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1.
Grant Murray Barbara Neis Jahn Petter Johnsen 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(4):549-571
Questions centered on the development of local and traditional ecological knowledge and the relationship of that knowledge to the development of conservation and management practices have recently attracted critical attention. We examine these questions with respect to the dynamic commercial fisheries of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The knowledge of fish harvesters coevolves with fishing practices and is embedded in a dynamic socioecological network that extends into and beyond the fisher, fishery households, and communities to include management, technologies, markets, and marine ecological conditions. Changes in these networks have moved knowledge and practices related to fishing in directions defined by policy, science, economic rationality, and new ecological realities. We characterize this movement as a shift along a continuum from local ecological knowledge (LEK) towards globalized harvesting knowledge (GHK) as harvesters become increasingly disconnected from socioecological relationships associated with traditional species and stocks. We conclude with a discussion of how LEK/GHK have interacted over time and space with other knowledge systems (particularly science) to influence management, and suggest that contingent, empirical evaluations of these interactions will provide a fruitful avenue for future interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Grant MurrayEmail: |
2.
Despite growing interest in traditional and local ecological knowledge for conservation and resource management, the role of migrant resource users is largely unexplored. Challenging many assumptions about what constitutes “local knowledge,” migrant and immigrant harvesters of non-timber forest products on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington possess useful ecological knowledge of overstory–understory relationships and how forestry practices affect understory biological and commercial production. Harvesters of salal (Gaultheria shallon), a shrub used in the multi-million dollar floral greens industry, were interviewed in Mason County, Washington in 2001–2003. Interviews revealed that harvesters possess different kinds of resource management knowledge depending on whether they are experienced harvesters or more recent newcomers to the area. These differences may also correlate with differences in their harvesting practices. Understanding how resource management knowledge differs between experienced and newcomer harvesters can inform forest managers in their efforts to develop effective management and permitting policies for floral greens and other non-timber forest resources in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
相似文献
Heidi L. BallardEmail: |
3.
Skunkworks in the Embers of the Cedar Fire: Enhancing Resilience in the Aftermath of Disaster 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bruce Evan Goldstein 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(1):15-28
A coalition of environmental activists and professionals created the San Diego Fire Recovery Network (SDFRN) while the largest
wildfire in California history was still burning at the city’s edge in October 2003. Acting quickly while the citizenry questioned
governmental ability to protect their rapidly growing region, SDFRN proposed to reduce fire risk in a way that altered residential
knowledge practices and identity while reshaping governance relationships. While this effort stalled after governmental agencies
restored public confidence through massive fire prevention initiatives, SDFRN’s efforts may not have been in vain. Retained
within collective memory, SDFRN contributed to community resilience by diversifying possible responses to environmental change
and uncertainty. In this way, flexible, informal learning organizations such as SDFRN may serve as “skunkworks,” seizing on
disaster in order to incubate social–ecological relationships that might avert greater tragedies to come.
相似文献
Bruce Evan GoldsteinEmail: |
4.
Douglas Medin Norbert Ross Douglas Cox Scott Atran 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(3):315-329
There is a continuing controversy over Native American fishing and hunting rights. We show that Native American (Menominee)
and European American fish experts have a common knowledge base and share values and attitudes associated with fishing practices
(though organized around different ethical principles). Nonetheless, perceived group differences are dramatic (especially European American perceptions of Native Americans). Cultural differences in models
of nature and associated inference processes appear to mediate these stereotypes and may hold the key to reducing intergroup
conflict over resources.
相似文献
Douglas MedinEmail: |
5.
Amazon Forestry Tranformed: Integrating Knowledge for Smallholder Timber Managemet in Eastern Brazil
Robin R. Sears Christine Padoch Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):697-707
Recent discussions of local knowledge emphasize its dynamic nature invoking local peoples’ ability to effectively integrate
traditional or local with science-based or “modern” knowledges. The smallholder timber industry of the Amazon’s estuarine
floodplain provides an outstanding example of local patterns of resource management and economic activities transformed from
within by smallholder farmers who participated in the industrial timber boom of the 1970s and 1980s. These farmers of eastern
Amazonia have developed a vertically integrated local industry based on expertise reflecting profound locally developed knowledge
of specific forests and management of ecological processes, individual observation and experimentation, as well as concepts
and practices derived from temporary employment by large-scale industrial timber firms. At each stage of the smallholder forestry
process—from managing natural regeneration to running small sawmills and marketing lumber—local managers apply an innovative
set of practices reflecting their diverse experiences. This combination of technical, market, and ecological knowledge results
in forests, timber markets, and economic patterns that do not correspond to many of the widely-held generalizations concerning
either local or industrial tropical timber exploitation. This article uses data from 7 years of research in the Amazon floodplain.
相似文献
Christine PadochEmail: |
6.
Avrum J. Shriar 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(3):275-287
This article is based on a 2003 case study of the Special Program for Food Security in two dry, upland regions of Honduras
and Nicaragua. In particular the research sought to identify factors influencing farmers’ interest in various “best practices”
being promoted as alternatives to the use of fire in cropping and ranching systems. The economic feasibility and/or affordability
of several of these practices are questionable in light of most farmers’ priorities, risk concerns, or limited resources.
The technical feasibility of several of the practices is unclear, at least in the marginal agroecological environments in
which most of the farmers in these regions operate. The study highlights the weaknesses of agricultural development initiatives
designed without a sufficient understanding of existing agricultural strategies and their purposes. It also reveals the limitations
of technological approaches to problems of food insecurity and land degradation, and the need for broader, more integrated
rural development strategies. The findings support critiques regarding the biases of many development professionals that may
prevent them from giving sufficient attention to local knowledge and perspectives.
相似文献
Avrum J. ShriarEmail: |
7.
Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecological reasons. Relatively
few of these MPAs are well managed. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral
reef MPA management. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conflict, and unrealistic attempts
to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on field experience and empirical evidence from around the
world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.
相似文献
A. T. WhiteEmail: |
8.
In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation
and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection
against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural
activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges
the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.
相似文献
Paul AxelrodEmail: |
9.
Studies on the effects of a variety of exogenous and anthropogenic environmental factors, including endocrine disruptors,
heavy metals, UV light, high temperature, and others, on marine organisms have been presented at the 2nd Bilateral Seminar
Italy–Japan held in November 2006. Reports were discussed in order to reveal the current situation of marine ecosystems, aiming
at evaluation and prediction of environmental risks.
相似文献
V. MatrangaEmail: |
10.
Changing Access to Labor,Pastures, and Knowledge: The Extensification of Grazing Management in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The broader ecological and social contexts within which livestock husbandry of Sudano-Sahelian West Africa operates have changed
significantly over the past thirty years. This study concerns how: (1) these broader trends have affected the quantity and
quality of labor investments into livestock herding; and (2) the ecological and animal nutritional implications of observed
variation in labor investments into herding. The study was conducted in a 500 km2 area of western Niger using a combination of qualitative interviews of herders and herd managers, household composition surveys,
herd composition monitoring, grazing management monitoring and georeferenced vegetation and livestock grazing itinerary data.
Statistical analyses were performed using a two-staged approach: (1) analysis of the factors affecting the allocation of labor
to herding at the level of the managing household; and (2) analysis of the effect of herd characteristics, season, microgeography
and herders’ social position on herders’ effort and the nutritional and ecological impacts of these efforts. The results of
these analyses support the conclusion that the changing regional context of livestock husbandry leads to a reduction in labor
(quantity and quality) investment or an “extensification” of herding with significant implications for livestock productivity
and the environment.
相似文献
Matthew D. TurnerEmail: |
11.
The object of our paper is to examine how wine-related knowledge and practices play an important role in determining the respective
flavour experiences of novice wine drinkers and sommeliers. We defend the idea that sensation is informed by knowledge, as
it circulates in a cultural environment. Biosemiotics has developed appropriate concepts helping us understand how the same
wine can generate diverging experiences. Within a biosemiotic framework, we consider wine flavours as relational, semiosic
experiences produced by the convergence of sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative factors.
Drawing from fundamental biosemiotics we argue that these factors vary according to the creature and its simultaneously biological
and cultural umwelt. We conclude by examining a series of empirical studies consolidating the idea that sensation is informed by knowledge and
language.
相似文献
Pierre-Louis PatoineEmail: |
12.
Beyond Population and Environment: Household Demographic Life Cycles and Land Use Allocation Among Small Farms in the Amazon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen G. Perz Robert T. Walker Marcellus M. Caldas 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(6):829-849
Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research.
相似文献
Marcellus M. CaldasPhone: +1-517-4327058Fax: +1-517-4321671 |
13.
Overintensification and subsidies have long made American commodity farmers the enemy of conservationists. Yet, environmental
conditions are improving in the Mississippi Delta where farmer-based groups, water management districts and conservation organizations
have improved environmental quality and redefined the role of agriculture in environmental preservation. This work is all
the more remarkable given the region’s deeply conservative politics that discourage regulation. This paper examines this mainstreaming
of environmental values in light of debates on the role of the state in fostering environmental subjectivities. Following
cultural examinations of the state, we caution that the presence or retreat of the state is insufficient to understanding
environmental subjectivities. Instead, an ethnographic focus is necessary to identify connections between the state and particular
human-environment relations. In the Delta, this focus shows that local environmentalism is consonant with a politics of unsustainability,
one that simultaneously advances radical ecological change and defense of the region’s social hierarchies.
相似文献
Eleanor E. ShoremanEmail: |
14.
15.
Grant Murray Barbara Neis Craig T. Palmer David C. Schneider 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(4):581-598
Some recent scholarship has focused on integrating local and/or traditional knowledge with conventional scientific information
in fisheries management to improve the factual foundation of and strengthen support for management decisions. This article
compares a sequence of historical and contemporary scientific texts and maps about the migrations and stock structure of cod
in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence with texts and maps generated by the authors through the collection, aggregation and
interpretation of commercial fish harvesters’ ecological knowledge. We find that the relationship between fisheries science
and harvesters’ ecological knowledge is dynamic and has changed over time, and that both are ‘situated’ socially and ecologically.
Overall, each paints an incomplete picture of cod movements and stock structure but the knowledge of harvesters provides a
valuable complement to scientific information, particularly at the local scale, and has the potential to contribute to the
identification of local cod stocks that are new to science and management. We end by considering how this case study informs
the larger discussion about the challenges and potential benefits of the so-called integration project to bring together science
and the ecological knowledge of fish harvesters.
相似文献
Grant MurrayEmail: |
16.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
17.
18.
Applied research that supplies requisite, albeit incomplete, scientific knowledge is necessary if we are to address the legal,
regulatory, and social/ethical issues regarding the use of transgenic trees. The technology for creating these trees has gotten
far ahead of research on the ecological and population genetics impacts that may emerge. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive,
interdisciplinary scientific approach that combines experimental results with model projections. We believe that much of this
work must be completed before social issues can be clarified and resolved. Broad-based failure by those in the forestry-minded
scientific community to carry out this interdisciplinary research could lead either to the establishment of transgenic trees
with unintended consequences, or to an inability to realize the numerous advantages that this technology may offer.
相似文献
Richard MeilanEmail: |
19.
Jane E. Schultz 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):93-102
In researching the biomedically-engineered drug Neulasta (filgrastim), a breast cancer patient becomes aware of the extent
to which knowledge about the development and marketing of drugs influences her decisions with regard to treatment. Time spent
on understanding the commercial interests of insurers and pharmaceutical companies initially thwarts but ultimately aids the
healing process. This first-person narrative calls for physicians to recognize that the alignment of commercial interests
transgresses the patient’s humanity.
相似文献
Jane E. SchultzEmail: |
20.
Norman Morrison Dan Bearden Jacob G. Bundy Tim Collette Felicity Currie Matthew P. Davey Nathan S. Haigh David Hancock Oliver A. H. Jones Simone Rochfort Susanna-Assunta Sansone Dalibor Štys Quincy Teng Dawn Field Mark R. Viant 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2007,3(3):203-210