海马长时程增强与26S蛋白酶复合体活性变化的关系

实验观察了大鼠海马脑片上突触传递长时程增强(long term potentiation,LTP)的产生和维持中26S蛋白酶复合体活性的动态变化过程,初步分析了介导其变化的受体途径。结果显示:强直刺激前,26S蛋白酶复合体活性为190±14.3 cpm/(100 μg·2 h),强直刺激诱导fEPSP斜率增加10 min时,其活性升为273±18.3 epm/(100μg·2 h),强直刺激诱导fEPSP斜率增加60 min时,26S蛋白酶复合体活性又降为210±12.8 cpm/(100μg·2 h)。NMDA受体特异阻断剂AP-5在损害L1P产生的同时,抑制26S蛋白酶复合体活性升高。实验结果提示:大鼠海马LTP产生过程中,26S蛋白酶复合体活性存在一个短时间的,依赖于N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)受体的升高过程。     

双电极绑定技术记录在体大鼠海马CA1区长时程增强

目的:探讨双电极绑定条件下记录大鼠在体海马CA1区长时程增强的可行性。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠乌拉坦麻醉;脑立体定位仪上埋置脑室导管;安装自制的刺激/记录绑定电极;引导基础性场兴奋性突触后电位(fEP-SP);强直刺激诱导长时程增强(LTP)。结果:绑定后的刺激和记录电极能可靠地引起海马CA1区fEPSP,fEPSP的出现率几乎100%;基础性fEPSP记录可保持长时间稳定;高频刺激成功诱导出LTP并维持达3h以上,诱导率约67%;双脉冲易化记录稳定、可靠;脑室注射β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对LTP显示出明显的压抑作用。结论:采用双电极绑定技术进行在体海马LTP记录简便易行、节省资源、引导fEPSP和诱导LTP的成功率较高,有望成为一项重要的研究学习和记忆机制的电生理辅助手段。     

丹参酮ⅡA 预防慢性缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制

目的:探讨丹参酮ⅡA(TⅡA)预防慢性缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制。方法:将18只雄性SD大鼠(200-250 g)随机分为对照组、模型组(Model组)、TⅡA(10mg/kg.d)治疗组(TⅡA组)。复制慢性缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍模型,并给予相应治疗,在脑片水平运用膜片钳技术检测海马CA1区的LTP变化,并检测海马CA1区锥体细胞的兴奋性变化。结果:(1)给予高频强直刺激(HFS)后各组兴奋性突出后电位(fEPSP)斜率均显著增加,即均可诱发LTP并持续1h以上,但模型组LTP较对照组显著减弱(P<0.05),TⅡA治疗组LTP较模型组明显增强(P<0.05);(2)慢性缺氧使海马CA1锥体细胞放电所需的刺激电流幅度显著增加、阈电位升高、兴奋性降低,同样刺激强度条件下动作电位数量减少,TⅡA干预可明显减轻慢性缺氧对海马CA1锥体细胞的上述抑制。结论:TⅡA可能是通过维持海马CA1锥体细胞的兴奋性、维持海马的突出可塑性减轻慢性缺氧对认知功能的损害。     

褪黑素对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响及其机制研究

本研究运用Morris水迷宫和电生理学方法 ,以逃避潜伏期、穿环系数和海马CA1区突触长时程增强(long termpotentiation ,LTP)为指标 ,研究褪黑素对大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响。实验结果显示 :( 1)在Morris水迷宫 6d训练中 ,对照组大鼠后 4d平均逃避潜伏期为 18 4 4± 2 7s,褪黑素组为 3 0 0 2± 3 6s,两者有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ;训练 6d后 ,褪黑素组穿环系数为 2 5 68± 2 3 2 % ,明显小于对照组的 4 3 3 3± 2 85 % (P <0 0 1)。( 2 )采用微量注射法给予海马CA1区褪黑素 ,强直后 60min ,fEPSP斜率为基准值的 114 2 8± 1 80 % ,显著低于对照组的 169 71±6 4 8% (P <0 0 1)。( 3 )预先给予东莨菪碱 ,不影响褪黑素对海马CA1区LTP的抑制 ,强直后 60minfEPSP斜率为基准值的 113 70± 5 5 5 %。( 4 )提前给予荷包牡丹碱后给予褪黑素 ,强直后 60minfEPSP斜率为基准值的 162 2 9±10 5 2 % ,明显大于褪黑素组 (P <0 0 1) ,而与对照组无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。上述结果表明 ,褪黑素对大鼠的空间学习记忆能力及海马CA1区LTP均有明显的抑制作用 ,两者相关 ;东莨菪碱不能阻断褪黑素对海马CA1区LTP的抑制作用 ,而荷包牡丹碱可以阻断褪黑素对LTP的抑制 ,提示褪黑素的作用可能不是由胆碱能系统所介     

姜黄素预防高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制

目的:探讨姜黄素(curcumin)预防高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型组(Model组)、姜黄素[按体重60mg/(kg.d)]治疗组(curcumin组)。造模后,检测脑片水平的海马的LTP变化,并运用膜片钳技术检测海马CA1区神经元的电生理变化。结果:(1)给予HFS刺激后各组均可诱发LTP并持续1h以上,与对照组比较模型组组HFS刺激后LTP明显被抑制(P<0.05),姜黄素可减轻缺氧所致的LTP抑制(P<0.05);(2)高原缺氧使海马CA1神经元阈电位升高,动作电位(AP)数量减少,兴奋性降低,姜黄素干预可明显减轻高原缺氧对细胞神经元的抑制。结论:姜黄素可显著改善高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍,其可能机制是通过维持海马CA1细胞的兴奋性减轻高原缺氧对认知功能的损伤。     

姜黄素预防高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制

目的：探讨姜黄素（curcumin）预防高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的电生理机制。方法：将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型组（Model组）、姜黄索[按体重60rag／（kg·d）】治疗纽（curcumin组）。造模后,检测脑片水平的海马的LTP变化,并运用膜片钳技术检测海马CA1区神经元的电生理变化。结果（1）给予HFS刺激后各组均可诱发LTP并持续1h以上,与对照组比较模型组组HFS刺激后LTP明显被抑制（P〈0．05）,姜黄素可减轻缺氧所致的LTP抑制（P〈0．05）;（2）高原缺氧使海马CA1神经元阈电位升高,动作电位（AP）数量减少,兴奋性降低,姜黄素干预可明显减轻高原缺氧对细胞神经元的抑制。结论：姜黄素可显著改善高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍,其可能机制是通过维持海马CA1细胞的兴奋性减轻高原缺氧对认知功能的损伤。     

晚时相长时程增强翻转前后大鼠海马CA1区AMPAR/GluR2的表达

晚时相长时程增强(late-phase long-term potentiation,L-LTP)对于海马长期记忆的维持具有非常重要的作用,然而L-LTP可被诱导之后的神经元活动所翻转。本实验旨在研究海马CA1区L-LTP的翻转是否有突触前机制的参与以及L-LTP翻转前后AMPARs的表达有无变化。实验采用海马脑薄片细胞外场电位记录技术,使用强直刺激(high-frequency stimulation,HFS)诱导出CA1区L-LTP,2h后用两组间隔10min的高强度的双脉冲低频刺激(high-intensity paired-pulse low frequency stimulation,HI-PP-LFS)诱导L-LTP翻转。在LTP诱导前、诱导2h后、翻转后均给予一个双脉冲刺激,观察双脉冲比值(paired-pulse ratio,PPR)的变化;另一方面,实验通过免疫荧光组织化学方法观察AMPAR/GluR2在L-LTP翻转前后海马CA1区表达的变化。结果显示,L-LTP诱导后2h,HI-PP-LFS可诱导L-LTP的部分翻转(翻转率为61.79%±14.51%)。LTP诱导前、诱导2h后、翻转后PPR均大于1,表现为双脉冲易化(paired-pulse facilitation,PPF),且三者大小顺序为:LTP诱导后LTP翻转后LTP诱导前;在海马CA1区AMPAR/GluR2亚单位的表达方面,对照组、LTP组及LTP翻转组之间没有显著差异。上述结果提示,海马CA1区L-LTP维持与翻转均有突触前机制的参与,但L-LTP诱导与翻转前后AMPAR/GluR2表达没有发生变化。     

小鼠海马CAl区高频刺激诱发的突触可塑性分析

通过细胞外记录方法记录场兴奋性突触后电位（field excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP）的变化是研究突触可塑性,诸如长时程增强（long-term potentiation,LTP）和双脉冲可塑性（paired-pulse plasticity,PPP）的最常见方法之一。fEPSP波形的起始斜率、起始面积、峰值及总面积等的变化常用作判断突触可塑性增强或减弱的标准。在相同记录结果中测量fEPSP波形不同部位通常会有不同的结果,因此可能得出不同的结论,这些往往会被研究者忽略。本文通过测量小鼠海马CA1区细胞fEPSP波形的起始斜率、起始面积、峰值、总面积及时间参数等,分析比较高频刺激（high-frequency stimulation,HFS）诱发的突触可塑性,包括LTP和PPP的变化。结果显示,LTP过程中AMPA受体动力学变化加快,且在同一记录中,fEPSP波形不同部位的测量分析可以产生较大幅度的LTP和PPP差异。给予HFS后,双脉冲诱发fEPSP的比率在测量起始面积时略有下降,但在测量起始斜率时则显著增加,这些结果可能导致相反的结论。因此,全面仔细地分析fEPSP波形在整个实验中的变化对正确了解突触可塑性至关重要。     

铝暴露对大鼠海马神经元长时程增强和Na+通道表达的影响

海马神经元长时程增强(LTP) 被认为与学习和记忆的形成有关.Na⁺在诱导 LTP产生的过程中十分重要.实验发现,慢性铝暴露可以影响大鼠海马神经元LTP的产生,随着铝暴露浓度的增加,LTP 的幅值逐渐降低.RT-PCR 法对大鼠海马神经元 9 种类型Na⁺ 通道（即 Nav1.1～Nav1.9）的 mRNA 进行检测发现,除 Nav1.4 和 Nav1.8 Na⁺通道 mRNA 在大鼠海马神经元中未见表达外,慢性染铝组大鼠海马神经元7种Na⁺ 通道 mRNA 表达均明显增高（P<0.05）.蛋白印迹法对一种脑型 Na⁺通道 (Nav 1.2) 蛋白检测证明, Na⁺通道蛋白表达亦明显升高.结果提示,铝进入神经元后,可能通过影响 Na⁺ 通道蛋白的表达而影响了突触后神经细胞的去极化,进而影响了LTP的诱导过程,从而预示铝的暴露可能损害大鼠学习和记忆能力.     

褪黑素对大鼠海马 CA3区长时程增强诱导的影响

目的：研究褪黑素对海马CA3区长时程增强（LTP）诱导阶段的影响及可能的机制。方法：用细胞外电生理记录方法。通过向大鼠海马CA3区分别微量注射褪黑素、Tacrine（胆碱酯酶抑制剂）和DNQX（非NMDA受体的竞争性拮抗剂）,以海马CA3区群体兴奋性突触后电位（fEPSP）斜率的改变为指标,观察PP-CA3通路的LTP变化。结果：①0．2μg/μl、1μg/μl和5μg/μl的褪黑素对CA3区的诱发电位和LTP均有抑制作用,随着剂量加大,抑制作用加强。②褪黑素能抑制Tacrine对LTP诱导的易化作用。③DNQx能部分阻断褪黑素对LTP诱导的抑制作用。结论：褪黑素对LTP诱导的抑制作用可能与胆碱能系统和非NMDA受体有关。     

磷酸化钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ在大鼠脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位长时程增强的诱导和维持中的作用

实验旨在探讨钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶II(calcium／calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ,CaMKⅡ)在脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位长时程增强(long—term potentiation,LTP)的诱导和维持中的作用。用Western blot技术分别检测LTP形成30min和3h脊髓背角(L4-L6)CaMKⅡ的含量及其磷酸化水平。同时观察脊髓局部给予CAMKⅡ选择性抑制剂KN-93后对脊髓背角LTP和CaMKII磷酸化的影响。观察结果如下：(1)诱导LTP后30min,CaMK Ⅱ的磷酸化水平明显高于对照组,而CaMKⅡ的总量无变化;诱导LTP后3h CaMKⅡ的磷酸化水平进一步升高。而且CaMKⅡ的总量也明显增加(n=4);(2)强直刺激前30min于脊髓局部给予CaMKⅡ的特异性抑制剂KN-93(100μmol/L),可阻断LTP的诱导,同时明显抑制CaMKⅡ的磷酸化水平;(3)诱导LTP后30min给予KN-93,可显著抑制LTP的维持,同时CaMKⅡ的磷酸化水平与未用药组相比也明显降低（n=3);(4)LTP3h后给予KN-93,LTP的幅值不受影响,磷酸化的CaMKⅡ的含量与用药前相比也无差别（n=3)。根据上述实验结果可以认为,CaMKⅡ的激活参与脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位LTP的诱导和早期维持过程。     

Sequential activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, protein kinase G and cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase is necessary for proper induction of long-term potentiation in CA1 of hippocampus. Alterations in hyperammonemia

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission efficacy and is considered the base for some forms of learning and memory. Nitric oxide (NO)-induced formation of cGMP is involved in hippocampal LTP. We have studied in hippocampal slices the effects of application of a tetanus to induce LTP on cGMP metabolism and the mechanisms by which cGMP modulates LTP. Tetanus application induced a transient rise in cGMP, reaching a maximum at 10s and decreasing below basal levels 5 min after the tetanus, remaining below basal levels after 60 min. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity increased 5 min after tetanus and returned to basal levels at 60 min. The decrease in cGMP was due to sustained tetanus-induced increase in cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase activity, which remained activated 60 min after tetanus. Tetanus-induced activation of PDE and decrease of cGMP were prevented by inhibiting protein kinase G (PKG). This indicates that the initial increase in cGMP activates PKG that phosphorylates (and activates) cGMP-degrading PDE, which, in turn, degrades cGMP. Inhibition of sGC, of PKG or of cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase impairs LTP, indicating that proper induction of LTP involves transient activation of sGC and increase in cGMP, followed by activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which, in turn, activates cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase, resulting in long-lasting reduction of cGMP content. Hyperammonemia is the main responsible for the neurological alterations found in liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy, including impaired intellectual function. Hyperammonemia impairs LTP in hippocampus by altering the modulation of this sGC-PKG-cGMP-degrading PDE pathway. Exposure of hippocampal slices to 1 mM ammonia completely prevents tetanus-induced decrease of cGMP by impairing PKG-mediated activation of cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase. This impairment is responsible for the loss of the maintenance of LTP in hyperammonemia, and may be also involved in the cognitive impairment in patients with hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.     

脊髓背角Ⅱ板层长时程增强诱导及维持过程中的突触形态计量学研究

本研究和体视学方法探讨了在C纤维诱发电位长时程增强(long—-term potentiation,LTP)的诱导及维持过程中的脊髓背角Ⅱ板层的突触形念变化。结果显示(1)在LTP形成后30min,Ⅱ板层内的突触后致密物质(postsynaptic density,PSD)增厚,突触间隙增宽;(2)在LTP形成后3h,PSD厚度、突触间隙宽度及突触界面曲率都有明显增加;(3)在LTP诱导和维持全过程中,总突触的数密度比对照组有明显增高。(4)在LTP形成后3h和5h,穿孔性突触的数密度与对照组比较有明显增高。上述结果显示：PSD增厚是LTP诱导阶段的主要形态学变化。突触界面曲率增人及穿孔突触数目增多是LTP维持阶段的主要形态学基础。     

Hypoxic preconditioning improves spatial cognitive ability in mice

Although it has been reported in a lot of studies that hypoxic preconditioning could protect the brain from hypoxic/ischemic injury, it is not clear whether hypoxic preconditioning could affect brain functions such as cognitive ability. This work aims at investigating the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on spatial cognitive ability in mice after acute and repeated hypoxic exposures. The mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group in which mice were not exposed to hypoxia (H0) and experimental groups in which mice encountered hypoxia either once (H1) or 4 times (H4). Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression, long-term potentiation (LTP) recording and Morris water maze test were used to measure the animals' cognitive ability. The tolerance time was progressively prolonged as exposure went on. The expression of both NCAM mRNA and NCAM protein as well as the LTP induction rate decreased in group H1, but recovered to control level in group H4. The performance of mice in the maze test was improved in H4 in comparison with that in both H1 and H0. These findings may indicate that spatial cognitive ability is improved in adult mice by their hypoxic preconditioning.     

Identification and cataloging of genes induced by long-lasting long-term potentiation in awake rats

Maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) requires de novo gene expression. Here we report the direct isolation, using PCR-differential display, of genes whose expression level was altered after induction of long-lasting LTP in the hippocampus of freely moving awake rats. Differential display using 480 primer combinations revealed 17 cDNA bands that showed a reproducible change in expression level. These cDNAs represented at least 10 different genes (termed RM1-10), all of which showed up-regulation at 75 min after LTP induction and a return to basal expression levels within 24 h. Three of these genes were known only from expressed sequence tags (RM1-3), two were known genes whose up-regulation by LTP has not been described (GADD153/CHOP and ler5), and five were known genes whose up-regulation by LTP has already been reported (MAPK phosphatase, NGFI-A/zif268, vesl-1S/homer-1a, Ag2, and krox-20). We characterized the expression profiles of genes in the two former categories with respect to NMDA receptor dependency, tissue specificity, and developmental regulation using northern blotting and semiquantitative RT-PCR. The up-regulation of all five of these genes was NMDA receptor-dependent and correlated with the persistence of LTP, suggesting that these genes may play functional roles in prolonged LTP maintenance.     

Increase in proportion of hippocampal spine synapses expressing neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM180 following long-term potentiation

Neural recognition molecules such as the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) have been implicated in synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP), sensitization, and learning and memory. The major isoform of NCAM carrying the longest cytoplasmic domain of all NCAM isoforms (NCAM180) is predominantly localized in postsynaptic membranes and postsynaptic densities of hippocampal neurons, with only a proportion of synapses carrying detectable levels of NCAM180. To investigate whether this differential expression of NCAM180 may correlate with distinct states of synaptic activity, LTP was induced by high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path and the percentage of NCAM180 immunopositive spine synapses determined in the outer third of the dentate molecular layer of the dentate gyrus by immunoelectron microscopy. Twenty-four hours following induction of LTP by high-frequency stimulation, the percentage of spine synapses expressing NCAM180 increases from 37% (passive control) to 70%. This increase was inhibited by the noncompetitive N-methyl-D -aspartate receptor antagonist MK801. Following repeated LTP induction at 10 consecutive days with one tetanization each day, 60% of all spine synapses were NCAM180 immunoreactive. Compared to passive control animals, the percentage of NCAM180 expressing synapses in low-frequency stimulated animals decreased from 37% to 28%. Spine synapses in the inner part of the dentate molecular layer not contacted by the afferents of the perforant path did not change the percentage of NCAM180-expressing synapses. The results obtained by the postembedding immunogold staining technique confirmed the difference in NCAM180 expression of spine synapses between passive control and potentiated animals. These observations suggest a role for NCAM180 in synaptic remodeling accompanying LTP. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 37: 359–372, 1998     

Differential Changes in the Phosphorylation of the Protein Kinase C Substrates Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate and Growth-Associated Protein-43/B-50 Following Schaffer Collateral Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is one of the biochemical pathways thought to be activated during activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain, and long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two of the most extensively studied models of synaptic plasticity. Here we have examined changes in the in situ phosphorylation level of two major PKC substrates, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and growth-associated protein (GAP)-43/B-50, after pharmacological stimulation or induction of LTP or LTD in the CA1 field of the hippocampus. We find that direct PKC activation with phorbol esters, K+-induced depolarization, and activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors increase the in situ phosphorylation of both MARCKS and GAP-43/B-50. The induction of LTP increased the in situ phosphorylation of both MARCKS and GAP-43/B-50 at 10 min following high-frequency stimulation, but only GAP-43/B-50 phosphorylation remained elevated 60 min after LTP induction. Furthermore, blockade of LTP induction with the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid prevented elevations in GAP-43/B-50 phosphorylation but did not prevent the elevation in MARCKS phosphorylation 10 min following LTP induction. The induction of LTD resulted in a reduction in GAP-43/B-50 phosphorylation but did not affect MARCKS phosphorylation. Together these findings show that activity-dependent synaptic plasticity elicits PKC-mediated phosphorylation of substrate proteins in a highly selective and coordinated manner and demonstrate the compartmentalization of PKC-substrate interactions. Key Words: Protein kinase C-Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate-Growth-associated protein-43-Long-term potentiation-Long-term depression-(RS)-alpha-Methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine-D-2-Amino-5-ph osphonopentanoic acid-Glutamate.