紫云黄根瘤菌质粒功能研究

紫云英根瘤菌ＣＨ２０３含有３条质粒,用带蔗糖敏感基因Ｔｎ５－ｓａｃＢ进行菌株质粒消除和质粒缺失突变株筛选,获得一系列突变株。与野生型菌相比。质粒ｐＲＨａ的丢失导致菌株结无效根瘤,质粒ｐＲＨｂ的丢失使菌株失去共生能力。在ＴＹ培养基平板上菌落变得粗糙,失去了脂多糖。质粒ｐＲＨｃ的丢失显然失去其菌株的共生能力,同时使菌株抗酸性明显减弱。     

紫云英根瘤菌的exo与nod基因在宿主结瘤过程中的协同作用

紫云英根瘤菌菌株107经转座子Tn5诱变的胞外多糖合成缺陷型变种(Exo~-),在共生性状方面的改变有四种类型。我们选用了仅在宿主根部形成瘤状突起(Calli)的A类(NA-01,NA-02)、形成无效瘤(Nod~ ,Fix~-)的B类(NA-12)及不结瘤的(Nod~-)D类(NA-14)中的四个突变株分别与消除了共生质粒的Exo~ Nod~-变种(热处理变种及ANU-1116)混合接种紫云英幼苗,观察到与D类变种配合的接种组仍不能结瘤,而与A,B两类变种配合的接种组均诱导宿主产生形态正常的无效根瘤,并且该无效瘤全部被Nod~-变种侵占。说明一个表型仍为Exo~ ,但失去共生质粒的Nod~-变种,可在一个含有该质粒的Exo~-变种的帮助下进入根瘤。这提示共生质粒上的结瘤基因(nod)仅与侵染过程的早期有关,瘤的发育尚需根瘤菌的其他基因,其中包括exo基因的参与。 此外,共生质粒缺失的三个异种根瘤菌突变株分别与紫云英根瘤菌Exo~-变种混合接种时,也都在紫云英根部诱导出无效瘤,并且从瘤中能分离到这三个异种菌。表明在最初的识别作用发生后,植物对共生菌的专一性要求有所降低。     

华癸中生根瘤菌共生质粒的定向标记、消除与结瘤功能的鉴定

采用Tn5-mob-sacB转座子对华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)菌株7653R的共生质粒进行定向标记,获得该质粒标记菌株7653RT14.利用sacB基因对蔗糖的敏感性,对标记质粒进行消除实验,获得7653R的共生质粒消除突变株7653R-1.测得Tn5-mob-sacB转座频率高于10-5.突变株的培养特征与出发菌株基本一致.采用琼脂管法对7653RT14和7653R-1进行回接实验,结果显示7653RT14能正常结瘤固氮,表明Tn5的插入并未影响其共生能力,但失去共生质粒的7653R-1则为不结瘤或只结个别小瘤.稳定性实验结果表明供试菌株的标记质粒在本实验条件下是稳定的,可以作为共生质粒转移的供体菌.     

豌豆根瘤菌共生基因pJB5JI与华癸中生根瘤菌7653R共生质粒的相互关系

华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)7653R是分离自我国南方水稻田的一株根瘤菌,含有2个内源质粒:p7653Ra和p7653Rb,其中7653Rb是共生质粒.通过Tn5-sacB的插入方法来消除质粒,获得7653Rb消除的突变株7653RD.将豌豆根瘤菌T83K3的共生质粒pJB5JI导入7653R和7653RD中,盆栽结果表明含有pJB5JI的转移接合子7653R-197的竞争结瘤能力和共生固氮能力均高于7653R.pJB5JI不能恢复7653RD在紫云英上的结瘤能力.含有pJB5JI的7653RD可以在豌豆上结无效瘤,表明pJB5JI可以在7653R的染色体背景下表达其功能.对转移接合子中的质粒稳定性进行检测,结果表明pJB5JI在人工传代的情况下可以稳定存在,但经过共生之后发生了遗传分离,对转移接合子和出发菌株及分离菌株进行kan基因的PCR扩增,除了受体菌外其他菌株都可得到PCR产物,由此推测,pJB5JI可能部分或全部整合到了受体菌的染色体基因组中.     

华癸中生根瘤菌2020三个内源质粒的功能及其与豌豆根瘤菌共生质粒之间的相互关系

2020是一株分离自中国南方水稻田里的华癸中生根瘤菌（Mesorhizobiumhuakuii）,有3个内源质粒,分别命名为p2020a,p2020b和p2020c．用Tn5-sacB插入突变的方法对2020进行质粒消除,得到了两株质粒缺失突变株20201）29和2020D8．缺失了第一大质粒p2020c的突变株2020D29的结瘤固氮能力有显著的提高;而缺失了第二大质粒p2020b的突变株2020D8失去了在紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）上结瘤的能力;第三大质粒很难被消除,原因可能是该质粒上含有菌株生长所必需的基因．然后将豌豆根瘤菌（Rhizobium leguminosarum）的共生质粒pJB5JI转入2020及其质粒缺失突变株中,盆栽结果显示,2020-137（pJB5JI）的竞争结瘤能力和固氮能力显著高于2020．但是pJB5JI不能恢复2020D8在紫云英上的结瘤能力．2020D8—8（pJB5JI）可以在豌豆（Pisum sativum Linn）上形成无效瘤,这说明pJB5JI的功能可以在2020的遗传背景下进行表达．对pJB5JI在受体菌中的稳定性进行检测,结果发现在人工传代的情况下pJB5JI可以稳定的存在,但经过与植物共生之后只能在部分根瘤分离物中检测到pJB5JI,对这些转移接合子和出发菌株及分离菌株进行Km基因的PCR扩增,除了出发的受体菌外其余的菌株都可以得到PCR产物．由此推断,在没有检测到pJB5JI的分离株中,pJB5JI可能部分或全部整合到了受体根瘤菌的染色体DNA中．     

紫云英根瘤菌基因文库的构建及含完整结瘤基因的重组质粒pRaZ15的分离

以紫云英根瘤菌菌株7653R为材料,制备总DNA,经EcoRⅠ限制酶部分酶解,通过10—50％蔗糖梯度离心,分离到20一30 kb的DNA片段。利用能在革兰氏阴性菌中转移和复制的广谱寄主载体——pLAFRl质粒,构建了紫云英根瘤菌基因文库。通过与苜蓿根瘤菌102l菌株中8．7kb的共同结瘤基因(作探针DNA)杂交,从基因文库中分离到紫云英根瘤菌共同结瘤基因片段。以紫云英根瘤菌不结瘤突变株7653R+1(7653R消除共生质粒)为受体、构建的7653R基因文库(E．Coli C600)为供体,通过协助转移质粒pRK2013(LE392)进行三亲交配,在含四环素的根瘤菌台成培养基(sM)上选择接合转移子。将得到的所有接台转移子混合在一起接种植物,通过植物结瘤试验,分离到含紫云英根瘤菌结瘤基因的重组质粒pRaz15。将该质粒用EcoRⅠ完全酶切,得到25kb左右的外源DNA片段,该片段携带完整的结瘤基因簇。     

紫云英根瘤菌共生质粒的鉴定及结瘤功能的诱动转移

紫云英根瘤菌SR72和76531两菌株都有相同的两个质粒,其分子量分别为200 Md和80Md。它们各自的HC Nod~-变株都消失了其中的200 Md质粒,但尚一致地保留着80Md的质粒,紫云英根瘤菌的结瘤功能显然与该200 Md质粒有极为密切的关系。Inc P1组的质粒能以10~(-4)/每个受体细胞的频率转入紫云英根瘤菌,而在紫云英根瘤菌之间的转移频率为10~(-4)—10~(-5)。紫云英根瘤菌的结瘤功能,可以通过P1组的质粒诱动,从野生型Nod~+菌株转移到HC Nod~-受体菌株中,甚至转移到消除了Ti质粒的土壤农杆菌中,能使紫云英结瘤。这些有结瘤能力的Nod~+接合子,其抗药性标记完全与Nod~-受体菌一样,但其质粒电泳图谱,既不同于供体,也不同于受体,缺供体中对应的200 Md大质粒带,比受体的却又多了一40 Md的质粒带。     

Tn5—Mob转座系统对紫云英根瘤菌SR72的诱变和诱动作用

通过接合作用将携带有转座子 Tn5—Mob 的“自杀”性载体质粒 pSUP5011引入紫云英根瘤菌 SR72,得到卡那霉素抗性(Km~r)菌落的频率为6.99×10~(-6),测得受体菌的 Km~r 自发突变频率<10~(-8)。从对1071个 Km~r 突变体进行的植物砂培结瘤试验中筛选出结瘤不固氮(Nod~ ,Fix~-)突变株17个,不结瘤(Nod~-)突变株4个。另外,还从近3000个 Km~r 突变体中选出腺苷营养缺陷型突变株3个。通过 Tn5探针进行的菌落原位杂交试验证明:这21个共生固氮突变株中均含有 Tn5序列,进一步通过接合作用将协助质粒 RP4—4(Tc~r)引入 Nod~ ,Fix~ 突变株,获得了含有 Tn5—Mob 和 RP4—4的新突变株 SR72ZR(Km~r,Tc~r),但试图通过它们的协同作用将SR72中的大质粒诱动转移到根癌农杆菌 A136的试验未获成功.     

几类快生型根瘤菌质粒的研究

用一种重现性好而较简便的方法,对国内的紫云英、豌豆、三叶草、大豆等快生型根瘤菌及根癌农杆菌共40多号菌进行了质粒分离,所得质粒图谱具有一定的菌株特异性。每株菌有1—3个质粒,其中至少有一个大质粒或巨大质粒。用质粒消除法获得失去结瘤(或致癌)能力的变异株,均缺少一个大质粒。快生型根瘤菌的结瘤基因定位在大质粒或巨大质粒上。用接合法将Rpl：：Tn501等质粒转入根瘤菌中,能诱动根瘤菌的结瘤基因转移给失去结瘤能力的变异株,可表达功能,质粒图谱也发生变化,与供体或受体都不同。     

紫云英根瘤菌胞外多糖缺陷型变种的分离及遗传分析

经转座子Tn5诱变,获得20株紫云英根瘤菌菌株109胞外多糖(Exopolysaccharide,EPS)缺陷型(Eps-deficient,Exo-)变种。这些变种仍都是原养型,在含不同的碳底物或不同浓度碳底物的固体培养基上,菌落型态均无改变。与亲本菌相比,变种的EPS产量明显降低。所有变种未能在其宿主植物紫云英上结瘤。利用载体质粒pMN2,经Exo-变种与大肠杆菌受体菌交配,通过选择Tn5卡那霉素抗性标记的转移,构建成带有Tn5及菌株109多糖基因DNA片段的R－prime质粒。R-prime质粒能稳定地存在于菌株109中。大部分变种的Exc-表型能被R-prime质粒互补,但R-prime质粒未能使这些Exo-变种恢复有效结瘤的共生能力。根据互补结果,20株Exo-变种分为6种不同的互补群,其中5种互补群的多糖位点在遗传上是连锁的。     

Characteristics of Plasmids in Rhizobium huakuii

Rhizobium huakuii nodulates Astragalus sinicus, an important green manuring crop in Southern China, which can be used as forage. The plasmid profiles of 154 R. huakuii strains were examined with the Eckhardt procedure. The plasmid number of the strains varied from one to five, and their molecular weights were estimated from 42 to 600 mDa or more. The plasmids were hybridized with probes nodABC and nifHDK. The results showed that there was one plasmid carrying the nod and nif genes in the strains that harbor two or more plasmids, and the molecular weights of the symbiotic plasmids varied from 117 to 251 mDa. Homology was not observed on plasmids in the strains having only one plasmid; presumably the symbiotic genes are on the chromosome. Plasmid curing was carried out with the Bacillus subtilus sacB to generate derivatives of Rhizobium huakuii strain CH203, which harbors three plasmids, pRHa(97MD), pRHb(168MD), and pRHc(251MD). The largest plasmid (pRHc) carried both nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes. When pRHc was cured, the strain lost its symbiotic ability. The other two plasmids were also related to symbiosis. The derivative cured of pRHb did not nodulate on the host plant, had an altered lipopolysaccharide, and grew much more slowly than the parent strain. Curing of the smallest plasmid (pRHa) resulted in delaying the strain nodulation and made it lose nitrogen fixation ability. Curing of each plasmid in strain CH203 reduced its acid tolerance. Complementation of plasmid-cured strains with appropriate plasmids restored their original phenotypes. Received: 18 December 1996 / Accepted: 28 March 1997     

Behaviour of a sym plasmid from Rhizobium 'hedysari' in different Rhizobium species

Abstract The symbiotic plasmid pRHc1J of Rhizobium 'hedysari' has been transferred to different Rhizobium species. It expression and incompatibility with the recipient resident plasmids as well as the effect of the host plants on the selection of Rhizobium symbiotic information has been studied. When the symbiotic plasmid pRHc1J was transferred to Nod⁺Fix⁺ Rhizobium species, it underwent specific deletions, either spontaneously or after the passage of transconjugants through plants, leading to the loss of some essential nod genes.     

The function of three indigenous plasmids in Mtesorhizobium huakuii 2020 and its symbiotic interaction with Sym pJB5JI of Rhizobium leguminosarum

A Mesorhizobium huakuii strain 2020, isolated from a rice-growing field in southern China, contains three indigenous plasmids named p2020a, p2020b and p2020c, respectively. The plasmids were deleted via Tn5-sacB insertion, and two cured derivatives were obtained. Interestingly, the mutant 2020D29 curing of p2020c could significantly enhance the capacity of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. But the mutant 2020D8 curing of p2020b lost the ability to nodulate Astragalus sinicus. Furthermore, the third plasmid p2020a could be hardly eliminated, suggesting that some house-keeping genes necessary for strain growth located on this plasmid. Then the Sym plasmid pJB5JI of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae was transferred into 2020 and its cured derivatives. The pot plant test showed that the ability of competition and symbiotic nitrogen fixation of transconjugant 2020-137 (pJB5JI) was increased evidently in con-trast to 2020. pJB5JI could not restore the ability of 2020D8 to nodulate Astragalus sinicus. 2020D8-8 (pJB5JI) could form ineffective nodules on peas, which implied that the symbiotic plasmid pJB5JI could express its function at the chromosomal background of Mesorhizobium huakuii 2020. The plas-mid stability was checked in transconjugants under free-living and during symbiosis. The results indi-cated that pJB5JI failed to be detected in some nodule isolates. That Km resistance gene could be am-plified from all transconjugants and nodule isolates suggested that pJB5JI was fully or partially inte-grated into the chromosome of recipients.     

Curing of symbiotic plasmid of Mesorhizobium huakuii subsp. rengei isolated from Astragalus sinicus

Astragalus sinicus (Chinese Milk vetch), a green manure leguminous plant, harbors Mesorhizobium huakuii subsp. rengei strain B3 in the root nodules. The visualization of symbiotic plasmid of strain B3 showed the presence of one sym plasmid of about 425 kbp. Curing of sym plasmid by temperature and acrydine orange was studied. Growing rhizobial cells at high temperature (37 degrees C) or treating the cells with acrydine orange at 50 mg/l eliminated sym plasmid of M. huakuii strain B3, which was confirmed by sym plasmid visualization and plant infection test of cured strains.     

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Corynebacterium glutamicum is dispensable for growth and lysine production

Abstract The symbiotic plasmid pRHc1J and the helper plasmid pJB3JI were transferred from Rhizobium "hedysari" strain RJ77 to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GMI9023. Transconjugants harboured recombinant plasmids (R-prime plasmids) consisting of pJB3JI carrying DNA fragments, of different sizes, surrounding the Tn 5 mob insert in pRHc1J. Two of these R-prime plasmids (pR1 and pR2) carried nod genes and were able to restore the Nod⁺ phenotype of pSym⁻ derivatives of R. "hedysari" . The R. "hedysari" nod genes harboured by both R-primes were expressed in R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii wild-type but not in a pSym⁻ derivative.     

Different plasmids of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli are required for optimal symbiotic performance.

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli CFN42 contains six plasmids (pa to pf), and pd has been shown to be the symbiotic plasmid. To determine the participation of the other plasmids in cellular functions, we used a positive selection scheme to isolate derivatives cured of each plasmid. These were obtained for all except one (pe), of which only deleted derivatives were recovered. In regard to symbiosis, we found that in addition to pd, pb is also indispensable for nodulation, partly owing to the presence of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. The positive contribution of pb, pc, pe, and pf to the symbiotic capacity of the strain was revealed in competition experiments. The strains that were cured (or deleted for pe) were significantly less competitive than the wild type. Analysis of the growth capacity of the cured strains showed the participation of the plasmids in free-living conditions: the pf- strain was unable to grow on minimal medium, while strains cured of any other plasmid had significantly reduced growth capacity in this medium. Even on rich medium, strains lacking pb or pc or deleted for pe had a diminished growth rate compared with the wild type. Complementation of the cured strains with the corresponding wild-type plasmid restored their original phenotypes, thus confirming that the effects seen were due only to loss of plasmids. The results indicate global participation of the Rhizobium genome in symbiotic and free-living functions.     

Two plasmids other than the nodulation plasmid are necessary for formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules by Rhizobium leguminosarum

A system which allows direct selection for curing of plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria was used to generate derivatives of Rhizobium leguminosarum VF39 cured of each of six plasmids present in this strain. Phenotypes could be correlated with the absence of five of the six plasmids. The smallest plasmid, pRleVF39a, carries genes for the production of a melanin-like pigment as has been previously reported. Plasmid pRleVF39d carries nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes. Curing of the plasmids pRleVF39c and pRleVF39e gave rise to strains which formed Fix- nodules on peas, lentils, and faba beans. The nodules formed by the strains cured of pRleVF39c contained few, if any, bacteria. Analysis of washed cells by SDS-PAGE showed that this strain is defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production; the defect could be complemented by introducing plasmids from several other R. leguminosarum strains, and by the R. leguminosarum biovar phaseoli LPS gene clones pCos126 and pDel27. The nodules formed by the strain cured of pRleVF39e had a reduced symbiotic zone, an enlarged senescence zone, and an abundance of starch granules. This strain grew at a much slower rate than the wild type, was unable to grow on minimal medium, and no longer produced melanin. These defects could be complemented by at least one other Rhizobium plasmid, pRle336e, a plasmid of strain 336 which is distinct from the nodulation plasmid (pRle336c) and the plasmid (pRle336d) which could complement the LPS defect associated with the loss of pRleVF39c. This demonstrates that genes necessary for symbiosis can be carried on at least three different plasmids in R. leguminosarum.     

Evidence for plasmid- and chromosome-borne multiple nif genes in Rhizobium fredii.

Rhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobium isolated from the primitive Chinese soybean cultivar Peking and from the wild soybean Glycine soja. This rhizobium harbors nif genes on 150- to 200-megadalton plasmids. By passage on acridine orange plates, we obtained a mutant of R. fredii USDA 206 cured of the 197-megadalton plasmid (USDA 206C) which carries both nif and nod genes. This strain, however, has retained its symbiotic effectiveness. Probing EcoRI digests of wild-type and cured plasmid DNA with a 2.2-kilobase nif DH fragment from Rhizobium meliloti has shown four homologous fragments in the wild-type strain (4.2, 4.9, 10, and 11 kilobases) and two fragments in the cured strain (4.2 and 10 kilobases). EcoRI digests of total DNA show four major bands of homology (4.2, 4.9, 5.8, and 13 kilobases) in both the wild-type and cured strains. The presence of major bands of homology in the total DNA not present in the plasmid DNA indicated chromosomal nif genes. Probing of HindIII digests of total and plasmid DNA led to the same conclusion. Hybridization to the smaller plasmids of USDA 206 and USDA 206C showed the presence of nif genes on at least one of these plasmids, explaining the nif homology in the USDA 206C plasmid digests.