保水剂对干旱胁迫下刺槐叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响

研究了保水剂对干旱胁迫下刺槐叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下刺槐叶绿素a荧光动力学参数Fv/Fm,δPSⅡ,qp,NPQ均有所下降,且随着保水剂用量增大,下降程度减小,即保水剂用量越大,对受刺槐干旱胁迫的缓解作用愈明显。保水剂不同水平处理对刺槐叶绿素荧光参数的影响达到显著水平。多重比较结果表明,土壤中保水剂用量只有在不低于0.5kg/m^3时才能有效地发挥抗旱作用。     

土层厚度对刺槐旱季水分状况和生长的影响

该研究测定了旱季和雨季刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林不同土层厚度的土壤含水量, 刺槐的树高、胸径、小枝凌晨水势、叶片碳稳定同位素组成(δ¹³C)、叶面积、比叶重和气体交换指标; 分析了刺槐旱季和雨季的水分状况和土层厚度之间的关系; 通过刺槐对季节性干旱胁迫的反应, 估计华北石质山区不同土层厚度土壤水分对刺槐的承载能力; 并求证近年来该地区刺槐衰败和水分因素的关系。结果显示: 随着土层厚度减小, 旱季土壤含水量下降、凌晨小枝水势降低; 气孔导度和最大光合速率都减小, 而瞬时水分利用效率增加, 雨季上述指标无显著性差异, 旱季土壤含水量只有雨季的60%左右。随着土层变薄, 刺槐叶片δ¹³C增高, 叶面积减小, 比叶重增加; 刺槐树高和胸径减小。以上结果表明: 刺槐在不同季节下的水分状况综合反映土壤的供水能力, 土层浅薄导致土壤水分承载力不足, 致使刺槐在旱季受到较严重的水分胁迫, 这可能是刺槐出现衰败的重要原因。     

黄土高原陕北丘陵沟壑区不同立地条件下刺槐水分生理生态特性研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同立地条件下刺槐水分生理生态特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,不同立地刺槐林地0～500cm土壤平均含水量(2003年)分别为阳坡6.96%、半阳坡7.62%、半阴坡8.06%、阴坡8.87%,阴坡、半阴坡与阳坡差异达极显著,与半阳坡达显著水平,半阳坡与阳坡差异显著,而阴坡与半阴坡差异不显著.不同立地条件下刺槐叶片相对含水量和饱和亏与各立地土壤含水量关系密切,阳坡刺槐叶片相对含水量和叶水势始终维持在较低水平,而半阴坡和阴坡尤其是阴坡维持在较高水平.刺槐日蒸腾平均值大小顺序为阴坡(4.07μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞半阴坡(3.89μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞半阳坡(3.05 μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞阳坡(2.70μg·cm^-2·s^-1),各立地刺槐蒸腾出现较大差异的时间在11:00和13:00.不同立地条件除阳坡外其刺槐蒸腾速率均与光照强度显著相关,各立地均与大气相对湿度显著相关,与土壤水分密切相关.阴坡生物量最高(8.50gk·株^-1),高于其他3种立地,阳坡最低(5.79kg·株^-1).     

Paraheliotropism in Robinia pseudoacacia L.: an efficient strategy to optimise photosynthetic performance under natural environmental conditions

We assessed the contribution of leaf movements to PSII photoprotection against high light and temperature in Robinia pseudoacacia. Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed during the day at 10:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00 hours on leaves where paraheliotropic movements were restrained (restrained leaves, RL) and on control unrestrained leaves (UL). RL showed a strong decrease of net photosynthesis (A(n)), stomatal conductance (g(sH2O)), quantum yield of electron transport (PhiPSII), percentage of photosynthesis inhibited by O2 (IPO) and photochemical quenching (q(P)) in the course of the day, whereas, a significant increase in C(i)/C(a) and NPQ was observed. Contrary to RL, UL had higher photosynthetic performance that was maintained at elevated levels throughout the day. In the late afternoon, A(n), g(sH2O), PhiPSII and q(P) of RL showed a tendency to recovery, as compared to 15:00 hours, even if the values remained lower than those measured at 10:00 hours and in UL. In addition, contrary to UL, no recovery was found in F(v)/F(m) at the end of the study period in RL. Data presented suggest that in R. pseudoacacia, leaf movements, by reducing light interception, represent an efficient, fast and reversible strategy to overcome environmental stresses such as high light and temperature. Moreover, paraheliotropism was able to protect photosystems, avoiding photoinhibitory damage, leading to a carbon gain for the plant.     

不同光环境下栓皮栎和刺槐叶片光合光响应模拟

植物的光合作用在一定程度上能够体现其对生境的响应情况.采用Li-6400XT光合测定系统,测定了黄河小浪底森林生态系统定位研究站栓皮栎和刺槐人工林林内、林缘叶片气体交换的光响应曲线,利用叶子飘模型对光合作用-光响应进行了拟合,分析了林内和林缘光合参数的差异,将气孔导度机理模型与光合作用-光响应修正模型进行耦合,研究了气孔导度(g_s)的光响应特征.结果表明: 7-8月,当光强小于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林内栓皮栎叶片净光合速率(P_n)高于林缘叶片,初始量子效率(α)高于林缘叶片12.4%,林内栓皮栎叶片对弱光的捕获和利用能力明显高于林缘叶片;当光强大于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林缘栓皮栎叶片光合能力P_n高于林内.低光强下(0~200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),林内刺槐叶片P_n高于林缘;当光强大于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林内刺槐叶片P_n低于林缘,且暗呼吸速率(R_d)和光补偿点(I_c)分别低于林缘50.0%和42.8%,以此来减少碳损耗,适应较低的光合速率.林内和林缘刺槐g_s随光强的变化差异显著.栓皮栎和刺槐叶片对不同光环境具有较强的适应能力.栓皮栎叶片的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和α主要受气孔导度控制,R_d和I_c主要受气温影响.刺槐叶片的P_{n max}和α均与气温呈显著正相关,I_c、光饱和点(I_s)与叶片饱和水汽压差呈显著正相关.     

The effects of clonal integration on morphological plasticity and placement of daughter ramets in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

We studied the field response of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to light, total soil nitrogen, available soil phosphorus and soil pH. Results indicated that there was very strong clonal integration between mother and daughter ramets. Mother ramets can provide nitrogen and phosphorus to daughter ramets sufficient for their continued growth through strong clonal integration, but cannot provide enough photosynthate. With clonal integration, soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability had no effect on biomass allocation to roots, number of ramets and length of connection roots. Biomass allocation to roots increased markedly and responded to nitrogen and phosphorus availability, when the connections were severed. Light had a significant effect on the percent of biomass allocation to leaves and number of ramets, but no effect on the length of connection roots. Daughter ramets allocated more resources to leaves, and clones placed more daughter ramets in high light patches than in low light patches. Soil pH had a significant effect on ramet number and connection root length. Clones concentrated in alkaline patches and escaped from acid patches through selective placement of daughter ramets and changing the length of connection roots. We suggest that the clonal integration may be very strong and provide sufficient soil resources to daughter ramets, then affect the daughter ramets’ morphology and placement, if the size of a specific ramet is significantly larger than the other ramets in an arbor clone.     

Optimization of leaf morphology in relation to leaf water status: A theory

The leaf economic traits such as leaf area, maximum carbon assimilation rate, and venation are all correlated and related to water availability. Furthermore, leaves are often broad and large in humid areas and narrower in arid/semiarid and hot and cold areas. We use optimization theory to explain these patterns. We have created a constrained optimization leaf model linking leaf shape to vein structure that is integrated into coupled transpiration and carbon assimilation processes. The model maximizes net leaf carbon gain (NPP_leaf) over the loss of xylem water potential. Modeled relations between leaf traits are consistent with empirically observed patterns. As the results of the leaf shape–venation relation, our model further predicts that a broadleaf has overall higher NPP_leaf compared to a narrowleaf. In addition, a broadleaf has a lower stomatal resistance compared to a narrowleaf under the same level of constraint. With the same leaf area, a broadleaf will have, on average, larger conduits and lower total leaf xylem resistance and thus be more efficient in water transportation but less resistant to cavitation. By linking venation structure to leaf shape and using water potential as the constraint, our model provides a physical explanation for the general pattern of the covariance of leaf traits through the safety–efficiency trade‐off of leaf hydraulic design.     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片形态及光合特性的影响

以弱光敏感型番茄品种‘基尔斯’为试验材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯对弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片形态和光合特性的影响.结果表明：弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片形态产生适应性变化,叶面积、比叶面积、茎叶夹角、茎叶垂角、垂度均显著提高,而叶片干质量显著降低;最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率、Rubisco大亚基含量均显著降低,而光补偿点和CO₂补偿点显著升高.弱光胁迫下叶面喷施24-表油菜素内酯后,叶面积、叶片干质量、茎叶夹角、茎叶垂角分别增加14.1%、57.1%、12.3%和7.7%,比叶面积、垂度分别减小30.5%和10.6%;表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率分别提高20.4%、17.9%和9.3%,光补偿点、CO₂补偿点分别降低21.9%和4.3%,差异均达到显著水平;Rubisco大亚基含量也显著升高.说明外源24 表油菜素内酯可以通过提高弱光下番茄幼苗叶片的表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率及Rubisco含量,降低光补偿点和CO₂补偿点,并维持叶片形态的稳定性,来改善光合性能,有效缓解弱光胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害.     

土壤因子对府谷清水川流域砒砂岩区刺槐和沙棘AMF的影响

应用相关性分析和通径分析研究了府谷清水川流域砒砂岩区土壤因子对刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)根际丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的影响.结果表明:AMF可以与刺槐和沙棘形成良好的共生关系;从两种植物根际土中共分离鉴定出AMF 13种,其中摩西囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、地球囊霉(Glomus geospo-rum)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)为优势种;AMF平均侵染率为90.6%,平均孢子密度为559.1个?100 g-1干土;AMF的孢子密度、侵染率和种类之间没有显著的相关性;刺槐和沙棘根际AMF侵染率均与pH呈显著正相关,在刺槐根际,pH和有效氮通过直接作用影响侵染率,有机质和有效磷通过间接作用影响侵染率;在沙棘根际,pH和有效磷通过直接作用影响侵染率,有机质和有效氮通过间接作用影响侵染率;在沙棘根际,有机质和pH主要是通过直接作用影响AMF种类,有效氮主要通过有效磷的间接作用影响AMF种类.     

Provenance effect on carbon assimilation,photochemistry and leaf morphology in Mediterranean Cistus species under chilling stress

• The potential resilience of shrub species to environmental change deserves attention in those areas threatened by climate change, such as the Mediterranean Basin. We asked if leaves produced under different climate conditions through the winter season to spring can highlight the leaf traits involved in determining potential resilience of three Cistus spp. to changing environmental conditions and to what extent intraspecific differences affect such a response.
• We analysed carbon assimilation, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and leaf morphological control of the photosynthetic process in leaves formed through the winter season into spring in C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus (CE), C. salvifolius (CS) and C. monspeliensis (CM) grown from seed of different provenances under common garden conditions.
• Intraspecific differences were found in F_v/F_m for CE and CS. Carbon assimilation‐related parameters were not affected by provenance. Moreover, our analysis highlighted that the functional relationships investigated can follow seasonal changes and revealed patterns originating from species‐specific differences in LMA arising during the favourable period.
• Cistus spp. have great ability to modify the structure and function of their leaves in the mid‐term in order to cope with changing environmental conditions. The F_v/F_m response to chilling reveals that susceptibility to photoinhibition is a trait under selection in Cistus species. Concerning carbon assimilation, differing ability to control stomatal opening was highlighted between species. Moreover, seasonal changes of the functional relationships investigated can have predictable consequences on species leaf turnover strategies.

     

水分胁迫对长期UV—B辐射下柚树苗生理特性的影响

水分胁迫下,柚[Citrus maxima(Burm.)Merr.]树苗叶片相对含水量（RWC）、水势（ΨW)、净光合速率（Pn)、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素（Chl)含量下降,丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro)含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先上升后下降,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性、抗坏血酸（AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量明显降低。叶绿素荧光参数中光系统Ⅱ光化学原初效率（Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qp)下降,非光化学猝灭（qN)和热能耗散系数（KD）升高。显示膜系统和PSⅡ是水分胁迫的主要抑制位点。抗旱性强的品种具有较高的活性氧清除能力。长期紫外线－B（UV－B）增强辐射能缓解水分胁迫下柚树苗叶片RWC、ΨW、APX活性和GSH、AsA含量下降,但对水分胁迫下的Pro含量、Pn和叶绿素荧光特性作用不明显。初步推测：UV－B和水分胁迫对植物有部分相同的作用机制,都导致植株膜脂过氧化程度加剧和PSⅡ的失活,同时存在各自作用方式的特异性。     

Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide Alleviates Effects of Salt Stress on Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia L. Seedlings

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The brassinosteroids (BRs) constitute a recently defined class of plant hormone that can enhance the resistance of plants to multiple stresses. However, the...     

Effects of long-term salt stress on antioxidant defence systems, leaf water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plants

The effect of long-term (30 days) NaCl treatments (100 mM and 200 mM) on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, level of antioxidant metabolites, water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure, was studied in potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) leaves. Salt stress negatively affected relative water content, leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. In treated plants, proline was enhanced, but there was a significant decrease in ascorbate and proteins. Total superoxide dismutase activity was increased. The isozyme patterns detected in native gels from salt-irrigated plants were not changed although all the isoforms appeared more heavily stained due to higher activity. In contrast, at both levels of NaCl, catalase activity decreased and ascorbate peroxidase activity showed no significant change in comparison with an untreated control. At ultrastructural level, only thylakoid swelling and a decrease in the amount of grana stacking was observed in treated plants. The overall behaviour of the antioxidant enzymes suggests an increase of cellular H₂O₂ that would contribute to the oxidative stress of potato plants, but which may be alleviated somewhat by the enhanced levels of proline.     

The influence of water stress on leaf and stem photosynthesis in Spartium junceum L.

Stem and leaf photosynthetic responses to environmental parameters were studied in Spartium junceum L., a legume with chlorophyllous stems. Stem net photosynthesis (P_n) was consistently lower than leaf P_n. The low stem P_n was due to lower quantum yield, lower mesophyll conductance and lower CO₂-saturated P_n than that of leaf P_n. Stomatal limitations to leaf and stem P_n were similar (25%). Water stress caused a greater reduction in leaf P_n than that of stems. Leaf P_n was also reduced in water-stressed plants following rehydration. The reduced leaf P_n was associated with a reduced photon saturated P_n rate and a reduced CO₂ saturated P_n rate. Apparent quantum yield, mesophyll conductance and stomatal limitation of leaves were unaffected by water-stress. Stem P_n following rehydration was not influenced by the water-stress treatment. In general, leaf P_n was more responsive to environmental parameters and more sensitive to water stress than stem P_n. These data support the hypothesis that stem P_n has greater tolerance of water stress, but is limited to low P_n by biochemical means compared to leaves.     

Phenotypic plasticity in leaf morphology of Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae): an experimental study with taxonomic implications

Many leaf characters are considered in the taxonomy of Crataegus in Europe, and several have been used in studies of the extent of hybridization in populations of northwest Europe. In such analyses it is assumed that the environmental component of phenotypic variation in such characters is insignificant. We tested this assumption by analysing the variation in the size and shape of leaves borne on clone cuttings of Crataegus monogyna maintained under identical conditions apart from the availability of soil nutrients. The resulting variation among leaves from this single genotype was as great as that observed previously across populations. Furthermore, although most of this variation could not be explained, a part could be attributed to differences in nutrient availability; of nine leaf characters investigated, eight showed significant variation due to this source, and in seven, the variation covaried significantly with nutrient level. The systematic implications of this are briefly explored.     

外来物种刺槐对黄土丘陵区植物群落功能结构的影响

在黄土丘陵区草原带、森林草原带和森林带3个植被带选取成对的刺槐群落和乡土植物群落功能性状值,研究不同植被带刺槐群落、乡土植物群落功能结构的变化,以及同一植被带下刺槐的引入对群落功能结构的影响.结果表明: 刺槐群落和乡土植物群落的叶碳、叶氮、叶磷、比叶面积、叶组织密度等功能性状随植被带的变化规律一致.刺槐群落叶碳、叶氮、比叶面积显著高于乡土植物群落,且2种群落功能多样性指数(FR_ic、FE_ve、FD_iv、FD_is、Rao)随植被带的变化趋势并不完全一致,在森林带刺槐的引入提高了植物群落功能多样性,在草原带降低了植物群落功能多样性.     

黄土高原人工刺槐林生长衰退的生态生理机制

刺槐是黄土高原广泛栽植的水土保持树种,然而人工刺槐林的树木个体生长衰退已经成为该区域开展植被恢复建设、实现森林可持续经营所面临的重大生态环境问题之一.目前人工刺槐林生长衰退的定义、界定标准、量化指标尚未形成统一标准.探讨刺槐生长衰退的机理不仅是植被恢复的理论基础,也是退耕还林还草工程持续开展的直接需求,具有实际价值和研究意义.通过汇集相关研究文献,综合国际和黄土高原关于森林生长衰退、死亡率增加的研究,从生态学(气候变化、土壤干化、群落结构失调、森林经营管理不当)和树木生理学(水力学故障、碳饥饿、遗传及分子调节)两个角度概述了黄土高原人工刺槐林生长衰退的机制以及取得的研究进展.最后提出黄土高原人工刺槐林生长衰退研究的不足,并对未来研究进行展望.     

Evaluation of factors controlling net photosynthetic rate in Scots pine seedlings under field conditions without water stress

Summary The ecological importance of different factors generating variation in the photosynthetic rate of a pine seedling (Pinus sylvestris) under nonstressing conditions are evaluated. The data consists of 1,300 observations of the photosynthetic rate and environmental factors possibly affecting photosynthesis. Statistical analysis of the data gave the following results: 1. light solely explained about 90% of the variance of photosynthetic rate during a day, 2. light and temperature together explained about 94% of it and 3. the other factors studied (leakage from the cuvette, different spectral sensitivity of photosynthesis and the monitoring apparatus, high transpiration rate, circadian rhythm and inhibition of photosynthesis by carbohydrates) were not found to be significant from the ecological point of view, since they explain less than 0.5% of the variance.