008~2009年期间监测苹果蠹蛾成虫在苹果园、梨园、李子园、桃园等生境下种群动态。【结果】苹果蠹蛾在北疆有2个明显高峰期,越冬代成虫高峰期为5月中旬至6月上旬,第1代成虫高峰期为7月中旬至8月中旬;在南疆有3个明显高峰期,分别为6月底至7月上旬、7月下旬至8月上旬和8月底至9月中旬。南疆和北疆的种群数量差异不是很大,单个性诱剂高峰期的种群数量小于10头,平均0.5~2.0头;同一区域苹果蠹蛾在不同作物之间存在一定的差异,但集中在苹果园和桃园。【结论与意义】新疆北疆苹果蠹蛾成虫一年一般发生2代,南疆3代。苹果蠹蛾以苹果园为主要发生区域,同一区域的苹果蠹蛾在相邻果园的苹果、葡萄、梨树上的种群动态具有密切相关性。苹果蠹蛾的种群动态为准确判定防治关键期提供依据,其在不同作物之间的相关性,为区域重点监测对象的判定提供基础依据。     

苹果蠹蛾抗药性研究进展

苹果蠹蛾是世界各国高度关注的严重危害苹果生产的外来有害生物。该虫于20世纪50年代在我国首次报道,目前是我国一类进境检疫性有害生物,正严重威胁我国苹果主产区的水果生产安全。苹果蠹蛾以幼虫钻蛀到果实内部为害,防治难度高,对其主要采用化学农药、交配干扰和苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒进行防治。由于农药的长期大量使用,苹果蠹蛾已对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、昆虫生长调节剂、阿维菌素和苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒等不同类型的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了国内外有关苹果蠹蛾抗药性现状和抗药性机理方面的研究,并分析了其对几种农药产生抗性的主要原因,同时结合国外苹果蠹蛾防治和抗药性相关研究,以及其在我国发生与防治的现状,提出该虫抗药性治理策略,即及时对我国疫区苹果蠹蛾的抗药性现状进行监测,在此基础上,注意科学地使用化学农药,并结合农业防治和生物防治等措施对该虫进行综合治理。     

苹果蠹蛾在中国的扩散与危害

【背景】苹果蠹蛾原产于欧亚大陆,是世界著名的严重危害苹果生产的入侵害虫,也是中国的重要对外检疫性有害生物。【方法】通过收集整理历史文献、资料,并于2005~2013年使用标准性信息素诱芯对全国各苹果、梨主产区的苹果蠹蛾发生情况进行系统监测,明确该虫在我国的分布现状及扩散历史;此外,使用特定公式对苹果蠹蛾在发生区造成的当前经济损失和扩散完成后的潜在经济损失进行了系统评估,以明确该虫在我国的现有和潜在危害。【结果】苹果蠹蛾于1953年首次在中国新疆被发现,目前在中国分布于新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏、黑龙江、辽宁和吉林7省的144个县(市、区、旗),主要集中分布在东经74.56°~106.8°以及东经120.02°~132.95°,发生面积约49410 hm~2;经济损失评估结果显示,苹果蠹蛾导致中国苹果和梨的潜在减产数量为185.01万和81.33万t。【结论与意义】该虫已在中国形成东西2个分布区,对占据中国苹果产量80%的西北黄土高原(陕西为主)和渤海湾(山东、河北、辽宁为主)两大苹果主产区构成了严重威胁,须引起高度重视。     

陕西省苹果蠹蛾阻截防控实践与入侵路径分析

苹果蠹蛾是威胁果业生产的检疫性有害生物,已在新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林等7个省发生分布。陕西省是我国主要的苹果优质产区,阻截苹果蠹蛾向陕西扩散是保护陕西乃至全国果业生产的重要举措。通过对陕西苹果蠹蛾入侵风险、阻截防控过程取得的数据进行分析,明确了入侵路径,探讨防控策略。由新疆、甘肃、宁夏等地果汁加工原料果携带幼虫远距离方式传入陕西的风险较大;由甘肃、宁夏等地经过陕西西部果区自然传播方式进入陕西的风险加剧。提出加强果汁企业监管,拒绝携带苹果蠹蛾果品进入非疫区,是防止远距离传播的最有效措施;做好自然传播的防控策略与措施研究,已迫在眉睫。     

分子模拟技术及其在苹果蠹蛾代谢杀虫剂分子机制研究中的应用进展

苹果蠹蛾是世界性重要的果树害虫,也是我国一类进境检疫性有害生物,严重威胁着我国黄土高原和环渤海湾优势苹果产区的果业生产。化学防治是当前苹果蠹蛾防治最经济有效的措施,然而频繁使用化学杀虫剂引发的抗药性问题也在世界范围内相继报道。代谢抗性是苹果蠹蛾抗性中重要的机制,苹果蠹蛾解毒酶代谢杀虫剂的分子机制是当前代谢抗性研究的重点方向。基于分子模拟的方法在相关研究中扮演着越来越重要的角色,本文综述了分子模拟涉及的主要方法及其在苹果蠹蛾代谢杀虫剂分子机制研究中的应用,并展望未来可能的研究方向。     

苹果蠹蛾不育昆虫释放技术研究进展

不育昆虫释放技术(sterile insect technique,SIT)是一种环境友好、可作为大面积害虫综合治理(AW-IPM)的防治技术,是以压倒性比例释放不育昆虫来减少田间同种害虫繁殖量的害虫治理方法。苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是世界重要的梨果类害虫,现已入侵世界5洲71国。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾大规模饲养技术、辐射不育技术、释放技术3个关键环节的研究与技术进展,主要包括:苹果蠹蛾人工饲料、实验种群建立、饲养设备与条件、收集和质量评估、长距离运输、辐射源与设备、辐射剂量与敏感性、释放方法、释放标记和释放量等,并介绍了各国采用SIT技术的应用效果。苹果蠹蛾在我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、黑龙江、吉林6个省区发现,对我国苹果产业安全生产构成严重威胁,我国很有必要引进并建立苹果蠹蛾SIT防治技术体系。     

我国苹果害虫(螨)的研究与防治:回顾与展望

20世纪后50年尤其是改革开放20年来,我国果业生产发展迅猛,成就举世瞩目。截止1998年全国果园面积863．55万hmz,果品总产量达54529亿kg,居世界之首。在落叶果树中苹果发展最快,1998年为283．8万hm’,产量达194．8亿kg,面积和产量在苹果生产国中均居首位,我国年人均占有苹果已达15kg,超出世界人均水平4kg左右。但若以单位面积产量衡量,我国与水果生产发达国家相比尚有较大差距。1998年我国苹果每667mz产量为405．Ikg,仅及发达国家的1／3－l／5。这在一定程度上反映了我国水果生产管理水平的差距,其中病虫为害是重要因素之一。本…     

新疆荒漠绿洲生态区苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学和防治技术研究与应用进展

苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的检疫害虫,自1953首次在新疆库尔勒地区发现以来,疫情保持不断扩张的趋势,目前已经在我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙江、辽宁和吉林7个省区发现,对我国苹果产业构成了严重威胁。新疆在苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学等研究领域起步较早,开展了大量的相关研究和应用工作。本文通过对新疆苹果蠹蛾相关文献的搜集、整理和分析,回顾和总结了新疆绿洲荒漠生态区苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学和综合防治技术等领域的研究和应用进展,以期对今后该虫的研究和防治提供参考。     

入侵生物苹果蠹蛾监测与防控技术研究——公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200903042)进展

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是世界著名的严重危害苹果的重要入侵害虫,常造成20%～30%的产量损失,现已传入新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏、黑龙江和吉林等省区,对我国全国苹果安全生产构成严重威胁。2009年农业部科教司批准设立公益性行业(农业)专项"入侵生物苹果蠹蛾监测与防控技术研究",由中国科学院动物研究所主持,全国农业技术推广服务中心、西北农林科技大学、中国农科院植保所和郑州果树所、中国农业大学、河北农业大学以及相关省区植保部门等16单位参加。本文对该项目执行3年中在苹果蠹蛾关键生物学特性、实用监测和防治技术方面取得的主要进展进行了总结,详细情况可通过苹果蠹蛾信息网(www.codlingmoth.net)获得。     

苹果蠹蛾的蛀果与脱果特性

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是我国重大植物检疫性有害生物,对苹果属以及梨属的水果生产造成严重的危害。该虫以初孵化的1龄幼虫蛀入果肉,在果实内部取食为害并完成发育,老熟幼虫在黑暗中离开果实并寻找场所结茧化蛹。为掌握苹果蠹蛾幼虫进入及脱出果实时的行为特性,从而为实施有效的防治措施提供基础信息,本文在内蒙古格棱布楞滩对苹果蠹蛾幼虫的蛀果与脱果特性开展了详细研究。取得的主要研究结果如下:1)在苹果蠹蛾种群密度较高的情况下,单个果实平均蛀孔数可达5.25个,初期蛀入果实的幼虫在2～8头之间;2)苹果及梨蛀果中的幼虫数量与蛀孔数无关,虽然果实上的最高蛀孔数可达14个,但一般情况下受害果实中的幼虫数不超过3个;3)当果实表面蛀孔数较多时(苹果超过5个,梨超过2个),苹果蠹蛾幼虫向种室钻蛀的行为发生偏移,通常转入在果肉中为害;4)落果后5d内,落果内的幼虫近半数脱果(43.1%),落果后15d内,落果内的幼虫几乎全部脱果(99.9%);5)在脱果幼虫中,94%选择在夜间脱果,6%在日间脱果;6)至试验结束,蛀果中还有64%的幼虫滞留。以上研究结果表明,在种群密度较高的情况下,苹果蠹蛾幼虫存在激烈的种内竞争;及时清除苹果蠹蛾幼虫蛀果后造成的落果对未脱果幼虫有很好的防治效果。     

生物源农药在苹果蠹蛾防治中的应用

苹果蠹蛾是世界性检疫害虫,对我国苹果优势产区构成了巨大威胁。长期依赖化学防治使该虫抗性问题变得十分严峻。为了保障食品安全,以环境友好的生物源农药替代化学农药已成为当前苹果蠹蛾防治的热点。本文对国内外现有的生物源农药,如寄生蜂、不育昆虫、颗粒体病毒、病原线虫、Bt、病原真菌、微孢子虫、性信息素、斑蝥素、多杀菌素等,在苹果蠹蛾防治中的最新应用及其存在的问题进行论述,讨论了生物源农药凭借其种类多、来源广且在用药时期上选择性强等特点,在该虫综合治理中的重要地位及面临的挑战。     

我国启动重大入侵害虫苹果蠹蛾基因组测序

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)属鳞翅目卷蛾科,具有极强的适应性和抗逆能力,是仁果类果树的毁灭性害虫。1953年首次在我国新疆库尔勒发现,并迅速扩散危害,1987年随旅客携带物传入甘肃敦煌,造成了重大经济损失,是我国重点防控的检疫对象。近日,由中国农业科学院植物保护研究所、南京农业大学等科研单位联合启动了苹果蠹蛾的基因组测序工作。研究团队对苹果蠹蛾进行了10余代的纯化,建立了纯化品系。利用流式细胞分析和小片段文库前期测序等方法,对苹果蠹蛾基因组进行了初步的基因组前期分析。结果显示,苹果蠹蛾基因组大小约为650 Mb, 17-mer和SNP分析显示杂合度大约在0.3%-0.6%之间。经协商拟定了详细的全基因组鸟枪法测序方案后,基因组测序已经全面启动。苹果蠹蛾的基因组测序,对阐明其入侵机制、抗逆机理及防控等研究具有重要的推动意义。     

Roles of alpha-farnesene in the behaviors of codling moth females

Reproduction and olfactory behavioral responses of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), females to synthetic alpha-farnesene were observed in the laboratory as well as their reproduction behaviors in an apple orchard. Calling levels were lifted and ovipositional peaks were advanced in codling moth females at presence of 1 microg and 0.1 microg of alpha-farnesene, respectively. Mated females of codling moth more actively responded to 0.01 microg alpha-farnesene with walking and wing-fanning while walking than to other doses (0.001, 0.1, 1, 10 microg) and control. The results show that alpha-farnesene plays important roles in the behaviors of codling moth females. However, the differences between responses to alpha-farnesene and those to apple volatiles by codling moth females indicate that components other than alpha-farnesene in apple volatiles also have biological activities.     

Evaluation of border sprays for managing the codling moth (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and the apple maggot (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Ontario apple orchards

The efficacy of two insecticide control programs for managing the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were compared in the Georgian Bay, London, Niagara, and Quinte apple production areas of Ontario during 1995, 1996, and 1997. In the border spray program, an initial cover spray of organophosphorus insecticide was applied to eradicate codling moths that may have colonized a test plot during the previous growing season. Subsequent sprays were applied only to a four-tree-wide zone (approximately 20 wide) around the perimeter of the plot to control immigrating codling moths or apple maggots. In the cover spray program, all sprays of organophosphorus insecticide were applied to the entire plot. Apple maggot injury was significantly greater in border spray program plots than in cover spray program plots only during 1995 in the London production area. There was no significant difference in codling moth injury between border spray and cover spray plots in the four production areas during the three-year study. The elimination of cover sprays from border spray plots during July and August may have left the apple crop more susceptible to damage by second generation larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), in the London production area during 1995. There was a trend of increasing codling moth injury from 1995 to 1997 in two border spray plots, and apple maggot injury was detected in these plots during the third year of the study.     

Potential for outbreaks of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California apple orchards using mating disruption for codling moth suppression

Two species of leafrollers, Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, represent serious obstacles to the implementation of mating disruption for control of codling moth in coastal California apple orchards. Larval and adult densities of A. citrana and P. pyrusana and subsequent fruit damage were compared under different codling moth control treatments. Leafroller larval counts and levels of fruit damage were significantly higher in most plots that were untreated or treated only with codling moth pheromone. Leafroller fruit damage levels in these plots were commonly between 10 and 15% at harvest. As summer larval counts were good predictors of fruit damage levels, larval sampling could be a useful tool for predicting leafroller outbreaks. Use of pheromone trapping for A. citrana to detect localized outbreaks within an orchard was not useful and failed to correlate with larval numbers, whereas adult monitoring for P. pyrusana appears more promising. Efforts to implement a codling moth mating-disruption program in California must include changes in strategies for monitoring and controlling leafroller species.     

Particle films for suppression of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple and pear orchards

Studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the effects of three particle film formulations consisting of kaolin and adjuvants on neonate larvae, ovipositing adult females, and eggs of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). Neonate larval walking speed, fruit discovery rate, and fruit penetration rate on apple host plants coated with particle films were significantly lower than on host plants without particle films in laboratory assays. Females oviposited less on host plants covered with a particle film residue than on untreated plants in laboratory choice and no-choice tests. Hatch rate of codling moth neonate larvae was unaffected by particle films sprayed on host plants either before or after oviposition. Fruit infestation rates were significantly reduced on particle film-treated trees compared with untreated trees for both first- and second-generation codling moth in field trials in both apple and pear orchards. Particle films appear to be a promising supplemental control approach for codling moth in orchards where moth density is high, and may represent a stand-alone method where moth densities are lower.     

Overwintering of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence.

Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. With increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. Studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins. In these studies, codling moth larvae colonized wood harvest bins at a much higher frequency than harvest bins made of injection molded plastic (189 moths emerged from wood compared with five from plastic). There was no statistical difference in the number of moths infesting bins that had been filled with infested fruit compared with bins left empty at harvest. This suggests that codling moth enter the bins during the time that the bins are in the orchard before harvest. Emergence of laboratory reared adult codling moth from wood bins placed in stacks was found to be prolonged compared with field populations. Temperature differences within the bin stacks accounted for this attenuated emergence pattern. Covering bin stacks with clear plastic accelerated codling moth development in the upper levels of the stack. Codling moth emergence patterns from plastic-covered stacks more closely coincided with male flight in field populations. This information could be important in developing a technique for neutralizing codling moth-infested bins, and in understanding how infested bins may influence pest management in fruit orchards that are located near bin piles. Implications for control of codling moth in conventional orchards and in those using mating disruption as the principal component of an integrated pest management system include increased numbers of treatments directed at areas affected by infested bins.     

Life stage toxicity and residual activity of insecticides to codling moth and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), are two key pests of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in North Carolina. Growers extensively relied on organophosphate insecticides, primarily azinphosmethyl, for > 40 yr to manage these pests. Because of organophosphate resistance development and regulatory actions, growers are transitioning to management programs that use new, reduced-risk, and OP-replacement insecticides. This study evaluated the toxicity of a diversity of replacement insecticides to eggs, larvae, and adults, as well as an assessment of their residual activity, to codling moth and oriental fruit moth. Laboratory-susceptible strains of both species were used for all bioassays. Fresh field-harvested apples were used as a media for assessing the ovicidal activity of insecticides. For larval studies, insecticides were topically applied to the surface of lima bean-based diet, onto which neonates were placed. Toxicity was based on two measures of mortality; 5-d mortality and development to adult stage. Ovicidal bioassays showed that oriental fruit moth eggs were generally more tolerant than codling moth eggs to insecticides, with novaluron, acetamiprid, and azinphoshmethyl having the highest levels of toxicity to eggs of both species. In contrast, codling moth larvae generally were more tolerant than oriental fruit moth to most insecticides. Methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen were the only insecticides with lower LC50 values against codling moth than oriental fruit moth neonates. Moreover, a number of insecticides, particularly the IGRs methoxyfenozide and novaluron, the anthranilic diamide chlorantriliprole, and the spinosyn spinetoram, provided equal or longer residual activity against codling moth compared with azinphosmethyl in field studies. Results are discussed in relation to their use in devising field use patterns of insecticides and for insecticide resistance monitoring programs.     

Egg adhesion of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae) to various substrates: II. Fruit surfaces of different apple cultivars

In the late growing season of apples, most eggs of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), of the second and third generations are deposited directly on fruits. The apple fruit surface is densely covered by three-dimensional micro- and nanoprojections, the epicuticular wax crystals, emerging from an underlying wax film. These epicuticular waxes render the apple fruit surface hydrophobic, which could affect the attachment of insect legs and eggs to it. A better survival of the codling moth offspring is expected to be ensured by the selection of suitable oviposition sites by females, as well as by a proper adhesion of deposited eggs to these sites. In this study, we investigated egg adhesion of the codling moth to the fruit surface of different cultivars of the domestic apple, Malus domestica Borkh., by measuring the pull-off force required to detach eggs from fruits. Since surface characteristics may influence insect egg adhesion, the information about morphological and physicochemical properties of the fruit surface is crucial for understanding oviposition site selection by females. In the present study, surface morphology, wettability, and free surface energy of the apple cultivars ‘Boskoop’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonica’, and ‘Topaz’ were analyzed. Eggs adhered tightly to the fruit surface of all apple cultivars tested: pull-off forces averaged 63.9 mN. These forces are four- to tenfold stronger than those previously measured on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of the identical apple cultivars. The mechanisms used by the moth to fix its eggs on the waxy surface of apple fruits, and the influence of fruit surface properties on egg glue adhesion are discussed. Furthermore, the results are debated in the context of the oviposition site selection by females, and its role in offspring survival of the second and third generations of the codling moth.