广西隆安蔗区环境地球化学初步研究

通过对广西隆安县甘蔗产区不同地层甘蔗生长状况和产量的调查,划分甘蔗生长的适宜地层,并通过母岩、土壤、甘蔗植株中３１种元素含量的分析,研究植物与地球化学环境之间的关系,确定对甘蔗生产产生影响的元素。结果是：不同地层上甘蔗产量差异显著,以Ｃ３为优势区,Ｃ２、Ｄ２ｄ２为次优势区,Ｄ３、ＱＰ为劣势区,对甘蔗生产有明显促进作用的营养元素有Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｂ、Ｎ;对甘蔗产量的提高有抑制影响的元素有Ａｓ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｃａ。     

广西隆安地层及其元素对板栗生产的影响

通过对广西隆安县板栗产区不同地层板栗生长状况和产量的调查,划分板栗的适生地层,并通过母岩、土壤、板栗植株元素含量的分析,研究对板栗生长产生影响的元素。结果表明：不同地层上板栗产量差异显著,以Ｄ２ｄ２地层最优,Ｑｐ地层其次,Ｃ３地层最劣。与板栗生长呈正相关的元素有Ｋ,Ｎａ,Ｍｎ,Ｂ,Ｚｎ,Ｖ等;呈负相关的元素有Ｃａ,Ｃｕ,Ｆ,Ｓｅ,Ｇａ等     

甜高粱填充甘蔗榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性

为了探讨在甘蔗产区种植甜高粱填充甘蔗压榨期,利用现有压榨设备生产燃料乙醇的可行性,2008年选用15个早、中、晚熟甜高粱品种在广西柳州进行了分期播种试验,从3月到9月,共播种7次,研究不同播期对茎秆产量、籽粒产量、茎秆糖锤度、叶片产量等的影响。研究表明,3～8月播种,所有参试品种均能正常生长,9月底播种,所有品种均不能正常成熟。茎秆鲜产最高的品种是Sart和PT3-S,平均单季茎秆产量分别为79.28 t/hm2和78.58 t/hm2,双季茎秆鲜产分别为157.95 t/hm2和155.25 t/hm2。从6月底开始,早熟品种开始成熟,之后,不同品种陆续成熟,一直到12月底,均有品种可以收获。年度双季乙醇产量最高产量可达9.14 t/hm2。此外,还估算了木质纤维素产量,讨论了甘蔗区发展甜高粱填充甘蔗空榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性以及甜高粱综合利用的潜力。     

甘蔗//大豆间作和减量施氮对甘蔗产量、 植株及土壤氮素的影响

通过田间试验探讨了甘蔗//大豆1 ∶ 1、1 ∶ 2间作模式和施氮(300 kg/hm²,525 kg/hm²)水平对甘蔗鲜重产量、甘蔗单株氮含量、土壤硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物量氮的影响。结果表明:减量施氮(300 kg/hm²)水平下,间作甘蔗鲜重产量较单作显著下降,但间作的土地当量比均大于1,且大豆产量为1.52和3.25 t/hm²。不同施氮水平对甘蔗鲜重无显著影响,施氮水平和种植模式对甘蔗单株氮吸收量、甘蔗收获后土壤硝态氮和微生物量氮均无显著影响。土壤氮素随甘蔗大豆的不同生长时期而变化,在甘蔗分蘖末期(大豆收获期)达到最低值,此时期减量施氮水平下甘蔗//大豆间作模式(1 ∶ 1)土壤硝态氮显著高于单作。综合以上结果,从提高土地利用率和保护农业生态环境考虑,甘蔗//大豆间作模式下减量施氮具有一定的可行性。     

隆安县荔枝适生地层研究

本文研究隆安县不同地层的土壤元素含量对荔枝生产的影响。通过分析地层的岩石、土壤、荔枝叶矿物元素含量及其与产量的相关性,确定隆安县荔枝适生地层。提出可能促进隆安县荔枝高产的有ＳｉＯ２和Ｍｇ元素;隆安荔枝生产中,土壤的Ｚｎ、Ｂ及Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ均感不足;引起荔枝中毒造成地层劣势可能是因为Ａｌ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ和Ｍｎ含量过高;荔枝含硫量很低,可能为低硫植物。在上述基础上,进行隆安县荔枝生产布局和管理建议。     

甘蔗/大豆间作减量施氮对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究了减量施氮对广州地区不同甘蔗/大豆间作模式下甘蔗产量、品质、生物量动态变化及甘蔗群体经济效益的影响.结果表明:氮肥和种植模式对甘蔗产量、品质均无显著影响,各处理甘蔗产量、品质均无显著差异.不同施氮水平的甘蔗/大豆间作系统较单作甘蔗提高了土地利用率,其土地当量比(LER)为1.36～2.12.各处理甘蔗总生物量的动态积累随生育期的推进均符合"S"型生长曲线,低氮水平下问作甘蔗的生物量动态积累特征参数最协调,高氮水平下,甘蔗生长高峰期提前,快速生长最大持续期缩短,甘蔗产量下降,因此,可以通过调整氮素的投入量来改善生物量的增长参数,从而获得高产.低氮处理甘蔗/大豆间作系统经济效益比高氮处理高3.2%～26.3%,说明减量施氮可有效提高群体经济效益.甘蔗/大豆1∶2间作模式的经济效益最好.     

育苗容器对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响

【目的】探讨不同育苗容器对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响,筛选出紫叶紫薇容器苗培育的适宜育苗容器,为紫薇容器高效育苗提供理论依据。【方法】以紫叶紫薇优良新品种‘丹红紫叶’为研究对象,设计了不同育苗容器类型和规格共9个处理,测定不同处理对容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响。【结果】（1）不同育苗容器对紫叶紫薇容器苗的生长、开花及生理影响显著,容器苗的生长、根系、生物量、花期、花径、花序、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素相对含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等指标随着育苗容器规格的增大而增加,均达到显著性差异。（2）C3D3处理（直径25 cm、高25 cm黑色控根容器）的地径生长量、总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数、地上部干重、地下部干重、总干重、花期、都是最大,比最小的C1D1处理（直径16 cm、高16 cm黑色塑料营养杯）分别显著高817.12%、108.12%、94.60%、75.66%、144.14%、135.67%、228.45%、164.65、20d;C1D3处理（直径25 cm、高25cm黑色塑料营养杯）的苗高生长量、冠幅生长量、叶面积、花序长和宽最高,比最低的C1D1处理分别显著高116.05%、81.39%、114.95%、70.44%和65.79%。（3）C3D3处理的叶绿素相对含量、水分利用效率最大,C1D3处理的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、净光合速率、气孔导度最高;各处理的胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率之间无显著性差异。（4）黑色控根容器在地径生长量、根系生长指标、生物量、花期和花径、叶绿素相对含量及净光合速率方面表现最佳。（5）各指标隶属函数法综合分析得分排序为：C3D3>C1D3>C2D3>C3D2>C2D2>C1D2>C2D1>C3D1>C1D1。【结论】紫叶紫薇2年生苗的最适宜育苗容器是直径25 cm、高25 cm黑色控根容器。     

甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

通过甘蔗田间定位试验研究了种植模式(甘蔗单作、甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)和施氮水平(300、525 kg·hm-2)对甘蔗群体经济效益、甘蔗产量、生物量积累动态变化及品质的影响。结果表明:低氮水平(300 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)的经济效益分别高于单作甘蔗52.67%和20.59%,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,且甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式的LER高于甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作31.50%;高氮水平(525 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作的经济效益和土地利用率分别高于单作26.25%和36.00%,而甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作与甘蔗单作相比无间作优势;甘蔗-甜玉米间作中,因间作甘蔗最大生长速率(v m)减小,理论最大值(w m)、最快生长日(t m)等生物量动态累积特征参数的协调性劣于单作甘蔗,使间作甘蔗产量低于单作甘蔗9.72%~33.17%,而间作甜玉米产量比单作甜玉米高14.10%~24.43%;相比甘蔗单作,甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗品质无显著影响;甘蔗-甜玉米间作是实现甘蔗优质、高效种植的可行途径,其中甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式更为优化。     

矿质元素对北虫草继代培养不同菌落子实体产量及菌丝生长速度的影响

主要研究矿质元素对北虫草继代培养中形成的不同类型菌落子实体产量及菌丝生长速度的影响, 旨在探讨矿质元素与子实体产量以及菌丝生长速度的关系。采用正交试验, 将北虫草优良菌株L20在不同矿质元素培养基上进行12次继代培养。结果表明菌株L20在不同培养基中继代培养后形成7种菌落类型, 有子实体形成能力的菌落为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ型, 其中Ⅰ型菌落产量最高、Ⅲ型中等、Ⅱ型最低, Ⅴ型形成的子实体均为畸形; Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ型无子实体形成能力。菌丝生长速度依次为Ⅴ型 > Ⅳ型 > Ⅶ型 > Ⅵ型 > Ⅲ型 > Ⅱ型 >Ⅰ型, 高产型菌落生长速度最慢, 而低产型菌落菌丝徒长, 表明菌落生长速度与子实体产量成负相关。优型菌落——Ⅰ型菌落子实体高产及高产保持代数最多的矿质元素配方为K3Mg2Ca4Mn3Zn2, 其中Mn和K促进子实体高产, K、Mg、Ca有利于高产保持多代。抑制Ⅰ型菌落菌丝徒长的最佳配方为K3Mg2Ca2Mn3Zn2, 其中Mn对其抑制作用最为显著。     

不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分分布和干物质积累及籽粒产量的影响

为了研究麦田用微喷带灌溉的适宜带长,2015—2016和2016—2017两年度以‘济麦22’为材料,设置了带宽80 mm微喷带下带长为60 m (T₁)、80 m (T₂)和100 m (T₃) 3个处理的试验,试验小区长度等于带长,试验小区内沿灌溉方向每20 m为一个取样区段,依次命名为A、B、C、D、E,分析不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分和干物质积累的影响.结果表明:1)两年度不同处理A区段拔节期、开花期灌水后0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量为T₁23,B区段为T₁、T₂3,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;各处理区段间土壤相对含水量的变异系数为T₁23.2)不同处理A、B区段小麦开花后20、30 d的叶面积指数和冠层光截获率、开花后干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量均无显著差异,C区段上述指标为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;不同处理开花后20、30 d叶面积指数、冠层光截获率及开花后干物质积累量为T₁>T₂>T₃,成熟期干物质积累量为T₁、T₂>T₃.3)不同处理A、B区段籽粒产量均无显著差异,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃,整畦籽粒产量为T₁、T₂>T₃.4)两年度不同处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率为T₁、T₂>T₃,灌溉水利用效率为T₁>T₂>T₃.综合考虑籽粒产量和水分利用效率,本试验条件下带宽80 mm、带长60 m的处理(T₁)是节水高产的最优处理,带长为80 m的处理(T₂)是较优处理.研究结果可为山东省小麦利用微喷带进行节水高产灌溉提供理论依据.     

气候变暖致使墨兰（Cymbidium sinense）野外种群趋向灭绝

温室效应和气候变化通过影响植物生长发育和水分循环过程,对植物的生存产生重大影响,特别是与环境高度适应的兰科植物.通过对深圳野生墨兰(Cymbidium sinense)的生物学特征调查和生殖行为观察,计算出其各龄级的存活数、出现频率和子代数以及空间分布格局,编制种群静态生命表和生殖力表、绘制存活曲线和年龄锥体,构建Leslie矩阵模型、Levins模型和连续下降模型Nt=Nt-1-Nt-1e-2.329对种群数量动态过程进行预测,结合气象数据分析,以检验墨兰种群对气候变化的响应.结果表明:在气温上升引发相对湿度降低和降雨失衡形成干旱的环境条件下,墨兰表现出的空间结构为成群分布,种群的年龄锥体属于壶型锥体,种群存活表现近似于DeeveyⅠ型,种群的净增长率、内禀增长率和周限增长率很低,墨兰种群正处于下降态势.究其原因是,墨兰在生理上表现出对干旱的敏感和高温使光合速率下降,影响营养物质积累以及高温直接抑制花芽分化或造成花芽败育,从而影响了有性繁殖,减少了后代的生产.尽管其有性繁殖是通过花香和花外蜜吸引中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)传粉,产生含有大量种子的果实.但只有少量种子可以在野外环境中萌发,而萌发出的幼苗大多数因干旱不能成长到有性繁殖阶段.墨兰的种群数量动态随气候的波动而波动的结果证明了气候暖化和降雨失衡引起的干旱影响着墨兰的生殖和生长过程,成为其种群发展的致死因子.这种作用的持续或进一步加剧将使墨兰在该地区消失,因此,有必要对该物种进行迁地保护或种质资源人工保存.墨兰对气候变化的响应应引起人们对全球暖化给植物生存所带来的威胁的关注.     

不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰某些生化特性的影响

本文研究不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰［Ｃｙｍｂｉｄｉｕｍｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ａｎｄｒ．）Ｗｉｌｌｄ］植株某些生化特性的影响．随着ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４浓度的增高,植株中的无机磷酸、磷脂酸、肌醇六磷酸、磷酸已糖、高能磷酸化合物和核酸等的含量都有不同程度的提高,其中以肌醇六磷酸提高最显著．酸性磷酸酯酶活性与磷浓度呈负相关．０．２０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＨ２ＰＯ４可能基本满足墨兰植株生长的要求．缺磷时叶片的蛋白质、无机磷酸和可溶性糖的含量较低,而游离氨基酸和淀粉的含量较高．因此,缺磷条件下生长的植株矮小的原因,可能主要是缺乏蛋白质。     

Study on Leaf Anatomy and Photosynthesis of Cymbidium sinense

The leaf surface of Cymbidium sinense(Andr.) Willd was covered with cuticle and wax. The stomata were distributed in the dorsum of the leaf, the density being 100–130 mm-2 There was a stomatal cover on each stoma. The mesophyll was not differentiated into spongy tissue and palisade tissue. No chloroplast was observed in the vascular bundle sheath cells. The chloroplast in the mesophyll cells had well developed grana, with lightly stacked thylakoids and osmiophilic granules. The highest quantum yield of functional leaf was 0.082. The light compensation point of photosynthesis was about 5 μE·m-2·s-1, the light saturation point was about 200 μE·m-2·s-1. The photosynthetic ra,e of Cymbidium sinense was very low, generally 2.0–2.6 μmol CO2· m-2·s-1. The optimum temperature of photosynthesis of one-year-old leaf was 25℃. The photosynthe,ic rate of the three-year-old leaf declined with temperature rise. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b was about 2.7. The CO2 compensation point of photosynthesis was 105–220 ppm. All these data show that Cymbidium sinense belongs to the typical shade plants with low photosynthetic rate and high CO2 compensation point that explains that the growth of Cymbidium sinense is slow in nature.     

药用蕈菌紫芝液体培养的生长特征分析

使用专门设计的ALR ff蕈菌液体培养反应器 ,研究了有关紫芝液体培养过程中菌丝生长的特征。结果表明 ,液体培养时紫芝菌丝生长对温度有较宽的适应范围 2 5℃～ 3 5℃ ,但生长比速率相差很大。通气量由 0 93vvm提高到 1 6 4vvm时 ,菌丝生长比速率明显地增加 ,最大值为 0 0 4 4 4 (h- 1) ;当通气量进一步提高到 2 5 0vvm时 ,生长比速率反而下降。与低糖浓度比较 ,较高糖浓度 (2 80g 1 0 0mL)可以使生长迟滞期缩短 ;培养后期菌丝缠绕成浓密颗粒 ,较高糖浓度可以促进生长。在整个培养过程中 ,糖浓度较低时葡萄糖转化成菌体的生长效率明显高于较高葡萄糖浓度的效率。碳源限制生长的连续培养研究结果 ,进一步反映了菌丝不同生长活性使菌丝物具有不同形态结构。菌体量、限制生长底物、菌体生成率的三者关系与细菌有明显的差异。并且 ,在 0 0 1 0～ 0 2 2 0 (h- 1)稀释率范围内菌丝生长符合Contois方程     

Effect of the reversal of coenzyme specificity by expression of mutated Pichia stipitis xylitol dehydrogenase in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AIMS: To determine the effects on xylitol accumulation and ethanol yield of expression of mutated Pichia stipitis xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) with reversal of coenzyme specificity in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. METHODS AND RESULTS: The genes XYL2 (D207A/I208R/F209S) and XYL2 (S96C/S99C/Y102C/D207A/I208R/F209S) were introduced into S. cerevisiae, which already contained the P. stipitis XYL1 gene (encoding xylose reductase, XR) and the endogenously overexpressed XKS1 gene (encoding xylulokinase, XK). The specific activities of mutated XDH in both strains showed a distinct increase in NADP(+)-dependent activity in both strains with mutated XDH, reaching 0.782 and 0.698 U mg(-1). In xylose fermentation, the strain with XDH (D207A/I208R/F209S) had a large decrease in xylitol and glycerol yield, while the xylose consumption and ethanol yield were decreased. In the strain with XDH (S96C/S99C/Y102C/D207A/I208R/F209S), the xylose consumption and ethanol yield were also decreased, and the xylitol yield was increased, because of low XDH activity. CONCLUSIONS: Changing XDH coenzyme specificity was a sufficient method for reducing the production of xylitol, but high activity of XDH was also required for improved ethanol formation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The difference in coenzyme specificity was a vital parameter controlling ethanolic xylose fermentation but the XDH/XR ratio was also important.     

Marker-assisted analysis of three grain yield QTL in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using near isogenic lines

Three previously identified grain yield quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 2S(2HS), 3C(3HC) and 5L(1HL), designated QTL-2S, QTL-3 and QTL-5L, respectively, were evaluated for their potential to increase yields of high-quality malting barley without disturbing their favorable malting quality profile. QTL mapping of yield related traits was performed and near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed. QTL for plant height, head shattering, seed weight and number of rachis nodes/spike were detected in the QTL-3 region. NILs developed by introgressing QTL-3 from the high-yielding cv. Steptoe to the superior malting quality, moderate-yielding cv. Morex acquired reduced height, lodging and head shattering features of Steptoe without major changes in malting quality. The yield of NILs, measured by minimizing the losses due to lodging and head shattering, did not exceed that of Morex. Steptoe NILs, with the Morex QTL-2S region, flowered 10 days later than Steptoe but the grain yield was not changed. None of the 3 QTL studied altered the measured yield of the recipient genotype, per se, although QTL 2S and QTL-3 affected yield-related traits. We conclude that these yield QTL must interact with other genes for full expression. Alternatively, they affect the harvestable yield through reduced lodging, head shattering, and/or altered flowering time.     

A third species of Hypoderma (Diptera: Oestridae) affecting cattle and yaks in China: molecular and morphological evidence

Cattle and yak hypodermosis in China is caused by Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. A third species, H. sinense, is also considered by Chinese researchers to affect livestock. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and of the ribosomal 28S gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle and yaks in China and identified (on the basis of the spinulation on the ventral side of the 10th segment) as H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense. Amplicons were digested with the HinfI and BfaI restriction enzymes, which provided diagnostic profiles to simultaneously differentiate the 3 Hypoderma species. Third-stage larvae of H. sinense were also examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed proper morphological characteristics different from those of H. bovis and H. lineatum. The molecular and morphological evidence herein reported support the existence of a third species of Hypoderma affecting cattle and yaks in China, and the results provide new tools for unequivocal identification of this species and present key components for the evaluation of its endogenous cycle and pathogenicity in animals and humans.     

Coinheritance of chromosomes 3 and 11 in the patients with autosomal recessive polycythemia from Chuvachia

Inheritance of chromosomes 3 and 11 in the families with Chuvash autosomal recessive polycythemia and in control group with no disease symptoms was examined using polymorphic dinucleotide markers D3S1597 and D3S1263, mapped to region 3p25, and D11S4111, D11S4127, and D11S1356, mapped to region 11q23. All patients were homozygous for the C598T mutation in the VHL gene (3p25). The analysis showed that in 75% of the cases, chromosome 3 carrying C598T mutation was coinherited with certain chromosome 11, which differed from 50%, expected upon independent inheritance of each chromosome. In case of chromosome 3 without C598T mutation, this pattern was observed neither in healthy sibs form the families with autosomal recessive polycythemia (44%), nor in the control group (43%). These results suggest that in case of the C598T mutation in the VHL gene, chromosomal loci 3p25 and 11q23 are inherited not independently, compared to the inheritance of these loci in the absence of the mutation in healthy sibs from the affected families (chi2 = 16.14; P < 0.001), and also in the control family sample (chi2 = 17.91; P < 0.001).     

后河自然保护区珍稀植物群落主要种群结构及分布格局研究

利用方差均值比和修正的Clark-Evans最近邻体两种分布格局判定方法,对湖北省五峰县后河国家自然保护区1hmz固定样地中DBH≥5cm、重要值>2．5的26个树种的种群结构和分布格局类型进行了研究．结果表明,26个种群中有金钱槭、天师栗、白辛树、珙桐、领春木、水青树、连香树7种珍稀濒危植物种群和尖连蕊茶、君迁子、建始槭、曼青冈、鸡爪槭、桃叶黄杨、鹅耳枥等19种非珍稀濒危植物种群,7种珍稀植物种群中,除了2种个体较少的种群之外,1个种群为衰老型,其余4个种群均为增长型;3个种群呈随机分布类型,其余4个种群呈聚集分布类型,19个非珍稀植物种群中,1个种群为衰老型,6个种群为稳定型,其余12个种群为增长型;2个种群为随机分布类型,其余的17个种群为聚集分布类型．可见在26个种群中,以增长型种群居多(占66．7％),稳定型种群次之(占25．0％),衰老型种群最少(占8．3％);两种分布格局判定方法所得的结果较为一致,表现为种群的分布格局类型以聚集分布居多(占80．77％),随机分布和均匀分布较少。