4种有机溶剂对蒙古裸腹溞急性和慢性毒性研究

研究了乙醇、二甲基亚砜、二甲基甲酰胺和丙酮对蒙古裸腹溞的急性和慢性毒性作用下的种群增长率(r_m)、产幼间隔、每胎产幼个数和产幼前发育期的影响研究。结果表明:四种有机物对蒙古裸腹溞毒性大小的顺序如下:二甲基甲酰胺>乙醇>二甲基亚砜>丙酮。蒙古裸腹溞的内禀增长率随着二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇浓度增加而下降。每胎产幼个数随着四种有机物浓度的增加而下降,产幼间隔随浓度增加而增加。内禀增长率是蒙古裸腹溞对有机物的毒性敏感的生殖毒理学指标。     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明： 温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹溞种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母溞首次产出的最大幼溞数出现在25 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹溞产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25 ℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

两品系蒙古裸腹溞种群补偿生长及适宜食物密度

研究了两品系蒙古裸腹溞(晋南品系和内蒙品系)继饥饿后的补偿生长及其生长发育的适宜食物密度。结果表明,两品系蒙古裸腹溞生长发育的最适食物——篕∏蛟迕芏染?50×104/mL。对两品系蒙古裸腹溞而言,饥饿0.5d的蒙古裸腹溞有全补偿生长,饥饿1~2d有部分补偿生长现象,饥饿超过3d已没有补偿生长。可以认为,蒙古裸腹溞仅在短时间饥饿时有补偿生长现象的发生。     

近亲裸腹溞对海水盐度的适应性

为了解淡水枝角类对海水盐度的适应性,在实验室内采用种群实验生态学方法研究25 ℃±0.5 ℃恒温条件下不同盐度（0、1、2、3、4、5）对近亲裸腹溞(Moina affinis)生存、生长和生殖的影响.结果表明,在各盐度梯度范围内,近亲裸腹溞的平均寿命随盐度升高而缩短,盐度4和5组内禀增长率与其它各组差异显著;盐度4和5组平均每窝产幼量与对照及其他组差异显著.一生产幼量除盐度1组和对照组较高外,其他各组均显著下降.对照组体长增长幅度与日增长率均低于各处理组.日增长率随着盐度的升高而增大.个体平均每胎产幼量以盐度1、2组最高.盐度5为近亲裸腹溞的生存和生殖盐限,但经过短期的海水驯化,其生殖耐盐上限有所提升,可达6.5.     

亚热带浅水湖泊中两种裸腹溞生活史特征的比较

以来自武汉南湖的远东裸腹溞和江苏太湖的微型裸腹溞为对象,在温度为(25±1)℃、食物条件为2×10⁵cells·mL^-1斜生栅藻下,研究了两种裸腹溞的体长、成熟时间、存活率、寿命和产幼溞数等生活史参数。结果表明:两种裸腹溞的体长均随着龄数增加呈现递增的趋势;远东裸腹溞的成熟时间(P=0.008)和首次产幼溞时间(P=0.022)均显著小于微型裸腹溞,而其成熟体长(P<0.001)、寿命(P=0.003)和首次产幼溞数(P<0.001)均显著大于微型裸腹溞;远东裸腹溞和微型裸腹溞的内禀增长率分别为0.73和0.49 ind·d^-1;Pearson相关性分析显示,远东裸腹溞(r=0.659,P=0.008)和微型裸腹溞(r=0.649,P=0.009)的首次产幼溞数与成熟体长间均呈极显著相关;江苏太湖的微型裸腹溞的成熟时间长,而武汉南湖的远东裸腹溞的生殖能力更强,这可能与两种裸腹溞的遗传结构及它们对环境适应等差异有关。     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明:温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹潘种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母潘首次产出的最大幼潘数出现在25℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹潘产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对多刺裸腹溞的毒性

应用急性毒性实验和生命表实验等方法,研究了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate, DBP）对淡水枝角类多刺裸腹溞的急性毒性和生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,DBP对多刺裸腹溞48 h LC₅₀为9.68 mg·L^-1;0.05～5000 μg·L^-1的DBP对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、总生殖率和净生殖率均无显著影响,但对世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,5000 μg·L^-1的DBP显著缩短了多刺裸腹溞的世代时间,提高了种群内禀增长率。     

碱度和pH对两品系蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica Daday)存活、生长和生殖的影响

在温度为(25±0.5)℃,盐度为31.5±0.5的条件下,研究了碱度和pH对两品系蒙古裸腹溞的存活、生长和生殖的影响.结果表明,两品系蒙古裸腹溞在培养液的pH 6～8时,生长率和存活率显著高于其他各组;晋南品系的内禀增长率最大为0 5758 ind · d-1,内蒙品系的内禀增长率最大为0.5519 ind · d-1.碱度的实验表明,两品系蒙古裸腹溞在培养液的碱度为2.05到4.58 mmol · L-1时,生长率和存活率显著高于其他各组;晋南品系的内禀增长率最大为0.5573 ind · d-1,内蒙品系的内禀增长率最大为0.5376 ind · d-1.在相同的实验条件下,两品系体长的增长差异不大,但各生殖参数晋南品系大多高于内蒙品系.两品系蒙古裸腹溞存活的最适pH为6～8,最适碱度为2.05到4.58mmol · L-1,晋南品系对于碱度和pH的适应能力大于内蒙品系.     

共培养大型海藻对蒙古裸腹溞培养体系的生态效应

为了解大型海藻与盐水枝角类共培养的生态作用,通过大型海藻与蒙古裸腹溞共培养的方法,研究了孔石莼和肠浒苔对共培养水体水质的静态净化效果以及对该溞生殖与种群增长的影响。结果表明:孔石莼和肠浒苔对共培养水体氨氮(NH3-N)、pH和溶解氧(DO)的影响显著(P0.05)且变化规律基本一致,其中NH3-N在第12 d降到最低(0.016mg·L~(-1)),随后维持在相对稳定范围内; pH和DO随孔石莼和肠浒苔生物量的增加而升高,pH变化范围8.2～9.0,DO变化范围4.2～6.4 mg·L~(-1);共培养条件下两种大型海藻对蒙古裸腹溞生殖和种群增长的影响表现出明显差异,在孔石莼共培养体系中,蒙古裸腹溞的平均生殖量、内禀增长率rm、周限增长率λ和世代周期T随孔石莼生物量的增加呈波动升高,当生物量为2.5 g·L~(-1)时均达峰值,之后逐渐下降,平均寿命随孔石莼生物量的增加而减少;孔石莼共培养体系显著优于对照组单一蒙古裸腹溞培养效果(P0.05),而肠浒苔共培养体系与对照组相差不显著(P0.05)。研究结果证明了孔石莼对共培养体系水质和养殖动物的有利作用,即共培养一定生物量(2.5～3.5 g·L~(-1))的孔石莼不但有利于培养水体中NH3-N、DO等水质净化,还可以促进蒙古裸腹溞的生长与繁殖,为蒙古裸腹溞规模化培养工艺优化与新模式构建提供了科学依据。     

蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫的种间关系

在实验室内将蒙古裸腹溞按0．06、0．10、0．30、0．60个·ml^-1的密度与褶皱臂尾轮虫(密度为0．3个·ml。)进行}昆合培养,同时按上述密度分别单种培养了蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫作为对照．结果表明,蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫之间存在种间竞争,当二者共存时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对蒙古裸腹溞种群产生压制作用,使蒙古裸腹溞在混合培养体系中以很低的密度存在,而褶皱臂尾轮虫种群受蒙古裸腹溞影响不大．通过进一步的饥饿实验发现90％的褶皱臂尾轮虫经过144h饥饿后仍然存活,而经过120h饥饿后的蒙古裸腹溞100％死亡,褶皱臂尾轮虫耐饥饿能力较强是其在与蒙古裸腹溞竞争中获胜的原因之一。     

The effects of selection for larval behavior on adult life-history features in Drosophila melanogaster

Selection for late-life fecundity and longevity in adult Drosophila melanogaster is well known to modify numerous characteristics of life history and physiology. We report experiments here in which selection applied to behavior affects features in an identical fashion. Selection for feeding rate of larval D. melanogaster modifies caloric intake, as measured by the uptake and incorporation of labeled glucose. Selection for slow larval feeding produced lines of D. melanogaster in which larvae synthesized significantly less lipid prior to pupation and eclosed to have low early-life fecundity and a long life as adults. They also had greater lifetime fecundity, but lower viability of egg to hatched adult. Alternatively, fast-feeding larvae incorporated more lipid before pupation and eclosed with high early-fecundity that declined rapidly throughout their short adult life. Slow-feeding populations also had a significantly enhanced expression of the stress-resistance genes CuZn-SOD, CATALASE, and HSP70. Selection on larval feeding behavior reproduced the antagonistic evolutionary trade-off found under selection for adult life span and mimicked the physiological response in life span as seen in many species when dietary restriction is imposed on adults. Thus, nutrient acquisition during development appears to share a common evolutionary and genetic basis with the allocation processes that determine adult life-history traits and the related phenotypic dietary restriction phenomena.     

斜纹夜蛾取食四种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂发育和繁殖的影响

研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫取食4种植物后对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂Microplitis manilae生长发育和繁殖的影响,为利用该蜂开展斜纹夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。在人工气候箱内(26℃±1℃、RH 65%±5%、L∶D=12∶12)研究了斜纹夜蛾取食豇豆Vigna unguiculata、芋艿Colocasia esculenta、烟草Nicotiana tabacum和芥蓝Brassica alboglabra 4种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食豇豆的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最短,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最高,性比最低,寿命最长;寄生取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最长,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最低,蛹重最轻,蛹期最长;从取食芥蓝的斜纹夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雌蜂产卵量最高,但成蜂寿命最短;斜纹夜蛾取食4种植物对雌蜂个体大小无显著影响,但取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雄蜂个体最小。马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食不同植物的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的发育和繁殖存在显著差异。     

Effects of microwaves on the puffing pattern of <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. melanogaster</Emphasis>

The influence of electromagnetic field exposure on puffing pattern of salivary gland polythene chromosomes, viability and fertility of Drosophila melanogaster of the wild type Canton-S line was studied. Experimental conditions: Electromagnetic field characteristics: frequency — 36.64 GHz, power density — 0.4 W/m², exposure time −10 seconds. Electromagnetic field exposure was conducted on the egg stage. Results: in larvae developed from the exposed eggs 3 of 8 chromosomal puffs tested (71CE, 82EF, and 83E) had significantly smaller dimensions than these in control at the prepupal stage. Viability of Drosophila estimated by the number of adult flies hatched from exposed eggs decreased, while the number of dominant lethal mutations increased. Conclusion: the exposure to a low-level microwave irradiation suppressed puffing activity at ecdysone-inducible loci of Drosophila polythene chromosomes, increased frequency of dominant lethal mutations and decreased Drosophila viability but did not influence Drosophila fertility.     

家蝇幼虫中试生产中饲料和种蝇密度对产卵力的影响

研究了家蝇Musca domestica幼虫中试生产中的种蝇产卵力。结果表明,以红糖、奶粉作为种蝇饲料时产卵力最高,在饲料中加入蔬菜汁有助于提高种蝇产卵力。在设置的种蝇密度范围内,种蝇密度中等时（5.973 头/m3）,单蝇平均产卵力最大（9.68 粒/天）;种蝇密度越大,产卵力相对越稳定,每笼总产卵数越多。同日龄的成蝇群体开始产卵后,约4天进入产卵高峰期,此期持续3～5天;一周后,产卵力开始明显下降。产卵高峰期过后,人为处死当前种群,并使另一种群的产卵高峰期接续上,可将种蝇产卵力连续维持在较高水平,这是人工饲育条件下的重要特点。     

苦瓜叶提取物对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及对斜纹夜蛾卵巢细胞的毒力

【目的】为研究苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)叶正丁醇萃取物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinina furnacalis(Güenée)生长发育及生殖力的影响,并探讨其作用机理。【方法】采用饲料混药法测定了苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫存活率、发育历期和雌成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】用0.025%、0.1%和0.2%浓度的苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物混合饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟2龄幼虫3 d后,幼虫存活率明显降低,校正死亡率分别为27.43%、39.23%和54.93%,且发育历期明显延长,雌成虫产卵量与对照相比分别下降了12.63%、22.74%和37.27%。进一步的研究结果表明,苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对斜纹夜蛾卵巢细胞(SL)的形态、增殖和生长密度有明显的抑制作用。处理后的SL细胞皱缩变圆,细胞核偏移甚至消失,胞质外泄。处理24、48和72 h后,对SL细胞增殖的IC50值分别为180.96、158.54和122.87μg/mL;处理6~72 h后,SL细胞相对生长密度随药剂浓度和处理时间的增加而明显下降;用125μg/mL浓度处理SL细胞2、3、4和5 d后,SL细胞对葡萄糖吸收的抑制率分别为7.66%、13.97%、19.45%和27.30%。【结论】苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对SL细胞表现出的较强毒杀作用可能是其导致亚洲玉米螟生殖能力降低的主要作用机制之一。     

Susceptibility of potato tuber moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to postharvest gamma irradiation

Gamma irradiation doses applied to inhibit potato sprouting were tested against potato tuber moth larval and pupal stages. Young larvae and pupae were more susceptible to irradiation injuries than older ones. When larvae of different ages were exposed to doses > or = 100 Gy, only 13-35% pupated, but no adult emergence was obtained. The exposure of 1-1.5- or 3-3.5-d-old pupae to 150 Gy induced high level of sterility and remarkable reduction in female mating ability and fecundity, whereas the reduction was less noticeable for 5-5.5-d-old pupae. Postharvest gamma irradiation of potatoes could be considered as an efficient control approach against potato tuber moth larval and pupal infestations.     

球孢白僵菌对桃蚜及其两种捕食性天敌的影响

从自然感病的温室桃蚜上分离到一株球孢白僵菌Bb21,测定了该菌株对桃蚜的致病性及其对两种捕食性天敌的影响.结果表明:Bb21菌株对桃蚜的致病力强,LD5o为97孢子·mm-2,95％置信区间为45～191孢子·mm-2;对草蛉2龄幼虫有较弱的致病性,LD50为1089孢子·mm-2,是桃蚜的11.2倍;对异色瓢虫致病性极小,高浓度处理(5×108孢子·mL-1)的平均感染率仅为l3％.该菌株低浓度处理对两种捕食性天敌的发育历期和生殖力均无显著影响,但高浓度处理(5×108孢子·mL-1)使异色瓢虫的幼虫期平均缩短1.4d,羽化率降低33％,产卵量减少14％,使普通草蛉的幼虫期平均缩短0.7d,羽化率降低24％,产卵量减少11％.该菌株对桃蚜的半致死剂量远低于对两种捕食性天敌的半致死剂量,并且在防治桃蚜使用浓度下对两种捕食性天敌成虫羽化率和繁殖力的影响极小,可作为温室桃蚜的生物控制因子在有害生物综合治理中应用.     

Rate of inactivation of adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase: determinants of brain cyclic AMP

In order to assess the effects of time requirements of different tissue inactivation methods, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat brain were determined. Fixation of tissues was obtained by the following methods: decapitation with removal of brain and freezing in liquid nitrogen; decapitation into liquid nitrogen; whole animal immersion in liquid nitrogen; 1.5 kW maximal field strength microwave irradiation for 8 seconds; and, 5 kW maximal field strength microwave irradiation for 2 seconds. Results of these studies indicate that as the time is reduced for inactivation of brain adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase, levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate become progressively lower. This same correlation is also evident in studies of regional brain concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate after 1.5 kW and 5 kW microwave inactivation. It is concluded that 5 kW maximal field strength microwave exposure is the most rapid means of enzyme inactivation permitting a more accurate estimation of endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations. Its use offers rapid inactivation with minimization of trauma and facilities the study of regional metabolites through ease of dissection.     

取食重金属铜对棕尾别麻蝇亲代及子代生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了评估取食含重金属铜饲料对棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrine亲代及子代的生长发育与繁殖的影响,在室内给棕尾别麻蝇初产幼虫饲喂含不同浓度（200, 400,800和1 600 µg/g）Cu²⁺的饲料直至化蛹,并对亲代和子代的生长发育和繁殖有关指标进行了观察和分析。结果表明：低浓度的Cu²⁺（200 µg/g）对其体重和体长起促进作用,但对幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹历期、羽化率、性比、交配率和产仔量无显著作用;较高浓度的Cu²⁺ 则有抑制作用,且Cu²⁺处理浓度越高,亲代幼虫、蛹和雌雄成虫的体重越轻,幼虫和蛹的体长越短,化蛹率、羽化率、交配率和产仔量越低,幼虫历期和蛹期越长,成虫寿命越短。但Cu²⁺处理对成虫性比则无显著的影响。相比之下,经Cu²⁺处理后雌虫所产的子代若不再经Cu²⁺处理,其子代生存、生长发育与繁殖则基本不受影响,说明Cu²⁺对亲代的影响不能遗传至子代。此外,还探讨了该蝇亲代与子代体内Cu²⁺含量在其变态过程中的变化。     

Biological and biochemical characteristics for quality control of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) reared on a liver-based diet

Biological and biochemical parameters of a flightless strain of Harmonia axyridis, fed on a pork liver-based artificial diet and on Ephestia kuehniella eggs as controls, were compared. The diet-grown larvae showed a significantly longer developmental time and a lower adult emergence rate compared to control larvae. The weights of the newly emerged adults were significantly higher for adults fed E. kuehniella eggs during their larval stages than fed the artificial diet. In contrast, larval food source had no effect on the duration of the pre-oviposition period or adult longevity. For adults fed on E. kuehniella eggs as larvae, a significantly longer pre-oviposition period, lower daily weight gain and fecundity were found for the diet-fed females compared to those fed on E. kuehniella eggs throughout the life span. The adult food source had no significant effect on longevity and fertility. Lower amino acid and fatty acid contents (in particular C16:1 and C18:3n-3) were found for the prepupae and newly emerged females obtained from diet-reared larvae compared to controls. Deficiencies in fatty acids C16:1 and C18:3n-3 were also observed in females obtained from E. kuehniella egg-reared larvae and fed on diet from adult emergence. The analyses of the foods showed deficiencies in artificial diet, especially for some amino and fatty acids. The results suggest a non-optimal composition of the artificial diet and some possibilities for its improvement. However, this polyphagous predator could be reared from first instar larvae to fully reproductive adults on a pork liver-based artificial diet.