蚕茧近红外反射（NIR）光谱的模式识别──Ⅰ．对雌雄鲜茧、死笼茧的非破坏性识别

探讨了利用蚕茧近红外反射光谱识别雌雄茧、死笼茧的方法及可行性。采用６２５０型近红外光谱分析仪,从波长６８０ｎｍ到１２３５ｎｍ对２０５颗鲜茧做了非破坏性扫描测试,用逐步判别方法从一、二阶导数光谱数据中抽取特征向量,以此特征向量建立Ｂａｙｅｓ判别函数,对３７５个检验样本进行识别,其符合率达９５．７％,该方法明显优于以茧的重量和大小判别雌雄的方法。实验结果还表明,雌雄茧近红外反射光谱的差别,主要是由于蚕蛹性质不同所致,而与茧层的关系不大。     

蚕茧近红外反射（NIR）光谱的模式识别──Ⅰ．对雌雄鲜茧、死笼茧的非破坏性识别

探讨了利用蚕茧近红外反向光谱识别雌雄茧、死笼茧的方法及可行性。采用６２５０型近红外光谱分析仪,从波长６８０ｎｍ到１２３５ｎｍ对２０５颗鲜茧做了非破坏性扫描测试,用逐步判别方法从一、二阶导数光谱数据中抽取特征向量,以此特征向量建立Ｂａｙｅｓ差别函数,对３７５个检验样本进行识别,其符合率达９５．７％,该方法明显优于以茧的重和大小差别雌雄的方法。实验结果还表明,雌雄茧近红外反射光谱的差别,主要是由于蚕肾     

蚕茧近红外反射(NIR)光谱的模式识别II.光谱识别中特征值选取方法的探讨

为提高蚕茧近红外光谱识别中雌雄茧的判别效果,从四个方面探讨了从光谱数据中提取特征向量的方法。对中系品种、日系品种及其杂交种１３２３颗蚕茧的光谱数据分析的结果表明：以减少错判率为目标选取特征向量,距离逐步判别方法优于Ｂａｙｅｓ逐步判别方法和Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ逐步判别方法;手动选择特征值优于自动选择特征值;２群逐步判别优于３群逐步判别;２阶导数光谱优于１阶导数光谱。从而给出蚕茧光谱识别中的特征向量选取及雌雄判别方法。     

近红外光谱测定小麦粉常规营养成分的模型优化

目的：应用近红外光谱（NIR）结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立小麦粉常规营养成分蛋白质、水分和脂肪的含量预测模型,并选择最佳模型。方法：收集117份小麦粉样品的近红外光谱,化学法测定蛋白质、水分和脂肪的含量,利用主成分分析（PCA）随机分组,81份样品用于构建模型、36份样品用作验证模型的预测能力。探讨波长范围和光谱预处理方法对所建模型预测能力的影响。结果：3个营养成分预测能力最好的模型分别是：对于蛋白质,预处理采用矢量归一化（SNV）,波长选取7 505.9~5 446.2 cm-1和4 605.4~4 242.8 cm-1,预测模型的RPD值是7.02;对于水分,无预处理,波长选择全谱12 800~3 960 cm-1,模型的RPD值是6.83;对于脂肪,无预处理,波长在9 000~4 000 cm-1,模型的RPD值是5.06。结论：近红外光谱法可以实现对小麦粉常规营养成分的快速预测,通过选择波长范围和光谱预处理方法可以显著提高模型的预测能力。     

基于NIRS法快速检测荞麦蛋白质与淀粉含量的研究

为建立近红外光谱技术测定荞麦蛋白质与淀粉含量的方法,本研究以217份荞麦样品为试验材料,采用最小二乘回归预测和交叉验证构建近红外预测模型。分析表明:前处理采用多元散射校正法(MSC),维数(Rank)分别为5和5,光谱区间6803.9~6094.2/cm所建立的荞麦蛋白质与淀粉含量模型的预测效果较好,其决定系数(R~2)分别为0.9481和0.9167,交叉验证均方根(RMSECV)分别为0.68和2.08,相对分析误差(RPD)分别为4.39和3.46,均大于3.0,外部验证相关系数均大于0.96。本试验所建立的蛋白质与淀粉含量近红外预测模型具有较高的准确度和稳健性,可用于荞麦品质的快速测定。     

近红外生物组织光谱特性测量仪器中半导体激光器驱动方案的研究

近红外生物组织光谱测量仪器中光源采用小功率半导体激光器,本文讨论了两种驱动方法,一种是基于分立器件的设计,另一种采用集成Laser Diode驱动芯片MAX3766,设计的主要目的是保证光源光功率稳定,还讨论了波长随温度变化对测量结果的影响。     

近红外窄带光照下不同水果背景中桔小实蝇的图像分割

【目的】为了增强水果背景中桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel（双翅目实蝇科）的识别效果,研究了该种昆虫与不同水果之间的反射光谱差异。【方法】采用紫外 可见光 近红外分光光度计测量了桔小实蝇与16种水果在400~2 500 nm波段的反射光谱。在中心波长为565 nm和827 nm的窄谱带光源及日光3种光源分别照射下,分别拍摄各种水果背景中的桔小实蝇照片,并用大津Otsu算法对照片进行二值化处理。【结果】发现桔小实蝇的反射率随波长增加而缓慢地增大,最大反射率小于40%。而16种水果的最强反射峰全部或部分落在在777～896 nm。不同水果平均最大反射率为41.10%～97.89%,与桔小实蝇在此波段的低反射率（约30%）形成强烈的反差。在827 nm中心波长窄带光源照射下拍摄的照片中,发现桔小实蝇为黑色,而背景水果呈现大面积的白色,形成高反差,桔小实蝇很容易被辨识。相反,在日光和565 nm中心波长窄带光源照射的照片中,水果背景存在较多的黑色斑块,容易与桔小实蝇的黑区混淆;或者该虫形成白斑,从而无法识别。【结论】选用近红外波段的窄带光源照射能明显提高桔小实蝇与水果图像的对比度,增强桔小实蝇的分割效果。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵过程中亮氨酸浓度近红外模型的建立

目的:建立谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵过程中亮氨酸浓度近红外模型,为实现谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵生产亮氨酸的发酵过程自动化控制提供理论基础和实践依据。方法:首先在5 L发酵罐中进行亮氨酸发酵,每隔一段时间采集发酵液样品,用高效液相色谱精确分析各样品中的亮氨酸实际浓度,再利用近红外分析仪和相关软件,对各样品进行近红外光谱扫描分析,并通过近红外光谱分析软件进行数据处理,建立谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵过程中亮氨酸浓度的近红外预测模型,最后通过外部检验方法检验模型的准确性。结果:结合偏最小二乘法,在波长为9043.3~7489.1 cm-1、减去一条直线作为光谱预处理的条件下,获得谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵过程中亮氨酸浓度最优近红外预测模型。该模型交叉验证误差均方根(RMSECV)、决定系数(R2)以及剩余预测偏差(RPD)分别为1.29 g/L、0.977和4.55。结论:经过验证,该模型的准确性和可靠性较强,实际值与预测值之间的误差较小,能够较好地检测发酵过程中的亮氨酸浓度。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱快速测定淫羊藿蛋白质含量

采用近红外漫反射光谱技术对淫羊藿(Epimedium)的蛋白质含量进行快速且无损检测。近红外漫反射光谱经二阶导数处理、标准多元离散校正及主成分分析聚类处理后, 采用改进最小二乘法回归得到的定标模型预测效果最佳, 定标决定系数、交互验证标准差及交互验证相关系数分别为0.923、0.554和0.717。近红外光谱分析法的测定结果与用凯氏定氮法所得结果无显著差异, 两种方法测定值的相关性较高(R²=0.933 9)。重复性实验表明, 近红外光谱分析法的相对标准偏差为0.937%。该研究首次采用近红外光谱分析法测定了8种淫羊藿的蛋白质含量。该方法简便、精确, 在淫羊藿资源开发利用和药材质量控制方面具有参考意义。     

波长选择SCARS和偏最小二乘法建立香菇中多糖含量预测的近红外光谱模型

为实现香菇多糖含量的快速测定,利用近红外光谱漫反射技术采集了60个香菇粉末样本在12000~3800 cm-1范围内的光谱数据,利用紫外可见光谱法测定了香菇粉末样品的多糖含量。采用多种化学计量学方法,剔除掉四个异常样本后,考察了不同的光谱预处理方法以及波长选择对模型的影响,用留一交互检验法建立了偏最小二乘(PLS)模型,并用所建立的校正模型对独立预测集样本进行了预测。结果表明,当采用二阶导数及变量稳定性的竞争自适应加权抽样法(SCARS)选择的波长对光谱进行处理时,所建立的模型预测效果最佳,在隐变量数为10时,模型相关系数为0.9906,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.0523 g/100 g,预测相关系数Rp=0.9781,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)=0.0577 g/100 g,该模型具有较好的预测能力,可用于香菇多糖含量的近红外光谱快速检测。     

An evaluation of race and sex identification from cranial measurements

A total of 104 adult human crania (95 American Indian and 9 Labrador Eskimo) are used in this evaluation of a discriminant functional analysis for determining race and sex from eight cranial measurements. The methods used are those given by Giles and Elliot ('62). The study shows that non-deformed American Indian crania are racially misclassified as American White and Negro in 35.6% of the cases when using this metrical method. Deformed Indian crania are racially misclassified 60.0% and 4.4% of the time as White and Negro respectively. The determination of sex on male crania, regardless of deformation, is as accurate as, or better than, the visual method of identification. The female crania, however, are shown to be incorrectly sexed in nearly 50% of the cases, with one non-deformed group (Palus) running as high as 80.0%. This evaluation suggests, therefore, that discriminant functional analyses for race and / or sex determinations are not applicable to problems of human identification unless the crania are from that population on which these functions were established.     

Pupal attendance in the crabhole mosquito Deinocerites cancer: the effects of pupal sex and age

ABSTRACT. Pupal attendance by adult males of the crabhole mosquito, Deinocentes cancer Theobald, was videotaped in the laboratory. The relationship between pupal attendance time and the sex and age of the attended pupa was clarified by quantitative analysis of the videotapes. Male D. cancer distinguish between male and female pupae if the pupae are within approximately 14 h of eclosion and males spend significantly more time attending such female pupae. The attendance time of female but not of male pupae increased exponentially as they approached eclosion.     

Sexual dimorphism in the long term speech spectrum

Long-term speech sound spectra of 82 female and 58 male students were computed digitally. Sexual dimorphism of the spectra became apparent by 3 statistical methods: multidimensional scaling of overall similarity data, analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The spectral amplitude distribution between 80 and 300 Hz showed the highest dimorphism, due to differences in the mean fundamental frequency caused by the larynx. Also frequency regions above 1 kHz contain marked dimorphism leading to an automatic sex recognition rate of 87%. This second dimorphism is mainly caused by the vocal tract resonance. A hypothesis is presented in which these two independent dimorphic structures are compared with consideration to their phylogenetic age.     

以冷冻和新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂实验种群生命表参数比较

【目的】为了阐明以冷冻保存家蝇Musca domestica蛹为寄主对繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius的影响。【方法】本研究分别利用新鲜和-20℃冷冻保存的家蝇蛹为寄主,记录了小蜂日存活数、日后代数量和性别等,并分别构建了实验种群生命表,分析比较了两种类型家蝇蛹对小蜂寄生率、日后代数量和性比、生命表参数等的影响。【结果】与新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时相比,小蜂在以冷冻蛹为寄主时寄生率、后代数量和雄性百分比均较低（P<0.01）,成蜂寿命和产卵期差异不大（P>0.05）。在以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,小蜂寄生率和后代数量均随日龄的增加而显著降低（P<0.01）;以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时小蜂的净生殖率（R₀）分别为34.91和20.16,种群内禀增长率（r_m）分别为0.17和0.11,均以寄生新鲜家蝇蛹时较大（P<0.01）;在以冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,世代时间和种群倍增时间较以新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时有所延长（P<0.01）。【结论】蝇蛹俑小蜂可以利用冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主完成生活史;在规模化繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂时,使用冷冻方式保存家蝇蛹的方法具有重要价值。     

Sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy

Implementation of the sterile insect technique for tsetse (Glossina spp.) requires that only sterile male insects be released; thus, at some stage of the fly production process the females have to be removed. A further constraint in the use of the sterile insect technique for tsetse is that the females are needed for colony production and hence, a non-destructive method of sex separation is required. In most tsetse sterile insect technique programmes thus far, females have been eliminated from the released material by hand-separation of chilled adults. Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, significant differences have been found between the spectra for the pupae of male and female G. pallidipes Austen. Significantly, the differences appear to be maximized 4-5 days before emergence of the adults. Tsetse fly pupae up to five days before emergence can be sexed with accuracies that generally range from 80 to 100%. This system, when refined, will enable effective separation of male and female pupae to be carried out, with emerged females being returned to the colony and males being irradiated and released. If separation can be achieved five days before emergence, this will also enable irradiated male pupae to be shipped to other destinations as required. Other Diptera were evaluated using this system but had lower classification accuracies of 50-74%. This may be due to the difference in reproductive physiology between these different fly groups.     

Radiation biology and inherited sterility in false codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

False codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick), male and female mature pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with increasing doses of gamma radiation and either inbred or out-crossed with fertile counterparts. For newly emerged adults, there was no significant relationship between dose of radiation and insect fecundity when untreated females were mated to treated males (N female by T male). However, fecundity of treated females mated to either untreated (T female by N male) or treated males (T female by T male) declined as the dose of radiation increased. A similar trend was observed when mature pupae were treated. The dose at which 100% sterility was achieved in treated females mated to untreated males (T female by N male) for both adults and pupae was 200 Gy. In contrast, newly emerged adult males treated with 350 Gy still had a residual fertility of 5.2% when mated to untreated females, and newly emerged adult males that were treated as pupae had a residual fertility of 3.3%. Inherited effects resulting from irradiation of parental (P1) males with selected doses of radiation were recorded for the F1 generation. Decreased F1 fecundity and fertility, increased F1 mortality during development, and a significant shift in the F1 sex ratio in favor of males was observed when increasing doses of radiation were applied to the P1 males.     

An olfactory recognition system in the ferret Mustela furo L. (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

This study demonstrates that ferrets can use variations in odours from anal sac secretions as a communication system. Odour preference tests showed that ferrets can discriminate between male and female ferret anal sac odours, between strange and familiar, familiar and their own, and fresh and 1-day-old odours. They did not discriminate between fresh and 2-h-old odours, nor did male ferrets discriminate between the odours of oestrous and anoestrous females. Ferrets were more attracted to the odours of the opposite sex than to those of their own sex. When faced by an opponent, male ferrets were more aggressive in the presence of their own rather than their opponent's odour, and less aggressive with their opponent's odour than with that of a known, dominant animal's odour. These results are consistent with both a sex attraction role and a territorial defence role for anal sac odours. A scent-matching mechanism for territorial defence is supported, although a neighbour-neighbour recognition/avoidance mechanism cannot be rejected. Gas chromatography revealed sexually and individually distinct profiles of volatile compounds in anal sac extracts, but no consistent seasonal trends. Females had high concentrations of 2,3-dimethylthietane and/or 3,4-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane. Males usually had high concentrations of indole. 2-Propylthietane was an important constituent in most individuals. These differences in concentration were significant and could provide an olfactory recognition system of sex and individual identity.     

Effects of vomeronasal organ removal on olfactory sex discrimination and odor preferences of female ferrets

Previous research suggests that body odorants, including anal scents and urinary odors, contribute to sex discrimination and mate identification in European ferrets of both sexes. We assessed the possible role of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in these functions by surgically removing the organ bilaterally in sexually experienced female ferrets. Lesioned (VNOx) and sham-operated control (VNOi) females reliably discriminated between male- and female-derived anal scent gland as well as fresh urinary odors in habituation/dishabituation tests. However, VNOi females spent significantly more time than VNOx subjects investigating male urinary odors in these tests. Also, VNOi females, but not VNOx subjects, preferred to investigate day-old male versus female urine spots as well as wooden blocks that had previously been soiled by male versus female ferrets. Both groups of female ferrets preferred to approach volatile odors from a breeding male instead of an estrous female in Y-maze tests and both groups showed similar levels of receptive sexual behavior in response to a male's neck grip. The VNO is apparently not required for olfactory sex discrimination or mate recognition in this carnivore, but instead may play a role in promoting continued contact with nonvolatile body odors previously deposited by opposite-sex conspecifics during territorial scent marking.