中国棉花纤维品质和气候因子的空间分布特征

利用地理信息系统(GIS)对全国主产棉区82个县(市)2005-2011年棉花纤维品质及1981-2010年的逐日平均气象数据进行空间插值处理,建立了基于GIS的全国主产棉区主要棉花纤维品质指标的空间信息系统,并分析了全国棉花纤维品质的区域分布及其与各生态区气候因子空间分布的相关性.结果表明:日照充足、降水量小、平均相对湿度较低的西北内陆棉区(如新疆)是我国优质棉生产区域,其棉纤维长度、马克隆值、品级等品质指标均居国内各棉区首位;长江和黄河流域两大棉区的棉花纤维比强度值较高,其中,长江流域棉区的棉花纤维长度值和比强度值均大于黄河棉区;黄河棉区的马克隆值和感官品级高于长江棉区.棉花品种指标与各生态区气候因子(温度、光照、降水、湿度)有较好的相关性.     

我国棉花抗枯黄萎病品种纤维品质遗传改良评价

对我国108个抗枯、黄萎病骨干品种的纤维品质进行了分析,整体表现纤维较长,27mm以下的品种较少;比强度平均值较低,但也有少数高强力品种;马克隆值较大,纤维较粗.20世纪60-90年代抗病育种对纤维品质未明显改进,纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值平均值均无显著增长;但纤维长度类型更加丰富,纤维长度最大值有所增加,最高强力品种的比强度值逐渐提高,90年代品种中有较细纤维类型.从中筛选出纤维长度在33mm以上,比强度在33.2cN/tex以上,纤维整齐度在87.1%以上,马克隆值在3.8～4.3之间的品种各10个,筛选出纤维品质指标综合优良的品种9个.     

陆地棉遗传图谱构建与纤维品质性状QTL定位

以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种Bar19/1和Acala1517-77杂交的108个F2单株为材料,应用85个标记(70个SSR标记和15个AFLP标记)构建了总长为814cM的遗传图谱,覆盖棉花基因组的18.3%。该图谱包含25个连锁群,分别对应到17条染色体和4个未知连锁群。应用复合区间作图法分析了该组合的108个F2单株和F3家系纤维品质性状,从遗传图谱上检测到19个纤维品质数量性状基因座(QTL),包括5个纤维长度、6个纤维比强度、4个伸长率及4个马克隆值QTL,分别解释各性状表型变异的15.11%~28.45%、8.46%~24.51%、11.08%~27.55%和9.23%~42.21%。纤维长度和伸长率的QTL以部分显性为主,少数具有超显性,比强度QTL以加性和部分显性为主,4个马克隆值QTL中有3个表现为超显性。研究结果表明,陆地棉Bar19/1和Acala1517-77间多态性位点丰富,有利于构建高密度遗传图谱,纤维品质性状的QTL分析从分子水平上揭示了纤维品质的遗传基础。     

利用GGE双标图划分我国棉花纤维品质生态区

我国主产棉区棉花纤维品质区域特征明显,合理划分纤维品质生态区有助于提高原棉的纺纱品质.本研究采用GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图分析了2011—2015年期间国家棉花品种区域试验中传统棉区与纤维品质性状的互作,并提出了我国主产棉区棉花纤维品质生态区域划分.结果表明: 我国主产棉区可划分为“优质纤维生态区”、“低马克隆值生态区”、“高比强度与马克隆值生态区”和“普通纤维生态区”.其中,优质纤维生态区包括长江上游和长江下游棉区,棉纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值等指标协调较好,且纺纱均匀性指数表现最好;低马克隆值生态区位于南疆和北疆棉区,马克隆值和比强度低,纺纱均匀性指数较好;高比强度与马克隆值生态区涵盖长江中游、南襄盆地和淮北平原棉区,比强度和马克隆值高,其余性状表现一般;普通纤维生态区包括华北平原和黄土高原棉区,各项纤维品质指标表现中等或较差.本研究应用GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图划分的纤维品质生态区可为优化我国棉花品质区域化种植和纺织企业合理用棉提供决策支持,也可为其他作物生态区划分提供方法参考.     

彩色棉种质资源农艺性状和纤维品质鉴定与分析

基于农艺性状和纤维品质对61份彩色棉种质材料进行鉴定分析,结果表明：材料间衣分、2．5％跨长、马克隆值呈极显著差异,整齐度、伸长率、比强度和单株铃数存在显著差异,株高、果枝数、单铃重差异不显著;供试材料纤维品质较差,除中国农业科学院棉花研究所选育的棕125、棕絮1号等材料外,大部分种质系2．5％跨长、比强度等指标不能满足纺织工业的需求,但仍有31份种质系单一性状较优,如棕2—63（IAA）、棕3-944等。采用类平均法对供试材料进行聚类分析,61份材料聚为7个类群,供试材料表现型性状相似较低,尤其部分基础彩色棉遗传材料与其他材料相似性极低,单独构成一类,如皱缩红鸡角叶棕絮、hunan绿等。综合分析表明,供试材料农艺性状和纤维品质较差,遗传多样性较丰富。     

不同杂种优势群玉米茎秆纤维品质及配合力分析

研究建立快速测定玉米茎秆纤维品质的近红外模型,用于评价不同杂种优势群的玉米材料的茎秆纤维品质。分析纤维品质性状的一般配合力,筛选纤维品质和配合力好的材料,为培育抗倒耐密玉米品种提供借鉴。本试验以玉米茎秆基部第3节间和第4节间为材料,利用近红外光谱漫反射光谱(NIRS)技术建立测定秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的数学模型。基于建立的纤维品质模型对一年两点的94份自交系和376份杂交种的茎秆纤维品质进行预测和分析。对不同杂种优势群间整体差异进行方差分析,并评价其一般配合力效应。结果表明,各组分数学模型的校正决定系数、交叉验证和外部验证决定系数在0.801~0.998之间,各项误差在0.131~1.454之间,该模型准确性高,能较为准确预测玉米茎秆的纤维品质,为抗倒伏种质资源材料的鉴定提供参考。各杂种优势群中,旅大红骨群的纤维品质最低,P群和唐四平头群纤维品质及其一般配合力正向效应较好。共筛选出了9个纤维品质好且一般配合力正向效应高的自交系。其中P群有2个,唐四平头群有1个,兰卡斯特群有2个,瑞德群1个,混合群3个。     

转基因抗草甘膦棉栽培地生存竞争能力

【目的】针对我国研发的具有自主知识产权的转EPSPS基因抗除草剂棉花,研究其环境适应和生存竞争能力,以评价其环境安全性,为其生产应用提供依据。【方法】试验在河南安阳中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验农场中进行。以转基因(EPSPS)抗草甘膦棉为试验品种,受体材料和中棉所49为对照品种,在正常管理模式下,对棉花的营养生长、生殖生长、产量因子及纤维品质等指标进行比较。【结果】转基因抗草甘膦棉花在苗期、现蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的株高均低于受体材料,但差异不显著;花铃期,转基因抗草甘膦棉花每株花蕾数比受体材料少3.58个,差异达到显著水平;但在吐絮期其单株铃数比受体材料多1.1个,且其产量比受体材料高91.4 kg·hm~(-2);转基因抗草甘膦棉花的纤维品质也有一定程度的改善。同时,转基因抗草甘膦棉花上述各项生长指标、产量及纤维品质等均与对照品种中棉所49相当。【结论】转基因抗草甘膦棉花在栽培地环境下可正常生长,未对农业生产造成明显的负面影响和风险。     

河南省棉花纤维品质的区域特征分析

对2003~2004年河南省棉花品种区域试验纤维品质资料进行主成分和聚类分析,结果表明:8个纤维品质指标可归纳为3个主成分,共解释了总变异的87.23%;根据主成分标准化得分进行聚类分析,将9个试点划分为3个纤维品质相似区(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),其中Ⅱ区综合品质最好,Ⅰ、Ⅲ两区平均表现差异不大,但在具体指标上各有特色,分别在纤维长度、比强度、纺纱均匀性指数表现较好,同时对以区为单位进行优质棉区域化种植和育种进行了讨论.     

谷蛋白溶涨指数在小麦早代品质选择中的应用价值分析

以遗传性稳定的小麦品种(品系)和杂交分离世代为材料,通过谷蛋白溶涨指数(SIG)与SDS沉淀值的相关性分析,评价SIG在小麦品质育种中应用的可能性。15个供试小麦品种(品系)的SIG值与湿面筋含量、面筋指数、常量SDS沉淀值的正相关均达到极显著水平,SIG值可预测小麦品种(品系)的蛋白质品质。在两杂交组合的F1到F4中,微量SDS沉淀值与SIG值之间均达到极显著正相关水平;分离世代变异系数大于10％。两组合微量SDS沉淀值和SIG值的广义遗传力均表现较高。SIG法在小麦品种(品系)、分离世代单株品质指标选择方面与SDS沉淀值法高度相关,具有同等的鉴定效果,是一种样品用量少、操作简便快速、结果精确的小麦早代品质检测的有效方法。     

优质、速生、抗虫紫花苜蓿多元杂交后代优良株系的性状分离与评价筛选

为西北荒漠灌区高产、优质紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供基础材料。以甘农3号、甘农5号、游客为亲本进行多元杂交,选择了16个优良株系为研究材料,通过大田比较试验,对其干草产量和粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）3个饲用品质性状进行评价分析。结果表明,16个苜蓿株系的干草为西北荒漠灌区高产、优质紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供基础材料。以甘农3号、甘农5号、游客为亲本进行多元杂交,选择了16个优良株系为研究材料,通过大田比较试验,对其干草产量和粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）3个饲用品质性状进行评价分析。结果表明,16个苜蓿株系的干草产量和营养品质性状均存在一定变异,干草产量性状变异最大,为23.80%;酸性洗涤纤维性状变异最小,为6.00%。单个性状比较发现,白花1#为高产株系,干草产量为22.72t/hm2;速生4 #为高蛋白株系,CP含量为22.74%;白花3#为低纤维株系,NDF和ADF含量分别为37.85%和31.17%。从单个性状考虑,白花1#可能为高产材料,速生4#可能为高蛋白材料,白花3#可能为低纤维材料,这三个株系的优良特性是否稳定遗传,尚需参与下一步的继代检测。合并4个指标的聚类分析结果并运用灰色关联度理论,综合产量和各营养品质性状,初步筛选出速生4 #和白花3#为高产高蛋白及低纤维材料,速生12 #为高产高蛋白材料,速生1 #和白花1#为高产中蛋白材料,速生15 #为高产低纤维材料,白花2#为中产高蛋白材料,以上材料通过进一步的继代筛选后可作为优良苜蓿育种材料。     

Genetic dissection of the introgressive genomic components from Gossypium barbadense L. that contribute to improved fiber quality in Gossypium hirsutum L.

We crossed Luyuan343, containing the Gossypium barbadense (GB) genomic component, with Lumianyan22, a high-yielding Gossypium hirsutum (GH) variety, to evaluate the introgressive exogenous genomic components that contribute to fiber quality in upland cotton. A total of 158 of 334 mapping simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci screened from 18,467 SSR primer pairs were identified as putative GB introgression loci. Twenty-four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fiber quality and lint percentage were detected by WinQTLCart 2.5 based on three phenotypic datasets collected over 2 years in two different locations. Of these QTLs, 20 were mapped in the introgression chromosomal regions; the GB alleles contributed to improved fiber quality at eight loci, which were located in the introgression segments of chromosome (Chr.) 3, Chr.7 and Chr.25. A total of eight digenic epistasis and nine significant QTL × environment (QE) interactions were identified by QTLNetwork-2.2. Fiber elongation was found to be most easily influenced by environment since all QTLs for this trait showed significant QE interaction with large effects. Fiber length, fiber strength, and lint percentage were scarcely affected by environment as no or minor QE interaction effects for these traits were detected. Genome-wide identification of the introgressive GB components and mapping of the fiber-related QTLs indentified in this study will be beneficial for the simultaneous marker-assistant selection of improved fiber quality and lint yield in upland cotton breeding.     

花生重要农艺及产量性状的全基因组关联分析

通过关联分析法发掘与花生(Arachis hypogaea)产量性状显著关联、同时又在花生基因组上随机分布的SSR位点及优异等位变异,可了解产量相关基因区域的分布特点,有助于利用分子标记辅助选择方法选育高产花生新品种。选用64个SSR标记,采用MLM(Q+K)方法对166份花生资源进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,通过聚类分析和结构划分,供试群体受其综合性状遗传特点和来源地域的影响可被划分成7个亚群,聚类结果与群体结构基本一致,同时群体特点与材料来源地的生态划分符合同类聚集的规律。通过对6个产量相关性状的3年数值的关联分析,分别发掘出SSR位点有20个、33个和26个,2年以上重复检出的SSR位点有13个(P0.05),各SSR位点的表型变异解释率范围为0.011–0.348 1,平均为0.067 3;共检出590个等位变异,平均每个标记位点12.29个,表型变异解释率值最高的是与单株果数呈显著关联的位点TC1A02(P0.001),含21个等位变异;与产量构成主要因子紧密关联的位点中,百果重的TC1A02-C470(+41.588 5)、TC1A02-C560(+40.926 1)和p PGPseq2E6-B473(+63.953 4),单株果数的TC1A02-C500(+7.374 4),单株饱果数的GM1843-E157(+4.316 6),可用于产量性状的分子辅助育种。     

Genetic mapping and quantitative trait locus analysis of fiber quality traits using a three-parent composite population in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Composite cross populations (CP) developed from three or more cultivars/lines are frequently used to improve agronomic and economic traits in crop cultivar development programs. Employing CP in linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping may increase the marker density of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genetic maps, exploit more adequate gene resources and facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS). To construct a relatively high-density map and identify QTL associated with fiber quality traits in upland cotton, three elite upland cultivars/lines, Yumian 1, CRI 35 and 7,235, were used to obtain the segregating population, Yumian 1/CRI 35//Yumian 1/7,235. A genetic map containing 978 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and 69 linkage groups was constructed; the map spanned 4,184.4 cM, covering approximately 94.1% of the entire tetraploid cotton genome. A total of 63 QTL were detected, explaining 8.1–55.8% of the total phenotypic variance: 11 QTL for fiber elongation, 16 QTL for fiber length, 9 QTL for fiber micronaire reading, 10 QTL for fiber strength and 17 QTL for fiber length uniformity. The genetic map and QTL detected for fiber quality traits are promising for further breeding programs of upland cotton with improved fiber quality.     

Association analysis of fiber quality traits and exploration of elite alleles in Upland cotton cultivars/accessions （Gossypium hirsutum L.）

Exploring the elite al eles and germplasm acces-sions related to fiber quality traits wil accelerate the breeding of cotton for fiber quality improvement. In this study, 99 Gossypium hirsutum L. accessions with diverse origins were used to perform association analysis of fiber quality traits using 97 polymorphic microsatel ite marker primer pairs. A total of 107 significant marker-trait associations were detected for three fiber quality traits under three different environments, with 70 detected in two or three environments and 37 detected in only one environment. Among the 70 significant marker-trait associations, 52.86% were reported previously, implying that these are stable loci for target traits. Furthermore, we detected a large number of elite al eles associated simulta-neously with two or three traits. These elite al eles were mainly from accessions col ected in China, introduced to China from the United States, or rare al eles with a frequency of less than＆amp;nbsp;5%. No one cultivar contained more than half of the elite al eles, but 10 accessions were col ected from China and the two introduced from the United States did contain more than half of these al eles. Therefore, there is great potential for mining elite al eles from germplasm accessions for use in fiber quality improvement in modern cotton breeding.     

Detection of favorable alleles for yield and yield components by association mapping in upland cotton

Association mapping based on linkage disequilibrium provides a promising tool for dissecting the genetic basis underlying complex traits. To reveal the genetic variations of yield and yield components traits in upland cotton, 403 upland cotton accessions were collected and analyzed by 560 genome-wide simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A diverse panel consisting of 403 upland cotton accessions was grown in six different environments, and the yield and yield component traits were measured, and 560 SSR markers covering the whole genome were mapped. Association studies were performed to uncover the genotypic and phenotypic variations using a mixed linear model. Favorable alleles and typical accessions for yield traits were identified. A total of 201 markers were polymorphic, revealing 394 alleles. The average gene diversity and polymorphism information content were 0.556 and 0.483, respectively. Based on a population structure analysis, 403 accessions were divided into two subgroups. A mixed linear model analysis of the association mapping detected 43 marker loci according to the best linear unbiased prediction and in at least three of the six environments(??lgP?>?1.30, P?<?0.05). Among the 43 associated markers, five were associated with more than two traits simultaneously and nine were coincident with those identified previously. Based on phenotypic effects, favorable alleles and typical accessions that contained the elite allele loci related to yield traits were identified and are widely used in practical breeding. This study detected favorable quantitative trait loci’s alleles and typical accessions for yield traits, these are excellent genetic resources for future high-yield breeding by marker-assisted selection in upland cotton in China.     

Development of a wide population of chromosome single-segment substitution lines in the genetic background of an elite cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Naturally occurring allelic variations underlying complex traits are useful resources for the functional analysis of plant genes. To facilitate the genetic analysis of complex traits and the use of marker-assisted breeding in rice, we developed a wide population consisting of 217 chromosome single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs) using Oryza sativa L. 'Hua-Jing-Xian74' (HJX74), an elite Indica cultivar, as recipient, and 6 other accessions, including 2 Indica and 4 Japonica, as donors. Each SSSL contains a single substituted chromosome segment derived from 1 of the 6 donors in the genetic background of HJX74. The total size of the substituted segments in the SSSL population was 4695.0 cM, which was 3.1 times that of rice genome. To evaluate the potential application of these SSSLs for quantitative trait loci detection, phenotypic variations of the quantitative traits of days to heading and grain length in the population consisting of 210 SSSLs were observed under natural environmental conditions. The results demonstrated that there was a wide range of phenotypic variation in the traits in the SSSL population. These genetic materials will be powerful tools to dissect complex traits into a set of monogenic loci and to assign phenotypic values to different alleles at the locus of interest.     

陆地棉主要产量相关性状的SSR标记关联分析

高产优质育种是我国棉花育种的主要目标。寻找与目标性状关联的分子标记,可克服常规育种的盲目性,提高分子标记辅助选择育种的准确性。本研究对118份陆地棉种质资源的衣分、单铃重、单株铃数及子指等4个产量相关性状进行2年2点的表型鉴定,并利用覆盖全基因组的、有多态性的214对SSR标记进行标记与性状的关联分析。结果表明:118份材料的4个产量相关性状表型变异丰富,平均变异系数的变幅在6.1%~19.1%之间,且在各环境中表现较为稳定;基因型分析表明,214对标记共检测到460个等位变异,基因多样性指数平均为0.5151,PIC值平均为0.4587,表明该批标记具有较多的等位变异数和较高的基因多样性;群体结构分析表明该批材料可分为4个亚群,且各类群中材料与地理来源无对应关系;关联分析结果显示,在显著条件下(-log10P1.3,P0.05),共有39个标记位点能够在2个及2个以上的环境中同时检测到,其中有4个标记位点同时与2个以上性状相关联,进一步比较发现,有7个位点与前人研究结果一致,其余32个位点为新发现的位点。研究结果可为陆地棉产量性状遗传改良的分子标记辅助选择提供理论依据。     

利用海岛棉渐渗系改良陆地棉纤维品质

棉花是世界上种植最广泛的纤维作物,随着人们生活水平的提高和棉纺织工业的发展,对棉花的纤维品质提出了更高的要求.本研究利用渐渗系ZP171为亲本,该材料以陆地棉中棉所8号为遗传背景携带了纤维品质优异的海岛棉Pima90-53片段,构建遗传群体并选育优异种质材料.基于群体在多环境下的纤维品质鉴定结果,发现纤维长度和比强度与...     

Using three overlapped RILs to dissect genetically clustered QTL for fiber strength on Chro.D8 in Upland cotton

Fiber strength is an important trait among cotton fiber qualities due to ongoing changes in spinning technology. Major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fiber quality enable molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) to effectively improve fiber quality of cotton cultivars. We previously identified a major QTL for fiber strength derived from 7235 in Upland cotton. In the present study, in order to fine-map fiber strength QTL, we chose three recombinant inbred lines (RIL), 7TR-133, 7TR-132, and 7TR-214, developed from a cross between 7235 and TM-1 for backcrossing to TM-1 to develop three large mapping populations. Phenotypic data for fiber strength traits were collected in Nanjing (JES/NAU) and Xinjiang (BES/XJ) in 2006 and 2007. Three simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic linkage maps on Chro.24(D8) were constructed using these three backcrossed populations. The SSR genetic maps were constructed using 907 individuals in (7TR-133 × TM-1)F₂ (Pop A), 670 in (7TR-132 × TM-1)F₂ (Pop B), and 940 in (7TR-214 × TM-1)F₂ (Pop C). The average distance between SSR loci was 0.62, 1.7, and 0.56 cM for the three maps. MapQTL 5 software detected five-clustered QTL (2.5 < LOD < 29.8) on Chro.D8 for fiber strength following analysis of three RIL backcrossed F₂/F_2:3 progenies at JES/NAU and BES/XJ over 2 years. Five QTL for fiber strength exhibited a total phenotypic variance (PV) of 28.8–59.6%.     

Genomic divergence in cotton germplasm related to maturity and heterosis

Commercial varieties of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum) have undergone extensive breeding for agronomic traits, such as fiber quality, disease resistance,and yield. Cotton breeding programs have widely used Chinese upland cotton source germplasm(CUCSG) with excellent agronomic traits. A better understanding of the genetic diversity and genomic characteristics of these accessions could accelerate the identification of desirable alleles. Here, we analyzed 10,522 high-quality singlenucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) with the CottonSNP63 K microarray in 137 cotton accessions(including 12 hybrids of upland cotton). These data were used to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure,and genomic characteristics of each population and the contribution of these loci to heterosis. Three subgroups were identified, in agreement with their knownpedigrees, geographical distributions, and times since introduction. For each group, we identified lineagespecific genomic divergence regions, which potentially harbor key alleles that determine the characteristics of each group, such as early maturity-related loci. Investigation of the distribution of heterozygous loci, among 12 commercial cotton hybrids, revealed a potential role for these regions in heterosis. Our study provides insight into the population structure of upland cotton germplasm. Furthermore, the overlap between lineagespecific regions and heterozygous loci, in the high-yield hybrids, suggests a role for these regions in cotton heterosis.