Pre-attachment Striga hermonthica resistance of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars based on low strigolactone production

Striga hermonthica (Striga) is an obligate hemiparasitic weed, causing severe yield losses in cereals, including rice, throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Striga germination depends on strigolactones (germination stimulants) exuded by the host roots. The interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars offer a potentially interesting gene pool for a screen for low germination-inducing rice cultivars. Exudates were collected from all NERICA cultivars and their parents (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) for the analysis of strigolactones. In vitro and in situ Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates were recorded for each cultivar. NERICA 1 and CG14 produced significantly less strigolactones and showed less Striga infection than the other cultivars. NERICAs 7, 8, 11 and 14 produced the largest amounts of strigolactones and showed the most severe Striga infection. Across all the cultivars and parents, there was a positive relationship between the amount of strigolactones in the exudate and Striga germination, attachment and emergence rates. This study shows that there is genetic variation in Striga pre-attachment resistance in NERICA rice. Cultivars combining this pre-attachment resistance with post-attachment resistance (already identified) can provide a key component for durable integrated management of this noxious weed in cereal production systems in sub-Saharan Africa.     

A study on the susceptibility of rice cultivars to Striga hermonthica and mapping of Striga tolerance quantitative trait loci in rice

Striga is a parasitic weed attacking mainly maize, sorghum, millet and cowpea. Studying the interaction between rice and Striga is valuable since rice is a model monocot. In this paper, the susceptibility of different rice cultivars to S. hermonthica was tested and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Striga tolerance mapped on the Bala x Azucena F(6) population. Seven rice cultivars were grown with and without S. hermonthica for 14 wk. For the mapping experiment, 115 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), along with Azucena and Bala, were grown with and without Striga for 11 wk. Rice cultivars tested had different susceptibilities to Striga, ranging from highly susceptible to completely resistant. Azucena and Bala differed in the speed of Striga emergence and the impact on host growth. A genomic region between positions 139 and 166 cM on chromosome 1 was identified containing strong QTL (LOD = 4.9-15.7) for all traits measured. This indicates that genes for Striga tolerance exist in rice germplasm and the mapped QTL can be further studied to promote understanding of the nature of resistance/tolerance and breeding for Striga-resistant crop plants.     

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars exhibit different levels of post-attachment resistance against the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica

Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica are root parasitic weeds that infect the major cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa causing severe losses in yield. The interspecific upland NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are popular amongst subsistence farmers, but little is known about their post-attachment resistance against Striga. Here, we evaluate the post-attachment resistance levels of the NERICA cultivars and their parents against ecotypes of S. hermonthica and S.asiatica, characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms and determine the effect of Striga on host biomass. Some NERICA cultivars showed good broad-spectrum resistance against several Striga ecotypes, whereas others showed intermediate resistance or were very susceptible. The phenotype of a resistant interaction was often characterized by an inability of the parasite to penetrate the endodermis. Moreover, some parasites formed only a few connections to the host xylem, grew slowly and remained small. The most resistant NERICA cultivars were least damaged by Striga, although even a small number of parasites caused a reduction in above-ground host biomass. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms and tolerance would allow the development of cultivars with multiple, durable resistance for use in farmers' fields.     

长期施肥条件下黄土高原黑垆土作物产量与土壤碳氮的关系

通过设置在黄土高原黑垆土区的长期定位试验系统,研究了长期施肥条件下作物产量与土壤碳氮的互馈关系.试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆与氮磷配施(SNP)、施有机肥(M)和有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)6个处理.结果表明: 与对照相比,长期平衡施用化肥、单施有机肥、化肥与有机肥配合施用和秸秆还田配施化肥显著增加了作物产量及其稳定性, NP、SNP、M、MNP处理玉米和小麦产量分别增加92%、97%、93%、141%和147%、164%、139%、214%.NP处理玉米和小麦年均产量与当地常规施肥作物产量相当且稳定,小麦-玉米轮作体系施肥量为N 90 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2能够满足作物需要.秸秆还田与隔年施磷相配合的SNP处理与NP处理作物产量相似,且可减少磷肥施用量50%.平衡施用化肥、有机肥、化肥与有机肥配施和秸秆还田配施化肥均可显著增加土壤有机碳含量,而施用化肥对土壤全氮含量影响不明显,综合所有处理,土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关.不同处理土壤有机碳固存率在15%～41%.SNP处理土壤有机碳累积投入量增加1 t·hm^-2,土壤有机碳含量增加0.06 g·kg^-1,而CK、N、NP、M和MNP处理的增幅在0.12～0.15 g·kg^-1.玉米和小麦产量都与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关,玉米产量随土壤有机碳含量的增加而增加,但小麦产量随土壤有机碳含量的增加先快速增加后趋于平稳,拐点出现在6.8 g·kg^-1.长期平衡施用化肥、有机肥、有机肥与化肥配合施用及秸秆还田配施化肥可显著增加黄土高原黑垆土土壤有机碳和全氮含量、作物产量和根茬还田量,根茬还田量的增加又进一步增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,形成了相互促进的互馈关系.     

烟杆还田对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响及其替代钾肥的效果

选择不同供钾能力的烟-稻轮作区稻田,研究了烟杆还田对水稻产量、钾素吸收利用的影响及其替代钾肥的效果.结果表明: 烟杆还田(2250 kg·hm^-2)和施钾肥(K₂O 75 kg·hm^-2)均能增加水稻产量和地上部钾素的累积量,其中烟杆还田配施钾肥的增幅最大,低钾(土壤速效钾含量＜100 mg·kg^-1)、中钾(土壤速效钾含量100～150 mg·kg^-1)和高钾(土壤速效钾含量＞150 mg·kg^-1)土壤的水稻分别增产13.3%、17.1%和13.5%.烟杆还田(St+NP)可以提高钾素吸收利用率和农学效率.但在水稻当前推荐施肥量(75 kg·hm^-2)条件下,烟杆还田配施钾肥(St+NPK)对钾肥(素)吸收利用率和农学效率无显著影响,说明当前推荐施钾量可能偏高.通过对烟杆还田替代钾肥的计算,发现还田烟杆可以替代10%～22%的化肥钾(K₂O),烟后晚稻在烟杆还田时钾肥施用可以减少7.2～16.5 kg·hm^-2.因此,在烟杆还田条件下,高钾田块可减少化学钾肥的施用,而中钾和低钾田块为稳定水稻产量和维持土壤钾素平衡,则应保证目前推荐钾肥量的投入.     

Striga infestation of cereal crops - an unsolved problem in resource limited agriculture

The parasitic weed Striga causes devastating losses in cereal yields in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite lifecycle is intimately linked with its host via a complex interchange of signals. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions and of host resistance to Striga is essential for the identification of genes for improving crop yield via biotechnological or marker assisted breeding strategies. Cloning and sequencing of ESTs from the 'model' parasite Triphysaria versicolor is facilitating the identification of parasitism genes. The identification of resistance to Striga in sorghum and rice germplasm is allowing molecular dissection of these traits using genomic platforms and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. QTL underlying different resistance phenotypes have been identified and the use of advanced backcross populations is allowing the exploitation of sources of resistance in wild relatives of cereals.     

不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析

旱地小麦高产栽培中品种起着重要作用,研究不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异,对黄土高原旱区作物高产稳产有重要意义。以9个旱地冬小麦品种为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率、叶面积、SPAD值以及光合速率的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均存在明显差异。与不施肥相比,高、中、低3个产量水平小麦品种在低养分投入时,成熟期生物量分别提高29%,22%和6%,高水平时分别提高46%,39%和23%,高产品种的生物量及其对养分投入的敏感程度明显高于低产品种。不同品种的花后干物质累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加,但花前营养器官中储存物质的转移量、转移率和对籽粒的贡献率却明显随之下降。功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期高、中、低3个产量水平品种的SPAD值在低养分投入条件下分别为20.7、17.5和13.7;高养分投入时,分别为35、26.1和16.8。高产品种西农88的光合速率为6.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),中产和低产品种的平均光合速率分别为4.3μmolCO.2m-.2s-1和4.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1,高产品种功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期能保持较高的SPAD值和光合速率,因而花后能生产较多的干物质,但其花前干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均没有明显优势。可见,花后较高的叶绿素水平、光合速率和干物质累积是旱地小麦品种高产的重要原因。选择优良品种,采取合理的栽培措施,特别是通过养分调控保持花后具较高的干物质累积量是西北旱地进一步提高冬小麦产量的重要途径。     

Effect of N fertilizer rate and soil pH on N efficiency in corn

Nitrogen (N) efficiency components and N accumulation parameters were determined for seven commercially available corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown on a Cecil sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) in the Southeasten U.S. The hybrids were grown in field plots at three soil pH levels (4.8, 5.5, and 6.6) and four N fertilizer rates (0.4, 1.8, 3.2, and 6.0, g plant⁻¹). Nitrogen uilitzation efficiency (grain yield/total N uptake) was significantly different among hybrids in both 1983 and 1984. Differences in N use efficiency (grain yield/N supply) and N uptake efficiency (total N uptake/N supply) ranged from 100.4 to 114.6 and from 1.62 to 1.90, respectively, in 1984. Nitrogen fertilizer rate significantly affected all measured N accumulation and efficiency parameters except N uptake after silking in 1983. The results indicate that improving N uptake or soil N availability might increase grain yields for hybrids with higher N utilization efficiency.     

稻麦轮作体系下有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质影响的整合分析

为明确稻麦轮作系统有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质的影响,本研究搜集已公开发表的文献数据,利用meta分析法定量分析了有机肥类型(普通有机肥、生物质炭、秸秆)、施用策略(单施有机肥、有机肥配施部分化肥、有机肥配施全量化肥)、施用年限(短期、中期、长期)对稻麦产量和土壤性质的影响及其对不同土壤条件(酸性、中性、碱性)的响应。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用对水稻和小麦的增产效应相近,分别为3.1%和3.0%。有机肥施用对土壤性质的提升效果更明显,显著降低了土壤容重(5.7%),显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以及微生物生物量碳、氮,增幅在11.7%～38.4%。不同类型有机肥中,生物质炭和普通有机肥对土壤性质的改良效果优于秸秆;与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施化肥的作物增产效果更好,而土壤性质改良效果较差;随着有机肥施用年限增加,作物增产和土壤肥力提升效应逐渐增强;在酸性土壤条件下有机肥施用对作物的增产效果最显著。土壤容重与稻麦周年产量呈显著负相关,而土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和微生物生物量氮与稻麦周年产量呈显著正相关关系。     

Differential response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to low boron supply

Three experiments were carried out on an alluvial sandy loam (Udifluvent) at Tonglu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China from 1992 to 1995, to determine the genotypic range in boron (B) efficiency of 16 oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, to identify the B-efficient cultivars and to identify specific responses which can be utilised for selection in a breeding program. The 16 cultivars which included high-quality and conventional types differed significantly in survival, plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight and seed yield; however, the ranking of the cultivars for their seed yield or other plant traits differed with B treatment. With severe B deficiency (CaCl2 extractable B < 0.26 mg/kg) and no boron applied, none of the cultivars exhibited significant B efficiency, with seed yield <300 kg/ha. With moderate B deficiency (CaCl2 extractable B 0.34 mg/kg or 0.17 kg B/ha applied), seed yield varied significantly among the cultivars from 397 to 1889 kg/ha in year 1 and from 616 to 1260 kg/ha in year 3. Zhongyou 821 and 92-13 were the most B-efficient and Wanyou 324, Huashuang 2 and Su 2051 were the most B-inefficient cultivars under moderate B deficiency. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in leaf B concentration; however, there was no close relationship between leaf B concentration and seed yield responses to B of oilseed cultivars. Of all the growth parameters measured, leaf area was the early indicator best correlated with subsequent seed yield and may be useful for evaluating the response of cultivars to low B supply. Contrary to current opinion, it was also found that high-quality oilseed rape cultivars were not all sensitive to low B supply nor were all conventional cultivars B-efficient.     

秸秆还田和施肥对砂姜黑土理化性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响

通过安徽省蒙城县砂姜黑土上连续4a的冬小麦-夏玉米连作长期定位试验,研究了秸秆还田配合施用不同量氮肥对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田可降低土壤容重2.5%—9.2%,提高含水量8.2%—28.5%和表层土壤贮水量4.1%—19.9%;增加土壤总孔隙度1.1%—8.9%、毛管孔隙度18.9%—41.0%,非毛管孔隙度降低6.4%—38.8%,土壤毛管孔隙度占土壤总孔隙度的比例增加。秸秆还田所有处理耕层的土壤硝态氮含量高于秸秆移除处理,施氮540、630、720 kg N hm-2a-1时,秸秆还田处理的硝态氮含量显著高于秸秆移除,而铵态氮含量无明显变化规律。无论秸秆还田还是秸秆移除,耕层土壤的硝态氮含量随氮肥用量的增加呈指数趋势增加,硝态氮含量与施氮量的相关性秸秆移除处理高于秸秆还田处理;秸秆还田处理的铵态氮含量随施氮量增加成指数趋势增加,而秸秆移除处理呈指数趋势减小,相关性均不显著。秸秆还田条件下,小麦和玉米获得高产的年氮肥用量分别为630、696 kg N hm-2a-1,秸秆移除为579、627 kg N hm-2a-1。经作用力分析,秸秆还田是影响土壤物理性质的最重要因素,作物产量受秸秆还田和施氮量的影响,但氮肥水平大于秸秆还田。     

Effect of straw incorporation on the yield and nitrogen balance in the sandy soil-pearl millet cropping system of Senegal

Summary In a lysimetric experiment conducted in a sandy soil of Senegal, nitrogen fertilization (¹⁵N) and straw incorporation, were combined factorially, the soil being left bare or cropped with millet. On the one hand, yields were estimated, and on the other hand nitrogen absorption, immobilization, and losses were estimated in the soil-plant system. The depressive effect of straw incorporation on grain yield (32% on the average) was attributed mainly to the immobilization of fertilizer nitrogen in the rhizosphere. The depressive effect of such immobilization was alleviated by additional applications of nitrogen. Increasing the quantity of straw incorporated beyond the average amount resulted in a decrease of straw yield but had no effect on grain yield. Straw incorporation was thought to impede the plant growth during early stages but to promote it afterwards. Moreover, when the yield expressed in a fertilizer nitrogen unit basis was the highest, more than half of the plant nitrogen was nevertheless provided by the soil. The authors infer from this fact that soil organic matter was important in the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer on pearl millet. The reduction of fertilizer nitrogen absorption following straw incorporation and not compensated by additional nitrogen fertilizer storage in the soil appeared to be related (cause or effect) to the increase of total fertilizer losses. Atmospheric losses significantly contributed to total losses (on the average 45%) of the fertilizer nitrogen applied to a planted soil. These losses can be mainly attributed to denitrification.     

Influence of Maize Rotations on the Yield of Soybean Grown in Meloidogyne incognita Infested Soil

A replicated field study was conducted from 1972 to 1980 involving soybeans grown in 2-, 3-, and 4-year rotations with maize in soil infested with Meloidogyne incognita. Monocultured soybeans were maintained as controls. Cropping regimes involved root-knot nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars and soybeans treated and not treated with nematicides. Yields of susceptible cultivars declined with reduced length of rotation. Nematicide treatment significantly increased yields of susceptible cultivars when monocultured, but bad little influence on yield when susceptible cultivars were grown in rotation. Yields of monocultured resistant cultivars were significantly lower than yields of resistant cultivars grown in rotation. However, yields of resistant cultivars grown in rotation were not influenced by the length of the rotation. Nematicide treatment significantly increased yields of monocultured resistant cultivars over the latter years of the study.     

等量蚕豆鲜秆还田配施不同比例化肥对单季晚稻的影响

2012年4-11月在浙江省丽水市碧湖镇下季村进行田间试验,研究等量蚕豆鲜秆还田配施不同比例常规用量化肥对单季晚稻养分吸收、养分利用率和产量的影响.试验设置不翻压蚕豆鲜秆和不施化肥(CK)、常规用量化肥(CF)及翻压15 t·hm^-2(GM₁₅)蚕豆鲜秆配施0、20%、40%、60%和80% CF共7个处理.结果表明： 在所有的蚕豆鲜秆还田配施化肥处理中,GM₁₅+60%CF和GM₁₅+80%CF处理的水稻N、P、K养分的总吸收量高于其他处理,但GM₁₅+40%CF和GM₁₅+60%CF处理的水稻N、P、K养分的农学利用效率最高.水稻稻谷产量与N、P、K的养分农学利用效率和养分生理利用效率之间均有显著的相关性,因此养分农学利用效率和养分生理利用效率2个指标可以用来准确综合评价N、P、K养分的肥效.与CK相比,CF和蚕豆鲜秆还田配施化肥处理的稻谷产量分别提高25.0%和6.1%～29.2%.在蚕豆 单季晚稻耕作制中,蚕豆鲜秆异地还田量15 t·hm^-2不会使单季晚稻苗期产生僵苗现象.本试验条件下,从提高水稻产量、水稻养分利用率及降低环境风险的角度出发,蚕豆鲜秆异地还田量为15 t·hm^-2时,以配施常规用量化肥60%为宜.
     

The effect of different fertilizer treatments on water quality parameters in rice-cum-fish culture systems

A rice–fish culture experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different fertilizer treatments on water quality parameters, i.e. dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and conductivity, as well as the nutrients nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Data gathered were subjected to analysis of variance. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and potassium concentrations showed significant differences (P<0.5) among the various rice‐cum‐fish management systems, with the highest mean concentration in the fish‐only management system. The insignificant difference (P>0.05) in the oxygen concentration between rice‐only and rice‐cum‐fish management systems was probably due to the narrow spacing of rice cultivars (20 × 20 cm). Under different fertilizer treatments, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and potassium concentrations were not significantly different (P>0.05), indicating that different fertilizer treatments had no effect on their concentrations. Mean temperature, pH, conductivity and phosphorus concentrations in all rice‐cum‐fish management systems and fertilizer treatments did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from each other. This might possibly be due to the hydrogeology and climatic conditions of the area. However, all levels of studied water quality parameters were tolerable to the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in the rice–fish ecosystem. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in rice yield between the rice–fish management system and the rice‐only management system. However, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) under different fertilizer treatments, with nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium (NPK) (20 : 10 : 10) giving the highest production of an estimated 14.36 kg ha^?1 year^?1, indicating that fertilizer treatments had an effect on the rice yield. Fish growth was not significantly different (P>0.05) under different rice–fish management systems, but was significant (P<0.05) under different fertilizer treatments. Chicken manure gave the best growth with 17.7±5.97 g; estimated fish yields were 343 and 602 kg ha^?1 year^?1 in fish monoculture and rice–fish culture respectively. It is recommended that farmers who are more inclined to fish or rice production in integrated rice‐cum‐fish management systems could use chicken manure and NPK (20 : 10 : 10) respectively.     

Striga hermonthica reduces photosynthesis in sorghum: the importance of stomatal limitations and a potential role for ABA?

We report the effects of the root hemiparasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. on the growth and photosynthesis of two cultivars of sorghum: CSH-1, a susceptible variety, and Ochuti, which shows some tolerance to S. hermonthica in the field. Within 4 d of parasite attachment to the host roots, infected plants of both cultivars were significantly shorter than uninfected controls. At 55 d, infected plants of both cultivars had significantly less shoot and root biomass, and significantly smaller leaf areas than uninfected controls. The dry weight of S. hermonthica attached to host roots was insufficient at this stage to explain the decreased growth in terms of a competing sink for carbon and nitrogen. Leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen per unit area were greater in infected plants of both cultivars compared with control plants. However, whereas photosynthesis and transpiration in young leaves of infected CSH-1 plants declined with time when compared with controls, the rates in infected Ochuti plants were similar to those in uninfected controls throughout the time course of observation. In both cultivars, a strong correlation was observed between the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance during photosynthetic induction, but infection resulted in a much slower induction than in controls. In CSH-1 plants, both steady-state photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were lower than in controls, whereas in leaves of Ochuti steady-state photosynthesis and stomatal conductance eventually reached the same values as in the control leaves. Results from AlC_i analysis and also from determination of ¹³C isotope discrimination were consistent with a stomatal limitation to photosynthesis in the leaves of Striga-infected plants. The concentration of the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) was measured in the xylem sap of infected CSH-1 plants only, and was found to be twice that of uninfected plants. A possible role of ABA in determining host response to infection by S. hermonthica is discussed.     

滴灌条件下秸秆还田配施氮肥对宁夏扬黄灌区春玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响

围绕宁夏扬黄灌区土壤质地黏重、养分匮乏等导致作物产量低的问题,于2017、2018年在秸秆全量粉碎还田(12000 kg·hm^-2)的同时配施4个氮肥施用水平(0、150、300、450 kg N·hm^-2),以秸秆不还田常规施氮(225 kg N·hm^-2)为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥对滴灌玉米田土壤理化性状和产量的影响.结果表明: 与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥300和450 kg·hm^-2处理0~20 cm土层平均土壤容重分别降低3.3%和5.4%,土壤孔隙度分别增加3.7%和7.1%;秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤养分和玉米产量的提升效果显著,其中以秸秆还田配施氮肥300和450 kg·hm^-2表现最佳;秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著增加土壤贮水量和产量,秸秆还田配施氮肥300 kg·hm^-2处理在2017和2018年土壤贮水量最高可分别增加13.6%和22.1%,产量分别增加31.1%和46.0%.分析产量构成因素发现,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理主要是通过增加穗粒数和百粒重而达到高产.对玉米产量-配施纯氮量关系进行曲线拟合发现,该地区秸秆全量还田配施氮肥的最佳用量为260 kg·hm^-2.研究结果可为该地区土壤培肥和滴灌玉米生产提供重要依据.     

Variation for host range within and among populations of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica

Striga hermonthica is an angiosperm parasite that causes substantial damage to a wide variety of cereal crop species, and to the livelihoods of subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The broad host range of this parasite makes it a fascinating model for the study of host-parasite interactions, and suggests that effective long-term control strategies for the parasite will require an understanding of the potential for host range adaptation in parasite populations. We used a controlled experiment to test the extent to which the success or failure of S. hermonthica parasites to develop on a particular host cultivar (host resistance/compatibility) depends upon the identity of interacting host genotypes and parasite populations. We also tested the hypothesis that there is a genetic component to host range within individual S. hermonthica populations, using three rice cultivars with known, contrasting abilities to resist infection. The developmental success of S. hermonthica parasites growing on different rice-host cultivars (genotypes) depended significantly on a parasite population by host-genotype interaction. Genetic analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers revealed that a small subset of AFLP markers showed 'outlier' genetic differentiation among sub-populations of S. hermonthica attached to different host cultivars. We suggest that, this indicates a genetic component to host range within populations of S. hermonthica, and that a detailed understanding of the genomic loci involved will be crucial in understanding host-parasite specificity and in breeding crop cultivars with broad spectrum resistance to S. hermonthica.     

长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

施肥和秸秆还田对黑土农田土壤剖面养分分布的影响

以东北黑土区玉米田为对象,利用田间原位小区试验,结合亮蓝染色示踪技术,研究不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(T1)、化肥减施秸秆还田(T2)、化肥减施秸秆还田配施有机肥(T3)条件下,土壤剖面的养分分布特征及其对施肥措施和秸秆还田的响应机理.结果 表明:与CK相比,各施肥处理均显著增加了玉米产量,但不同处理之间耕层土壤全量养分...