Ultrastructure of Junín Virus in Mouse Whole Brain and Mouse Brain Tissue Cultures

Comparative ultrastructural studies were performed on the development of Junín virus in mouse brain and in cerebellum explants and brain monolayers of the same animal. In mouse brain, neurons and astrocytes released virus particles by a budding mechanism identical to that previously described for this virus. In the neurons, the viral multiplication took place in the perikarion as well as in the cytoplasmic processes, including areas near synapses. Viral particles were observed emerging from pericapillary neurons and astrocytes. In the explants, the budding also occurred in neurons and astrocytes. In the monolayers, however, the virus originated in astrocytes and cells of fibroblastic appearance, which were the two cell types that developed in this substrate. These results indicate that the characteristics of the development of Junín virus in mouse brain are faithfully reproduced in cerebellum explants from the same animal, thus allowing some extrapolation of data from one system to the other. The explant proved to be a better model than the monolayer, not only because it reproduced the structural complexity of nervous tissue better, but also because it contains neurons and astrocytes, i.e., the two cell types that release the virus in the in vivo system.     

Age-Related Decline in DNA Polymerase β Activity in Rat Brain and Tissues

Fidelity of DNA polymerases is vital for maintaining genomic integrity. Deficient DNA repair leads to age related disorders or cancer. If the age at which the decline in activity of predominant DNA repair enzymes starts is identified, and the deficient proteins supplemented, then the manifestation of these diseases can be delayed promoting healthy aging. DNA polymerase β (pol β) is a predominant repair enzyme in brain. DNA pol β activity declines with age in rat brain/neurons but the exact age during the life time of rat when this decline begins is not known, and comparison of this activity was not made between post mitotic and proliferating tissues therefore the pattern of pol β with age was studied in rat brain and tissues. The decline in pol β activity started between 30 and 45 days postnatal in all the tissues. Post mitotic tissues showed pronounced decline than the proliferating tissues.     

Solute Carriers in the Blood–Brain Barier: Safety in Abundance

Blood–brain barrier formed by brain capillary endothelial cells, being in contact with astrocytes endfeet and pericytes, separates extracellular fluid from plasma. Supply of necessary nutrients and removal of certain metabolites takes place due to the activity of transporting proteins from ABC (ATP binding cassette) and SLC (solute carrier) superfamilies. This review is focused on the SLC families involved in transport though the blood–brain barrier of energetic substrates (glucose, monocarboxylates, creatine), amino acids, neurotransmitters and their precursors, as well as organic ions. Members of SLC1, SLC2, SLC3/SLC7, SLC5, SLC6, SLC16, SLC22, SLC38, SLC44, SLC47 and SLCO (SLC21), whose presence in the blood–brain barriers has been demonstrated are characterized with a special emphasis put on polarity of transporters localization in a luminal (blood side) versus an abluminal (brain side) membrane.     

Modeling Brain Disease in a Dish: Really?

Cellular programming and reprogramming technology (CPART) presents a novel approach for understanding disease progression and mechanism. In addition, CPART provides an innovative opportunity for developing diagnostic tools and novel drug candidates for therapy. In this Forum, we will discuss obstacles and solutions for modeling brain disease using CPART.     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

<正>The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the Winter of 2017)on the topic of"Big data in brain science".It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the worldwide Human Brain Project(HBP),will be much more complex than HGP.Human brain is     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

正The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the summer of 2018)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the worldwide Human Brain Project(HBP),will be much more complex than HGP.Human brain is     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

正The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the spring of 2019)on the topic of"Big data in brain science".It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the worldwide Human Brain Project(HBP),will be much more complex than HGP.Human brain is     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

正The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the Winter of 2017)on the topic of "Big data in brain science".It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

<正>The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the winter of 2017)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to     

Mitochondrial Impairment in the Developing Brain After Hypoxia–Ischemia

The pattern of cell death in the immature brain differs from that seen in the adult CNS. During normal development, more than half of the neurons are removed through apoptosis, and mediators like caspase-3 are highly upregulated. The contribution of apoptotic mechanisms in cell death appears also to be substantial in the developing brain, with a marked activation of downstream caspases and signs of DNA fragmentation. Mitochondria are important regulators of cell death through their role in energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis, and their ability to release apoptogenic proteins and to produce reactive oxygen species. We find that secondary brain injury is preceded by impairment of mitochondrial respiration, signs of membrane permeability transition, intramitochondrial accumulation of calcium, changes in the Bcl-2 family proteins, release of proapoptotic proteins (cytochrome C, apoptosis inducing factor) and downstream activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 after hypoxia-ischemia. These data support the involvement of mitochondria-related mechanisms in perinatal brain injury.     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

正The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the spring of 2019)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the     

Evidence of Native α-Synuclein Conformers in the Human Brain

α-Synuclein aggregation is central to the pathogenesis of several brain disorders. However, the native conformations and functions of this protein in the human brain are not precisely known. The native state of α-synuclein was probed by gel filtration coupled with native gradient gel separation, an array of antibodies with non-overlapping epitopes, and mass spectrometry. The existence of metastable conformers and stable monomer was revealed in the human brain.     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

<正>The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB) is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the summer of 2018)on the topic of"Big data in brain science".It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the     

Cytokines in Brain Ischemia—The Role of TNFα

1. The role of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators in the progression of ischemic brain injury is a new and exciting era of research. Evidence in support for a role for TNF in this respect is emerging as evidence on de novo upregulation of TNF following ischemia is now well established.2. TNF administered directly to the brain parenchyma elicits local microvascular injury in the form of pericapillary edema and leukocyte adhesion to cerebral capillaries.3. TNF administered into the cerebroventricular space prior to ischemia augment the extent of tissue damage and neurological deficits.4. Specific and potent inhibitors of TNF synthesis or TNF receptors must be developed and tried to prove firmly a role for TNF in ischemic brain injury.     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

<正>The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the Winter of 2017)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

正The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the winter of 2017)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to complete the Human Genome Project(HGP).Our next grand challenge in biological sciences,the     

Special Issue on “Big Data in Brain Science”

<正>The journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue(to be published in the summer of 2018)on the topic of‘‘Big data in brain science’’.It took 15 years,3 billion USD,and thousands of top scientists from all over the world to