小麦叶锈病新抗源筛选

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产的主要病害之一,发病严重时往往导致大幅度减产。叶锈菌生理小种的变异易导致抗病基因抗性的丧失,因此不断获得新抗源对小麦抗病育种至关重要。小麦近缘植物中含有丰富的小麦育种所需的抗病基因。本研究从小麦-近缘植物双二倍体、附加系、代换系或易位系等创新种质中筛选出小麦叶锈病新抗源,为利用这些新抗源打下基础。苗期对116份供试材料人工接种美国堪萨斯州流行的小麦叶锈菌混合生理小种 (Lrcomp) ,其中部分材料人工接种09-9-1441-1等5个中国当前流行的叶锈菌生理小种进行抗性鉴定,筛选获得新抗源。116份种质中,31份免疫、近免疫或高抗Lrcomp。含有希尔斯山羊草、尾状山羊草、拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、两芒山羊草、卵穗山羊草、沙融山羊草、柱穗山羊草、顶芒山羊草、小伞山羊草、偏凸山羊草、中间偃麦草、茸毛偃麦草、长穗偃麦草、粗穗披碱草、栽培黑麦、非洲黑麦、提莫菲维染色质的部分种质免疫或高抗Lrcomp,而含二角山羊草、无芒山羊草、沙生冰草、多年生簇毛麦和一年生簇毛麦染色质的种质表现中感至高感Lrcomp。希尔斯山羊草4S染色体、尾状山羊草C#1和D#1染色体和两芒山羊草、顶芒山羊草中可能含有未被报道的抗Lrcomp的新基因,值得进一步向小麦转育。小麦-粗穗披碱草1HtS.1BL罗伯逊易位系对Lrcomp及 09-9-1441-1和09-9-1426-1等5个中国当前流行叶锈菌生理小种近免疫,值得利用染色体工程等方法获得小片段抗病易位系应用于我国小麦抗叶锈育种。     

根据叶表皮微形态特征探讨山羊草属基因在小麦属中的渗入：Ⅰ.组间途径

解剖观察了小麦属３个组、山羊草属６个组的叶片远轴面表皮,并根据表皮上长细胞、短细胞、气孔器细胞、刺毛和大毛在各个类群中形态、数量和分布式样的差异,从组群角度对山羊草属基因在小麦属中的渗入进行了分析。结果表明：小麦属中除线穗组无山羊草属基因侵入外,其余扁穗组和柱穗组皆为山羊草属基因可能的受体类群;山羊草属中除无芒山羊草组、顶芒山羊草组和小伞山羊草组无基因输出外,拟斯卑尔脱组和节节麦组均有基因进入小麦     

4个春性基因型小麦品种与‘京841’杂交F_1代的表型分析

选用4个具有不同显性春化基因型的小麦品种与冬性小麦品种‘京841’进行杂交实验,通过显性春化基因特异性PCR分析技术鉴定杂交F1代植株,并分析4个杂交组合的正反交F1代植株表型特性。结果显示,各显性春化基因已经导入到各杂交F1代植株中,且其苗穗期受显性春化基因的控制而有效缩短;3个杂交组合的F1代穗粒数在正反交之间存在显著差异,推测穗粒数受细胞质遗传因素的影响较大,其中以‘新春2号’和‘豫麦18’分别为母本和父本与‘京841’杂交后F1代的穗粒数表现出较强的杂种优势,4个杂交组合的F1代千粒重均表现出较强的杂种优势。     

禾本科作物芒遗传研究进展

芒是许多禾本科作物穗部的重要结构, 不仅可以作为区分不同品种以及基因定位的重要形态标记, 而且在禾谷类作物的种子传播、籽粒灌浆、蒸腾作用及产量形成等方面起重要作用。该文综述了小麦(Triticum aestivum)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)和水稻(Oryza sativa)芒的结构、功能与遗传调控机制研究进展, 以期为芒性状遗传机理的进一步研究及其在育种中的应用提供参考。     

小麦抗穗发芽研究进展

穗发芽严重影响小麦品质和产量。种子自身休眠特性、α-淀粉酶活性、α-淀粉酶抑制剂、迟熟α-淀粉酶活性、种皮颜色、颖壳抑制物以及穗部形态等,均是影响小麦穗发芽的重要因素,其中对子粒休眠特性和α-淀粉酶活性的研究较为深入。位于第3染色体组上的R基因、休眠基因以及4AL上的Phs基因均与小麦穗发芽密切相关。已开发出一些与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记,其中位于第3部分同源群的三重R基因和位于3B染色体的STS标记Vp1B3,以及位于3A染色体的主效QTL位点QPhs.ccsu-3A.1均可直接用于穗发芽抗性的筛选。本文对以上内容进行了详细论述,并就今后如何提高小麦穗发芽抗性进行了讨论。     

利用小麦微卫星标记定位一个来自野生二粒小麦的抗白粉病基因

培育抗病品种是控制小麦白粉病危害最经济有效而又安全的手段.寻找和创造新抗源是抗病育种的基础工作,是解决抗源单一化问题的有效途径.来自以色列的野生二粒小麦G-305-M对北京地区小麦白粉菌流行小种15号表现免疫,用G-305-M与小麦品种781杂交并用京411回交(G-305-M/781//京411*3),成功地将G-305-M的抗白粉病基因转入普通小麦中.遗传分析表明转入小麦中的抗病性苗期表达受一对显性基因控制,该基因暂定名为MlG.用96对小麦微卫星引物对一个167株的抗性分离家系进行了SSR分析,发现引物WMS570扩增产物在抗感个体间存在多态性.经分离群体验证,抗病基因MlG与小麦染色体6AL上的微卫星位点Xgwm570连锁,遗传距离为14.9±3.0cM,据此将MlG定位于6AL.根据系谱和基因位点分析,推断MlG基因是不同于已知抗白粉病基因的一个新基因.     

合成六倍体小麦的遗传育种

普通小麦是由四倍体小麦栽培类型与野生二倍体节节麦远缘杂交形成的异源六倍体.普通小麦保持了四倍体小麦的高产潜力,D基因组的加入丰富了食品加工产品类型、增强了环境适应能力.与二倍体作物不同,普通小麦有3个亚基因组,存在大量重复基因,基因组缓冲性、可塑性强,单个基因拷贝可能对育种改良的效果有限.小麦3个亚基因组的遗传多样性是...     

矮秆基因对小麦部分农艺性状的效应

以中国主要麦区的124份小麦品种为材料,利用分子标记和系谱分析相结合,对其按照所含的矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8进行分类,结合田间株高、旗叶长、小穗数和穗粒数以及室内苗期根系长度等农艺形状的调查,分析不同矮秆基因对小麦农艺性状的效应.结果显示:(1)参试的124份小麦品种(系)中23份含有Rht-B1b,7份含有Rht-D1b,22份含有Rht8基因,34份同时含有Rht-B1b和Rht8,16份同时含有Rht-D1b和Rht8,可分为6组.(2)Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b在降低株高的同时也缩短了旗叶的长度和苗期叶长,Rht8对株高的影响较弱,对旗叶和苗期叶长的影响也较小;3个矮秆基因对苗期根系长度、小穗数没有显著影响;Rht-D1b和Rht8显著增加穗粒数.研究表明,矮秆基因Rht8对小麦株高以及其他农艺性状的影响均较小,但能够显著增加穗粒数,是小麦矮化育种中比较理想的矮秆基因.     

小麦抗病基因Lr46/Yr29/Pm39、Sr2/Yr30和Lr68的遗传特性及其与主要农艺性状的关联分析

利用与抗病基因Lr46/Yr29/Pm39、Sr2/Yr30和Lr68等紧密连锁的分子标记,对小麦品种(系)‘RL6077’和‘西农979’构建的BC1F1和F2群体进行抗病基因遗传分析,结合主要农艺性状分析,探究小麦抗病基因Lr46/Yr29/Pm39、Sr2/Yr30和Lr68的遗传特性及其与主要农艺性状的关联性;并对检测的聚合有3个抗慢锈病基因(Lr68+Sr2/Yr30+Lr46/Yr29/Pm39)位点的聚合体进行SSR标记遗传背景回复率检测。结果表明:(1)F2群体中Lr68基因的传递率(65.41%)比理论值(75%)偏低,Lr46/Yr29/Pm39基因和Sr2/Yr30基因的传递率(分别为75.83%、74.53%)与理论值(75%)相符合;BC1F1群体中Lr68基因的传递率(44.27%)比理论值(50%)偏低,Lr46/Yr29/Pm39基因和Sr2/Yr30基因的传递率(分别为56.64%、55.11%)均比理论值(50%)偏高。(2)Lr46/Yr29/Pm39和Sr2/Yr30基因位点均与株高、穗长、穗下茎长、穗下节长呈极显著正相关关系;Lr68和Sr2/Yr30基因位点均与穗粒数呈显著或极显著正相关关系;Lr46/Yr29/Pm39基因位点与千粒重呈显著负相关、与单株成穗数呈显著正相关关系。(3)对BC1F1群体中聚合有Lr68+Sr2/Yr30+Lr46/Yr29/Pm39基因位点的92个聚合体的遗传背景回复率检测发现,轮回亲本‘西农979’遗传背景回复率最高达91.67%,其中遗传回复率达90%以上的聚合体有3株,占回交群体(655株)总体的0.46%。该研究结果为优异抗病基因资源‘RL6077’的进一步利用提供了理论参考,对创制小麦多种抗病新种质具有重要意义。     

小麦-冰草衍生后代 3558-2 穗部相关性状的遗传分析和QTL定位

从普通小麦Fukuho与冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)Z559的衍生系中发现3558-2具有小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数多的优异性状.为了揭示衍生系3558-2优异性状的遗传特征,本研究对其与小麦品种京4841间的282个F2单株的穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数、穗粒数等穗部相关性状进行了遗传分析和QTL定位.主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析结果显示小麦穗部相关性状都符合数量性状特征.利用单标记分析将穗部相关性状的QTL主要定位于小麦1 A染色体上,同时发现在小麦的2A、5B和5D染色体上也有QTL分布.通过加密标记重点构建了1 A染色体短臂的遗传连锁图,利用复合区间作图法解析了小麦1AS染色体上的穗部相关性状的QTL效应,发现在1A染色体上存在与穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数相关的重要QTL各1个,解释变异度分别为14.41%、5.15%、14.84%和10.87%.本研究发现在3558-2的1 AS染色体上成簇分布着涉及穗长、小穗教、小穗粒数和穗粒数重要性状的QTL,这一结果对指导进一步研究与利用3558-2具有重要意义.     

Chromosomal locations of the genes for histones and a histone gene-binding protein family HBP-1 in common wheat

The chromosomal locations of the genes in common wheat that encode the five histones and five members of the HBP (histone gene-binding protein)-1 family were determined by hybridizing their cloned DNAs to genomic DNAs of nullitetrasomic and telosomic lines of common wheat, Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. The H1 and H2a genes are located on different sets of homoeologous chromosomes or chromosome arms, namely, 5A, 5B and 5D, and 2AS, 2BS and 2DS, respectively. Genes for the other histones, H2b, H3 and H4, are found in high copy number and are dispersed among a large number of chromosomes. The genes for all members of the HBP-1 family are present in small copy numbers. Those for HBP-1a(1) are located on six chromosome arms, 3BL, 5AL, 5DL, 6AL, 6BS and 7DL, whereas those for each HBP-1a(c14), 1a(17), 1b(c1), and 1b(c38) are on a single set of homoeologous chromosome arms; 4AS, 4BL, 4DL; 6AS, 6BS, 6DS; 3AL, 3BL, 3DL; and 3AS, 3BS, 3DS, respectively. The genes for histones H1 and H2a, and for all members of the HBP-1 family except HBP-1a(1) are assumed to have different phylogenetic origins. The genes for histone 2a and HBP-1a(17) are located in the RFLP maps of chromosomes 2B and 6A, respectively. Gene symbols are proposed for all genes whose chromosomal locations have been determined.     

小麦耐低磷相关性状的全基因组关联分析

通过对小麦耐低磷相关性状进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS,genome-wide association study),挖掘与小麦耐低磷性显著相关的单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP,single nucleotide polymorphism)位点及候选基因,为小麦耐低磷性状的遗传基础和分子机制研究提供理论参考。本试验以198份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为试验材料,设置低磷和正常磷营养液水培试验,利用小麦35K芯片对分布于小麦全基因组的11896个SNP,采用Q+K关联模型对小麦耐低磷性相关性状进行关联分析。结果表明,小麦耐低磷性状表现出广泛的表型变异,变异系数为15.65%~26.59%,多态性信息含量(PIC,polymorphic information content)为0.095~0.500。群体结构分析表明,试验所用自然群体可分为2个亚群,GWAS共检测到67个与小麦耐低磷相关性状显著关联的SNP位点(P≤0.001),这些位点分布在除3A、3B和3D以外的18条染色体上,单个SNP位点可解释5.826%~9.552%的表型变异。在这些显著位点中有4个SNP位点同时关联到了2个不同的耐低磷性状。对67个SNP位点进行发掘,筛选到7个可能与小麦耐低磷性有关的候选基因。TraesCS6A02G001000和TraesCS6A02G001100在锌指合成中有重要作用;TraesCS6A02G118100可能为低磷胁迫诱导基因;TraesCS5D02G536400、TraesCS1B02G154200和TraesCS5D02G536500与低磷胁迫相关酶类基因家族有关;TraesCS1D02G231200与植物DUF 538结构域蛋白有关,是植物胁迫相关调控蛋白候选基因。     

小麦ARF基因家族生物信息学分析及在干旱胁迫下的表达特性研究

植物生长素响应因子ARF(auxin response factor)参与调节了植物的向性运动、顶端优势、微观的分化、侧根和茎的形态发生等众多生理反应,在植物生长发育的整个过程都起到重要调控作用。本研究通过对小麦最新基因组数据进行分析,获得了61个ARF家族基因,命名为TaARFs,根据染色体编号排列为TaARF1~TaARF61,对61个TaARFs基因进行系统生物信息学分析后发现ARF家族基因结构较为复杂,外显子数量从1个到15个变化不等,除了4号染色体和5A和5B染色体之外,其余的染色体均有ARF家族基因分布。ARF家族基因大多包含B3 DNA结构域、ARF结构域(Auxin-resp)和Aux/IAA结构域;同源进化分析表明,小麦ARF家族基因的旁系同源基因数量明显多于大麦和二穗短柄草。通过拟南芥数据库比对获得14个高同源的根系发育相关的小麦ARF家族基因,利用二系杂交小麦京麦6号及父母本根系为试材进行干旱胁迫处理及实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)筛选。结果表明,7个小麦ARF基因不同程度受到干旱胁迫诱导,其在旱胁迫下的表达量显著高于正常条件下的表达量,可能参与干旱胁迫应答;此外本研究还发现,ARF基因在F1杂交种中表达量显著高于双亲,表现出超亲表达模式,可能参与了根系抗旱杂种优势基因表达调控网络。     

Characterization of genetic loci conferring adult plant resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in spring wheat.

Leaf (brown) and stripe (yellow) rusts, caused by Puccinia triticina and Puccinia striiformis, respectively, are fungal diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that cause significant yield losses annually in many wheat-growing regions of the world. The objectives of our study were to characterize genetic loci associated with resistance to leaf and stripe rusts using molecular markers in a population derived from a cross between the rust-susceptible cultivar 'Avocet S' and the resistant cultivar 'Pavon76'. Using bulked segregant analysis and partial linkage mapping with AFLPs, SSRs and RFLPs, we identified 6 independent loci that contributed to slow rusting or adult plant resistance (APR) to the 2 rust diseases. Using marker information available from existing linkage maps, we have identified additional markers associated with resistance to these 2 diseases and established several linkage groups in the 'Avocet S' x 'Pavon76' population. The putative loci identified on chromosomes 1BL, 4BL, and 6AL influenced resistance to both stripe and leaf rust. The loci on chromosomes 3BS and 6BL had significant effects only on stripe rust, whereas another locus, characterized by AFLP markers, had minor effects on leaf rust only. Data derived from Interval mapping indicated that the loci identified explained 53% of the total phenotypic variation (R2) for stripe rust and 57% for leaf rust averaged across 3 sets of field data. A single chromosome recombinant line population segregating for chromosome 1B was used to map Lr46/Yr29 as a single Mendelian locus. Characterization of slow-rusting genes for leaf and stripe rust in improved wheat germplasm would enable wheat breeders to combine these additional loci with known slow-rusting loci to generate wheat cultivars with higher levels of slow-rusting resistance.     

Characterization of the calmodulin gene family in wheat: structure, chromosomal location, and evolutionary aspects

Calmodulin is a ubiquitous transducer of calcium signals in eukaryotes. In diploid plant species, several isoforms of calmodulin have been described. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of calmodulin cDNAs corresponding to 10 genes from hexaploid (bread) wheat (Triticum aestivum). These genes encode three distinct calmodulin isoforms; one isoform is novel in that it lacks a conserved calcium binding site. Based on their nucleotide sequences, the 10 cDNAs were classified into four subfamilies. Using subfamily-specific DNA probes, calmodulin genes were identified and the chromosomal location of each subfamily was determined by Southern analysis of selected aneuploid lines. The data suggest that hexaploid wheat possesses at least 13 calmodulin-related genes. Subfamilies 1 and 2 were both localized to the short arms of homoeologous-group 3 chromosomes; subfamily 2 is located on all three homoeologous short arms (3AS, 3BS and 3DS), whereas subfamily 1 is located only on 3AS and 3BS but not on 3DS. Further analysis revealed thatAegilops tauschii, the presumed diploid donor of the D-genome of hexaploid wheat, lacks a subfamily-1 calmodulin gene homologue, whereas diploid species related to the progenitors of the A and B genomes do contain such genes. Subfamily 3 was localized to the short arm of homoeologous chromosomes 2A, 2B and 2D, and subfamily 4 was mapped to the proximal regions of 4AS, 4BL and 4DL. These findings suggest that the calmodulin genes within each subfamily in hexaploid wheat represent homoeoallelic loci. Furthermore, they also suggest that calmodulin genes diversified into subfamilies before speciation ofTriticum andAegilops diploid species.     

Genome‐wide association study for 13 agronomic traits reveals distribution of superior alleles in bread wheat from the Yellow and Huai Valley of China

Bread wheat is a leading cereal crop worldwide. Limited amount of superior allele loci restricted the progress of molecular improvement in wheat breeding. Here, we revealed new allelic variation distribution for 13 yield‐related traits in series of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using the wheat 90K genotyping assay, characterized in 163 bread wheat cultivars. Agronomic traits were investigated in 14 environments at three locations over 3 years. After filtering SNP data sets, GWAS using 20 689 high‐quality SNPs associated 1769 significant loci that explained, on average, ~20% of the phenotypic variation, both detected already reported loci and new promising genomic regions. Of these, repetitive and pleiotropic SNPs on chromosomes 6AS, 6AL, 6BS, 5BL and 7AS were significantly linked to thousand kernel weight, for example BS00021705_51 on 6BS and wsnp_Ex_c32624_41252144 on 6AS, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of ~24%, consistently identified in 12 and 13 of the 14 environments, respectively. Kernel length‐related SNPs were mainly identified on chromosomes 7BS, 6AS, 5AL and 5BL. Plant height‐related SNPs on chromosomes 4DS, 6DL, 2DS and 1BL were, respectively, identified in more than 11 environments, with averaged PVE of ~55%. Four SNPs were confirmed to be important genetic loci in two RIL populations. Based on repetivity and PVE, a total of 41 SNP loci possibly played the key role in modulating yield‐related traits of the cultivars surveyed. Distribution of superior alleles at the 41 SNP loci indicated that superior alleles were getting popular with time and modern cultivars had integrated many superior alleles, especially for peduncle length‐ and plant height‐related superior alleles. However, there were still 19 SNP loci showing less than percentages of 50% in modern cultivars, suggesting they should be paid more attention to improve yield‐related traits of cultivars in the Yellow and Huai wheat region. This study could provide useful information for dissection of yield‐related traits and valuable genetic loci for marker‐assisted selection in Chinese wheat breeding programme.     

Quantitative trait loci for grain yield and adaptation of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) across a wide range of water availability

Grain yield is a major goal for the improvement of durum wheat, particularly in drought-prone areas. In this study, the genetic basis of grain yield (GY), heading date (HD), and plant height (PH) was investigated in a durum wheat population of 249 recombinant inbred lines evaluated in 16 environments (10 rainfed and 6 irrigated) characterized by a broad range of water availability and GY (from 5.6 to 58.8 q ha(-1)). Among the 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affected GY, two major QTL on chromosomes 2BL and 3BS showed significant effects in 8 and 7 environments, with R2 values of 21.5 and 13.8% (mean data of all 16 environments), respectively. In both cases, extensive overlap was observed between the LOD profiles of GY and PH, but not with those for HD. QTL specific for PH were identified on chromosomes 1BS, 3AL, and 7AS. Additionally, three major QTL for HD on chromosomes 2AS, 2BL, and 7BS showed limited or no effects on GY. For both PH and GY, notable epistasis between the chromosome 2BL and 3BS QTL was detected across several environments.     

Dosage Effect of Lr3 Gene in the Triticum aestivum–Puccinia recondita Specific Interaction

Gene dosage effects of Lr3 gene were studied in the Triticum aestivum–Puccinia recondita tritici specific interaction. Deletion-duplication lines carrying different doses of Lr3 gene in chromosome 6B were obtained from a cross between standard Sinvalocho MA wheat and an isogenic translocated Sinvalocho MA 1BS/6BS-1BL/6BL line. Cytogenetic analysis and assessment of pathogen development revealed evidence for Lr3 gene dosage dependence in the expression of both resistance and avirulence. Increasing doses of chromosome 6B, from nullisomic to tetrasomic condition, increased the resistance, reaching the maximum at the tetrasomic level. The role of reciprocal translocations in the evolution of disease resistance genes in hexaploid wheat, the duplication of genes for resistance as a strategy to be used in plant breeding and the implications of gene-dosage dependence in host–parasite associations are discussed.