川西风毛菊(Saussurea dzeurensis)花展示的变异:检验花及花序水平大小-数量的权衡

植物花展示对传粉昆虫吸引和植物繁殖成功至关重要。理论研究指出,花展示的组成部分(如花的大小和数量)之间由于资源的限制而存在权衡关系,从而制约花展示的进化,但相关实验研究并不经常能检测到花的大小-数量之间的权衡关系。本文以广泛分布于青藏高原的川西风毛菊(Saussurea dzeurensis)为对象,研究不同海拔种群间花展示(花序水平和花水平)的变异,检验花大小-数量的权衡关系。结果表明:每株的头状花序数、单个头状花序重、单花的数量/头状花序与地上生物量呈显著的正相关,说明花展示大小(包括花序水平和花水平)依赖于个体的资源状况;高海拔种群个体更小,平均花序数更少,但单个头状花序的重量、单花的数量及重量/头状花序与低海拔种群相比没有显著差异;在花序水平上头状花序的大小和数量间并没有权衡关系,但在花序内的花水平上,高海拔种群花的大小和数量呈显著负相关,表现出权衡关系,而在低海拔种群并没有权衡关系;当控制川西风毛菊个体大小的影响后,花序水平大小-数量及花大小-数量间的相关均没有发生改变,说明资源获取能力的差异,即个体大小的差别并没有影响川西风毛菊花序水平或花水平大小-数量间的权衡关系;植物花大小-数量的权衡关系可能较为复杂,今后的研究需要同时考虑多个组织水平,如种群、个体、花序水平的花大小与数量的关系,有助于全面揭示植物花的资源分配的模式及花展示大小的进化机制。     

川西风毛菊花期资源分配随海拔的变化

以分布于青藏高原东缘的川西风毛菊(Saussurea dzeure)为试验材料, 研究了其位于不同海拔高度的16个种群的花期资源分配。结果显示: 1)花期植物个体大小、头状花序数量、繁殖器官及营养器官生物量、花瓣质量、雌蕊及雄蕊群质量均与海拔呈负相关关系, 每个头状花序质量与海拔呈正相关关系; 2)繁殖分配和雄性分配与海拔呈正相关关系, 营养分配和雌性分配与海拔呈负相关关系; 3)花期头状花序的数量和大小、繁殖分配和营养分配以及雄性分配和雌性分配之间均存在资源分配上的权衡。由此推论: 1)海拔作为外界因子对川西风毛菊花期各生物量及资源分配有显著的影响; 2)在资源有限的情况下, 川西风毛菊权衡对各结构的资源投入, 通过增加繁殖分配和雄性分配来适应胁迫环境, 提高繁殖的成功率。     

川西风毛菊果期资源分配对海拔的响应

以分布于青藏高原东缘的川西风毛菊为试验材料,研究了其不同海拔高度16个居群的果期资源分配。结果显示:1)随着海拔的升高,个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、根系质量、茎叶质量以及每株植物种子总数量均不断减小,但种子百粒重不断增加;2)繁殖分配和根系分配与海拔呈正相关关系,营养分配和茎叶分配与海拔呈负相关关系;3)果期繁殖分配和营养分配、根系分配和茎叶分配以及种子数量与百粒重之间均存在资源分配上的权衡。研究结论:1)海拔作为外界因子对川西风毛菊果期各生物量及资源分配有显著的影响;2)随着海拔的升高,川西风毛菊通过增加繁殖分配,根系分配以及种子百粒重来适应胁迫环境,提高自身的适合度。     

青藏高原东缘常见种长毛风毛菊(Saussurea hieracioides)的繁殖分配

对分布在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸常见种长毛风毛菊的6个海拔梯度(3200～3850m)18个居群的繁殖分配进行了研究,结果表明:长毛风毛菊随海拔的升高个体和营养器官减小,繁殖的投入增加;随着海拔的升高,长毛风毛菊的个体管状小花数目和种子数目减少,管状小花重量和百粒重增大;个体管状小花的数目及重量和个体种子的数目及重量间存在权衡关系;长毛风毛菊的个体大小和繁殖分配存在负相关关系。在资源受限的环境下,长毛风毛菊以减少管状小花数目和种子的数目来增加管状小花重量和百粒重,是保证有性繁殖成功的策略之一。     

青藏高原东缘星状风毛菊生殖分配对海拔的响应

通过采样调查法和烘干称量法, 检测了青藏高原东缘不同海拔20个居群星状风毛菊(Saussurea stella)的花部特征, 研究其花部特征对海拔及个体大小的响应。结果表明: 1)繁殖分配是依赖个体大小的, 个体越大, 繁殖分配越小; 2)花期繁殖器官和营养器官的生物量、头状花序的数量及大小、雌雄功能以及雄性内部花丝与花粉之间均存在资源分配上的权衡; 3)星状风毛菊通过花部特征的变异响应海拔的变化。研究发现, 星状风毛菊通过花部特征的变异, 特别是花柱和花丝的伸长及投入更多资源于吸引结构花瓣, 以此来补偿该种在高海拔地区因传粉者减少、活动频率降低和花粉数减少等因素对传粉带来的影响, 使其能够在高海拔的胁迫环境下有效地传粉, 完成有性繁殖。     

放牧方式影响高寒草地矮生嵩草种子大小与数量的关系

种子大小和种子数量变异是植物适合度研究的核心问题, 探究不同大型草食动物对嵩草(Kobresia spp.)草地优势种种子大小与数量的影响, 有助于了解其繁殖策略和种群更新机制。该研究依托青藏高原高寒草地-家畜系统适应性管理技术平台, 对不放牧(对照)、牦牛单牧、藏羊单牧、牦牛藏羊1:2混牧、牦牛藏羊1:4混牧、牦牛藏羊1:6混牧6个放牧处理下矮生嵩草(K. humilis)的种子大小和数量特征, 种子大小和数量与生殖性状的关系, 种子大小和数量的权衡关系进行研究。结果显示: 1)放牧处理增加矮生嵩草种子大小15%以上, 增加种子数量30%以上; 除了牦牛藏羊1:2混牧处理, 其他放牧处理与对照相比种子大小变异系数降低15%以上, 种子数量变异系数降低25%以上。2) Pearson相关分析结果显示, 放牧处理下矮生嵩草种子数量、种子大小与生殖相关性状均呈正相关关系。3)放牧处理增加了矮生嵩草种子大小与数量的权衡, 单条生殖枝质量是影响种子大小与数量权衡的重要性状。研究表明, 即使是中度放牧, 家畜依旧是矮生嵩草资源获取的限制性因子; 长期的放牧改变了矮生嵩草性状间的潜在联系和权衡关系, 稳定了种子大小和种子数量特征, 并通过提高种子大小和种子数量的方式优化繁殖策略, 提高了子代的竞争力和适合度。     

青藏高原东缘不同海拔波缘风毛菊资源分配及花部特征对种子数目和质量的影响

通过采样调查法和烘干称量法检测了青藏高原东缘不同海拔种群波缘风毛菊(Saussurea undulata)花期与果期的形态特征, 研究了其花期与果期的资源分配, 并对花期花部特征对果期种子特征的影响作出分析。结果表明: 1)波缘风毛菊在花期将更多的资源投入繁殖器官, 而在果期增加了对种子的资源投资; 2)波缘风毛菊花期部分花部特征的变异导致其果期产生的种子随海拔升高数量减少、百粒重增加, 因为波缘风毛菊需要在高寒草甸的极端环境下保证每粒种子的存活能力, 因此采取了产生更少但更大种子的生存策略。     

海拔对滇重楼种子大小和数量的影响

种子大小和数量关系是植物繁殖对策研究的重要问题之一。为了解不同海拔下滇重楼(Pairs polyphylla var.yunnanensis)种子数量和大小的差异及其关系,以云南省普洱地区滇重楼为研究对象,对该地区景东(海拔1984 m)和镇沅(海拔1025 m)2个不同海拔点滇重楼种子数量与大小进行比较研究。结果表明:不同海拔下滇重楼果实内种子总数差异不显著(P0.05),但景东县滇重楼果实内饱满种子数量显著高于镇沅县(P0.05),败育种子数显著低于镇沅县(P0.01),种子百粒重以镇沅县高于景东县(P0.05);不同海拔下滇重楼种子败育与种子数量和大小的关系不一致,低海拔试验点种子败育率与种子数量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而高海拔试验点种子败育率则与种子大小呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);不同海拔下滇重楼果实内种子数量与大小呈显著或极显著负相关,即滇重楼果实内种子数量与大小在不同海拔下均存在权衡关系,但海拔1025 m试验点的回归斜率显著低于海拔1984 m试验点(P0.05),表明滇重楼种子数量和大小之间的权衡关系对海拔的响应具有敏感性。     

青藏高原东缘禾叶风毛菊的繁殖分配与海拔的相关性

通过采样调查法和烘干称重法,对分布在青藏高原东缘不同海拔高度的禾叶风毛菊的繁殖分配的特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）随着海拔的升高,禾叶风毛菊的个体大小、营养器官生物量、繁殖器官生物量、个体管状小花数目、雄蕊质量均与海拔呈负相关关系（P<0.01）;繁殖分配、管状小花生物量、雌蕊质量均与海拔呈正相关关系（P<0.01）;（2）繁殖分配是依赖个体大小的,个体越大,繁殖分配越小（P<0.01）;（3）禾叶风毛菊个体管状小花的数目及重量（P<0.05）、雌雄蕊重量（P<0.05）之间存在权衡关系。由此推论：（1）海拔作为外界因子对禾叶风毛菊花期各生物量及繁殖分配有显著的影响,但海拔并不是影响禾叶风毛菊繁殖分配唯一生态因子,植株个体大小也与其繁殖分配策略密切相关;（2）禾叶风毛菊的垂直分布的特征很有可能就是海拔通过影响植株个体大小变化来完成的。     

青藏高原3种风毛菊属植物的繁殖分配与海拔高度的相关性

对产于青藏高原东缘的风毛菊属植物柳叶菜风毛菊(Saussurea epilobioides)、尖苞风毛菊(S. subulisquama)和钝苞雪莲(S. nigrescens)的30个居群的繁殖分配及其与海拔间的相关性进行了初步研究。通过采样调查法和烘干重量法, 检测了不同海拔3种风毛菊属植物的繁殖分配。结果显示: 1)海拔与植株个体大小呈负相关关系; 2)海拔与繁殖分配呈正相关关系, 将个体大小作为协变量, 去除其影响, 海拔与繁殖分配仍呈正相关关系; 3)个体大小与繁殖分配呈负相关关系, 将海拔作为协变量, 去除其影响, 个体大小和繁殖分配的相关性消失。研究表明, 海拔作为外界因子对繁殖分配有显著的影响, 这种影响不依赖于植物的内部因素(如个体大小的差异)。     

黄帚橐吾花序结构的资源配置与环境的关系

 为了系统地了解黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea) 自然种群的繁殖对策,在其繁殖分配研究的基础上,通过统计不同部位头状花序的生物量投入,进一步分析了存在于总状花序内资源分配上的结构效应及其对不同生境条件的反应。结果表明：1）总状花序、不同部位头状花序在资源投入上受其栖息生境各种生态因子的影响而在不同生境和平均种群密度间存在着差异,并表现出一定的趋势;2）可代表个体水平的总状花序大小、头状花序大小、头状花序数量和头状花序平均重量等特征,都与种群密度呈现出程度不同的负相关关系,而总状花序内不同部位的头状花序大小则与种群密度变化无关;3）总状花序内的资源分配存在着位置依赖性,这种显著差异表现为顶部头状花序比基部和中部头状花序有较大的资源分配;4）总状花序顶部、中部和基部头状花序的资源分配与总状花序大小表现出极显著或显著的负相关关系。     

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被中油蒿的生长及生物量分配动态

植物的资源分配模式反映了对环境的生态适应对策。2007年整个生长季, 采用生物量法对腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被区半灌木油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)地上部分各器官的生长及资源分配格局动态进行了研究。结果表明: 不同时期各器官的生长速率不同, 光合产物在各器官中的分配也不是等量的, 而是按一定的顺序在不同时期有不同的分配中心; 2007年油蒿的营养生长、繁殖输出、生殖枝大小都显著大于年降水量不足其一半的年份, 而繁殖分配和头状花序大小没有差异; 营养器官生物量大的油蒿总的繁殖输出也大, 但生殖期内营养生长和生殖生长既不同时也不等速, 表明资源分配的权衡(Trade-off)是存在的; 固沙植被建立以后, 随着时间延长, 油蒿的当年总生物量、繁殖输出、繁殖器官生物量分配有减小的趋势, 但不显著。     

Evolutionary ecology of egg size and number in a seed beetle: genetic trade-off differs between environments

Abstract In many organisms, large offspring have improved fitness over small offspring, and thus their size is under strong selection. However, due to a trade-off between offspring size and number, females producing larger offspring necessarily must produce fewer unless the total amount of reproductive effort is unlimited. Because differential gene expression among environments may affect genetic covariances among traits, it is important to consider environmental effects on the genetic relationships among traits. We compared the genetic relationships among egg size, lifetime fecundity, and female adult body mass (a trait linked to reproductive effort) in the seed beetle, Stator limbatus , between two environments (host-plant species Acacia greggii and Cercidium floridum ). Genetic correlations among these traits were estimated through half-sib analysis, followed with artificial selection on egg size to observe the correlated responses of lifetime fecundity and female body mass. We found that the magnitude of the genetic trade-off between egg size and lifetime fecundity differed between environments–a strong trade-off was estimated when females laid eggs on C. floridum seeds, yet this trade-off was weak when females laid eggs on A. greggii seeds. Also differing between environments was the genetic correlation between egg size and female body mass–these traits were positively genetically correlated for egg size on A. greggii seeds, yet uncorrelated on C. floridum seeds. On A. greggii seeds, the evolution of egg size and traits linked to reproductive effort (such as female body mass) are not independent from each other as commonly assumed in life-history theory.     

EFFECTS OF PARENTAL IDENTITIES AND ENVIRONMENT ON COMPONENTS OF CROSSING SUCCESS IN PHLOX DRUMMONDII

A controlled pollination study, involving a diallel crossing scheme among 15 Phlox drummondii individuals grown under either control, low water or low nutrient conditions, was performed. The results of this research demonstrate that, although plant size and flower number are responsive to the treatments, pollen germination percentage, the survival probability of developing seeds and the weight of mature seeds are buffered against water and nutrient deprivation. However, the identities of male and female parents did have significant effects on pollen germination and seed survival, and female identity had a significant effect on seed weight.     

泽兰实蝇寄生状况及其对紫茎泽兰生长与生殖的影响

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis)作为天敌控制紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)已经在国内外得到广泛的应用,但关于它对紫茎泽兰控制的有效性和防治现状的研究尚不深入。该文通过对攀西地区紫茎泽兰入侵危害严重的路域生态系统中泽兰实蝇寄生状况的抽样调查,初步研究了泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰生长,特别是生殖能力的影响。寄生率的调查采用随机取样法,分别从植株寄生率和枝条寄生率两方面进行,并比较不同生境下及不同年龄植株枝条寄生率的差异;选取相同数量、相同部位的各年龄植株寄生和非寄生枝条(对照),分别调查其花枝量、头状花序数及结实量,进行分析比较。研究结果表明:1)植株寄生率与枝条寄生率有显著差异(p<0.05),分别为71.67%和17.30%,前者显著高于后者;样方调查结果,成熟群落中枝条寄生率为17.48枝·m^-2;1虫瘿·枝条^-1的枝条占所有寄生枝条的92.30%;2)湿润生境下紫茎泽兰的枝条寄生率为20.27%,显著高于干旱生境下的枝条寄生率(9.33%)(p<0.05);3)不同年龄植株枝条寄生率有差异,0~1年生植株枝条寄生率分别为36.36%和21.56%,显著高于2~4年生的植株枝条寄生率,分别为13.50%、8.82%和12.16%(p<0.05);4)在目前的寄生强度下,泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰枝条的直径、花枝量、头状花序数及结实量均无显著影响(p>0.05)。     

EFFECTS OF SOIL NITROGEN ON POLLEN PRODUCTION,POLLEN GRAIN SIZE,AND POLLEN PERFORMANCE IN CUCURBITA PEPO (CUCURBITACEAE)

To determine the effects of soil nitrogen on pollen production, pollen size, and pollen performance, two cultivars of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were grown under two nitrogen regimes in an experimental garden. The two cultivars were true breeding for alternative alleles for a one gene trait, ovary color. The soil nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on most measures of reproductive output through the female function. The nitrogen treatment did not affect the number of staminate flowers per plant but did have an effect on the number of pollen grains per staminate flower and the mean pollen grain size. A pollen mixture experiment revealed that pollen produced by plants in the high nitrogen treatment sired significantly more seeds than pollen from low nitrogen plants. Moreover, we found that the high nitrogen pollen sired even a greater percentage of seeds in the region of the fruit (ovary) previously shown to be fertilized by the fastest growing pollen tubes. Thus, the difference in the number of seeds sired by pollen from the two nitrogen treatments is due to differences in pollen performance. We conclude that spatial heterogeneity in soil nitrogen can influence the paternity of seeds in a plant population.     

Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction in the woodland understorey pseudo-annual Circaea lutetiana L.

On the forest floor of deciduous woodlands, relative light intensity gradually declines during the early growing season. The woodland understorey pseudo-annual Circaea lutetiana L. completes its life-cycle at the end of summer. These pseudo-annuals are clonal plants which survive the winter only as seeds and as hibernacles produced by the rhizome apices. In this paper, we asked several questions related to the life-history of C. lutetiana. It was found that shoot formation in early spring did not exhaust the old hibernacle. A trade-off between rhizome + hibernacle number and weight might be expected when plants grow under resource limitation. It was hypothesised that both number and weight of rhizomes and hibernacles will be affected by light availability. Since the effect of resource supply on the size number trade-off will depend on the developmental pattern of the rhizome system, rhizome development was studied as well. Soon after the shoots emerged, 1st order rhizomes were formed in May on the nodes of the old hibernacle. First-order rhizomes branched in June and 2nd order rhizomes (side-branches) were continuously produced throughout the growing season. The phenology and developmental rate of plants growing in different light treatments were plastic. On average 30% of rhizome biomass was formed during the vegetative phase, and rhizome and fruit production were only partly separated in time. The ratio of total rhizome biomass to total fruit biomass was not affected by light. Also flower bud removal did not lead to an increase in rhizome production, which suggests that division of biomass to both reproductive modes is rather rigid. The number of 1st order rhizomes was not affected by the light treatments. Under light limitation, both rhizome number and weight of single rhizomes were reduced. In contrast, fruit number, but not weight of single fruits, was limited.     

FLORAL BIOLOGY AND REGULATION OF SEED SET AND SEED SIZE IN THE LILY,CLINTONIA BOREALIS

We studied the reproductive ecology of Clintonia borealis, a clonal understory species, in eastern Ontario. Flowers are protogynous and require insect pollination for outcrossing and maximum seed set. Most pollination is done by nectar-gathering bumble bees. We recorded pollen deposition and flowering patterns in 1983. Flowering lasted for about 10 days in mid-June. Stigmatic pollen loads were lowest at the onset of blooming, reflecting the scarcity of male-phase flowers. Pollination increased significantly by peak bloom and subsequently remained high. However, since bees fly mostly between neighboring stems, much of the pollen transferred may have been geitonogamous. In 1983, seed set per flower was not increased by supplementing pollination or by reducing the number of fruits competing for resources per stem. Rather, flowers set more seeds (14%) only if both treatments were performed simultaneously. Seed size was increased by 25% when competitive fruits were removed and by 5% more when pollen was added under the removal treatment. Further work in 1984 showed that pollination effects may be related to changes in pollen source. Selfed flowers set fewer and smaller seeds than outcrossed ones when screened from insects and hand pollinated. Outcrossing distance had little effect on seed set or seed size. Thus, in C. borealis seed number and seed size are limited by a balance between maternal resource availability and the amount of outcrossing provided by pollinators.     

CLUTCH SIZE AND EGG SIZE IN FREE-LIVING AND PARASITIC COPEPODS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The evolution of reproductive strategies and the trade-off between number and size of eggs were investigated in a comparative analysis of free-living and parasitic copepods. Data from 1038 copepod species were used to obtain family averages for 105 families; the phylogenetic relationships among these families include 94 branching events or 94 independent contrasts on which the analysis was based. Transition from a free-living existence to parasitism on invertebrates resulted in small increases in body size. Transition from parasitism on invertebrates to parasitism on fish was associated with greater increases in body size. After controlling for body size, a switch to fish hosts resulted in an increase in the number of eggs produced and a reduction in egg size. Among all contrasts, there was a negative relationship between changes in relative clutch size and changes in relative egg size, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between egg size and numbers. However, opposite changes in these measures of clutch size and egg size were not quite more frequent than expected by chance, therefore indicating that investments into egg numbers are not necessarily made at the expense of egg size, and vice versa. Latitude affected copepod body size, clutch size, and egg size, whereas the effects of freshwater colonization or size of the fish host were not significant. Comparative analyses at either the genus or species levels within given taxa of copepods parasitic on fish provided limited support for a trade-off between clutch size and egg size, but were hampered by the small number of independent phylogenetic contrasts available. From the family-level comparative analysis, it appears that the evolutionary transition from a free life to parasitism on invertebrates, and the transition from parasitism on invertebrates to parasitism on fish, have led to changes in life-history traits in response to the different selective pressures associated with the different modes of life.     

沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响

该文研究了野外条件下不同深度的沙埋对沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响,以及温室条件下种子大小对不同深度沙埋后的种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响沙鞭的种子萌发率、幼苗出土率和种子休眠率。沙子表面的种子不能萌发。2 cm的浅层沙埋时的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率最高,1 cm 沙埋的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率次之。沙埋深度超过2 cm之后,沙鞭的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率与沙埋深度呈负相关。2 cm的种子休眠率最低。从2 ~12 cm,种子休眠率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加。在幼苗能够出土的深度(1~6 cm),幼苗首次出土所需的时间随着沙埋深度的增加而延长。种子大小对沙鞭的种子萌发率没有显著影响。但是在深层沙埋(6 cm)时,与小种子相比,大种子产生的幼苗的出土率较高。从2~6 cm,大种子形成的幼苗的茎长度都较长。