Immunological Relationships Between Hexons of Certain Human Adenoviruses

Antisera against hexons of serotypes 2, 4, 5, and 6 (subgroup III), and 15 (subgroup II) were absorbed with purified hexons of various serotypes representing the different subgroups of human adenoviruses. Group, subgroup, and type specificities of hexons could be distinguished. The subgroup specificity of type 4 hexons resembled that of hexons of subgroup I members (types 3, 11, and 16). Antihexon sera gave a type-specific inhibition of virion-associated hemagglutinin. The inhibiting activity of different sera was found to be inversely related to the length of fibers of the serotype concerned. Virions of serotypes carrying fibers shorter than about 20 nm (types 3, 4, 9, 11, and 15) were readily inhibited, whereas those of serotypes with longer fibers (types 2 and 6) were inhibited only by relatively large amounts of antibody measured in terms of homotypic complement fixation activity. The reciprocal cross-neutralization between serotypes 4 and 16 was studied separately. Hexons of both serotypes each carried a type-specific component and, in addition, a unique antigen specificity common to the two types. This common antigen specificity was interpreted to be available to a larger extent at the surface of virions (and probably also isolated hexons) of type 4 than of type 16. These results suggest an explanation for the predominantly one-sided character of the cross-neutralization between types 4 and 16.     

Comparative Studies on the Soluble Components of Adenovirus Types 9 and 15 and the Intermediate Strain 9-15

Five different soluble components of adenovirus types 9, 9-15, and 15 have been identified. These are: (i) a slowly sedimenting, trypsin-resistant, incomplete hemagglutinin (HA). (This component was demonstrable by hemagglutination-enhancement (HE) tests in the presence of heterotypic antisera against members of Rosen's subgroups II and III, but not of subgroup I); (ii) a slowly sedimenting, trypsin-resistant, complete HA, causing only a partial agglutination of cells; (iii) a rapidly sedimenting, incomplete HA, demonstrable by HE tests in the presence of heterotypic antisera against members of all Rosen's subgroups. (Trypsin treatment of this component caused a conversion into slowly sedimenting incomplete HA); (iv) a group-specific complement-fixing (CF) antigen devoid of HA activity; and (v) a rapidly sedimenting, trypsin-sensitive, complete HA, which in the electron microscope was found to represent a dodecahedral aggregate of 12 pentons (a dodecon). On the basis of their biological and physicochemical characteristics, the first four components were interpreted to represent (i) fibers, (ii) a polymer of a few, probably two, fibers, (iii) pentons, and (iv) hexons, respectively. The length of fibers extending from dodecons and virions was estimated to be 11 to 14 nm. A similar value was suggested from exclusion chromatography experiments. Adenovirus types 9 and 15 fibers were recovered in a position intermediate to that of fibers of types 3 and 4, the lengths of which are 10 and 17 nm, respectively. The sequence of elution of different components of types 9 and 9-15 from an anion exchanger was fibers, fiber-aggregate, pentons, hexons, and dodecons. Type 15 components appeared in the same order except for the fact that dodecons eluted before hexons. The molarities of NaCl required to elute the different types 9 and 9-15 components, excluding hexons, were identical. They were distinctly different from those of the corresponding type 15 components. However, hexons of all three serotypes eluted in proximity to each other and there was a slight tendency for type 9-15 hexons to take a position intermediate to those of types 9 and 15.     

Separation and Characterization of Soluble Adenovirus Type 9 Components

Four different soluble components of adenovirus type 9 (Rosen's group II) were identified. These were a complete hemagglutinin (HA), an incomplete HA, components carrying group-specific complement-fixing (CF) antigen, and components identified only by their hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody consuming capacity and antigen activity in CF tests with an antiserum against complete HA. The complete HA sedimented relatively rapidly. It was composed of 12 pentons (vertex capsomers plus projections) aggregated into the form of a pentagonal dodecahedron. The length of the projections was about 12 to 13 mmu. Thus they appeared longer than the corresponding structures of types 3 and 11, but shorter than those of types 4 and 5. The rate of sedimentation of complete HA of type 9 was intermediate to those of the complete HA of types 3 and 11. The incomplete HA sedimented together with components carrying group-specific CF antigen, but could be separated from those by anion-exchange chromatography. Two different antigens were present in incomplete HA. One could absorb a group-specific hemagglutination-enhancing antibody, and was sensitive to treatment with trypsin. The other antigen could absorb the type-specific HI antibody and was not destroyed by trypsin. In addition to the incomplete HA, a separate population of more slowly sedimenting components showed a capacity to absorb HI antibody. These components could also be identified in CF tests when an antiserum against complete HA was applied. The incomplete HA, group-specific CF antigen, and slowly sedimenting HI antibody absorbing components are suggested to represent isolated penton, hexon, and fiber components, respectively.     

Capsid Mosaics of Intermediate Strains of Human Adenoviruses

Antisera against isolated capsid components of intermediate adenovirus strains, types 3-16 (the San Carlos agent) and 15-9 and of "parental" prototype strains were compared in neutralization tests, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests employing soluble and virion-associated hemagglutinin as antigens, and by electron microscopy. Hexons of the intermediate strains were found to be similar to, but not identical to, those of the prototype strains with which a cross-reaction occurred in neutralization tests (types 3 and 15). In contrast, fibers of intermediate strains displayed characteristics relating them to the corresponding components of prototype strains to which a relationship has been found in HI tests. Fibers (and possibly even pentons) of types 9 and 15-9 appeared to be identical, whereas fibers of types 3-16 and 16 displayed antigen specificities of both common and unique nature.     

Comparative analyses of the specificities of anti-influenza hemagglutinin antibodies in human sera.

Estimates of the variety of specificities of anti-influenza hemagglutinin antibodies in postinfection human sera taken between 1969 and 1971 and in 1978 were made by using Fab fragments of defined monoclonal antibodies in competitive virus-binding assays. The results obtained with the sera taken between 1969 and 1971 indicated that different sera contained antibodies with different ranges of specificities, whereas the 1978 sera mainly contained a broad range of antibodies. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of antigenic drift in influenza virus, the commonly observed antigenic heterogeneity of influenza virus isolates, and the efficacy of antiinfluenza vaccination.     

用皂土法制造型特异性肉毒诊断血清

用皂土为载体与类毒素结合方法及破伤风类毒素抗原抗体絮状反应方法去除A、B、C、D、E、F型肉毒抗血清原料中的异型和异种抗毒素(破伤风抗毒素)。制备的A、B、C、D、E、F型肉毒诊断血清每1m l均能中和相应型的肉毒毒素10000LD50以上,而中和异型肉毒毒素或破伤风毒素均低于5 LD50;A、B、C、D、E、F各型混合后的混合型血清每1m l能中和各型肉毒毒素亦大于10000 LD50,中和破伤风毒素低于5 LD50,即效价和特异性符合规程要求。     

Replication-Defective Vector Based on a Chimpanzee Adenovirus

An adenovirus previously isolated from a mesenteric lymph node from a chimpanzee was fully sequenced and found to be similar in overall structure to human adenoviruses. The genome of this virus, called C68, is 36,521 bp in length and is most similar to subgroup E of human adenovirus, with 90% identity in most adenovirus type 4 open reading frames that have been sequenced. Substantial differences in the hexon hypervariable regions were noted between C68 and other known adenoviruses, including adenovirus type 4. Neutralizing antibodies to C68 were highly prevalent in sera from a population of chimpanzees, while sera from humans and rhesus monkeys failed to neutralize C68. Furthermore, infection with C68 was not neutralized from sera of mice immunized with human adenovirus serotypes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 12. A replication-defective version of C68 was created by replacing the E1a and E1b genes with a minigene cassette; this vector was efficiently transcomplemented by the E1 region of human adenovirus type 5. C68 vector transduced a number of human and murine cell lines. This nonhuman adenoviral vector is sufficiently similar to human serotypes to allow growth in 293 cells and transduction of cells expressing the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. As it is dissimilar in regions such as the hexon hypervariable domains, C68 vector avoids significant cross-neutralization by sera directed against human serotypes.     

Specificity and neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by a synthetic peptide of scorpion toxin

Polyclonal antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide (sequence 50-59) of Androctonus australis Hector toxin II can neutralize the effects of toxin II in vivo. The antigenic specificities of anti-peptide and anti-toxin antibodies were compared by competitive aqueous phase radioimmunoassay by using 125I-toxin II, chemically modified or homologous toxins, and the synthetic peptide 50-59, either free or bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antipeptide and anti-toxin antibodies had a comparable high affinity for the native toxin, but anti-peptide antibodies exhibited a lower binding capacity. Anti-peptide antibodies had a higher affinity for native toxin than for the peptide 50-59 bound to BSA, used as immunogen, and were unable to recognize the free peptide. These results suggest that it is necessary to restrict the conformational freedom of the immunizing peptide in order to obtain anti-peptide antibodies with a high affinity for the toxin. The lysine residue at position 58 of toxin II, essential for toxicity, appears to be immunogenic when immunization is with peptide 50-59 bound to BSA and not with the native toxin. This residue is antigenic in the native toxin, however, as shown by the anti-peptide antibodies.     

Mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. I. The effects of anti-human lymphotoxin antisera on the cytolysis of allogeneic B cell lines by MLC-sensitized human lymphocytes in vitro

Goat and rabbit anti-human lymphotoxin sera, IgG and F(ab')2 reagents were investigated for their capacity to effect a specific alloimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic reaction. The cytotoxic reaction employed human peripheral blood or adenoid lymphocytes sensitized in MLC to allogeneic B lymphocyte cell lines and lysis was measured in a short-term 51Cr-release assay. A polyspecific anti-LT sera (anti-WS), made against unfractionated whole supernatants from lectin-activated lymphocytes and its IgG and F(ab')2 fragments, was found to be a potent inhibitor of this reaction when the anti-WS reagent was present throughout the assay period. Absorption studies indicated the anti-WS was inhibiting cytolysis at the level of effector cell or its products. Two broadly defined antibody specificities were involved in the cytolytic-inhibitory activity of the polyspecific anti-LT; i) antigens present on the normal lymphocyte cell surface; and ii) lymphocyte surface antigens associated with activated cells. These results correlate with the previously defined antigenic structure of the LT Cx and alpha H classes. Anti-LT sera reactive with the smaller m.w. alpha and beta classes and subclasses were not inhibitory, although the anti-beta sera showed a moderate enhancing activity. The results indicated that several anti-LT antibody specificities may be required to inhibit alloimmune cytolysis. The results suggest LT molecules may mediate lymphocyte-induced alloimmune cytolysis as a multi-component toxin system, rather than as an individual toxin.     

Chemical modification of the tryptophan residue in toxin B from the venom of the Indian cobra

The single tryptophan residue in toxin B has been converted into N′-formylkynurenine by ozonization in anhydrous formic acid, and also modified by reactions with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl (HNB) bromide and 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenylsulphenyl (NCPS) chloride. Amino acid analyses of such modified derivatives show these reactions to be specific for tryptophan without significant effect to other amino acids. Ozonized toxin B has a residual toxicity of 80 %, and other tryptophan modified toxins retain at least half the toxicity of native toxin B. Each modified derivative gave a single fused precipitin line with native toxin on immunodiffusion against antitoxin B sera. In heterologous precipitin reactions, no significant decreases in antigenic activity of the modified derivatives were observed. The tryptophan residue at position 25 may, therefore, be part of neither the active site nor the antigenic site.     

Cleavage by Formamide of Intercapsomer Bonds in Adenovirus Types 4 and 7 Virions and Hemagglutinins

When crude preparations of adenovirus types 4 and 7 were treated with solutions of formamide, a complete or nearly complete inactivation of infectivity could be achieved without affecting the complement fixation titers of the same preparations. Studies on purified virions showed that the intersubunit bonds within the viral capsid were broken and single capsomers were released as the result of treatment by formamide. When subjected to the same treatment, hemagglutinins were sequentially converted into incomplete hemagglutinins (pentons), which were in turn converted into penton bases and fibers.     

Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals

During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, patients develop various levels of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. In some cases, patient sera can potently neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1, but the antibody specificities that mediate this broad neutralization are not known, and their elucidation remains a formidable challenge. Due to variable and nonneutralizing determinants on the exterior envelope glycoprotein (Env), nonnative Env protein released from cells, and the glycan shielding that assembles in the context of the quaternary structure of the functional spike, HIV-1 Env elicits a myriad of binding antibodies. However, few of these antibodies can neutralize circulating viruses. We present a systematic analysis of the NAb specificities of a panel of HIV-1-positive sera, using methodologies that identify both conformational and continuous neutralization determinants on the HIV-1 Env protein. Characterization of sera included selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific point mutant variants, chimeric virus analysis, and peptide inhibition of viral neutralization. The gp120 protein was the major neutralizing determinant for most sera, although not all neutralization activity against all viruses could be identified. In some broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization mapped to the CD4 binding region of gp120. In addition, we found evidence that regions of the gp120 coreceptor binding site may also be a target of neutralizing activity. Sera displaying limited neutralization breadth were mapped to the immunogenic V3 region of gp120. In a subset of sera, we also identified NAbs directed against the conserved, membrane-proximal external region of gp41. These data allow a more detailed understanding of the humoral responses to the HIV-1 Env protein and provide insights regarding the most relevant targets for HIV-1 vaccine design.     

Improved distribution of antigenic site specificity of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies induced by a protease-cleaved immunogen in mice.

Previous studies showed that the distribution of antigenic site specificity of neutralizing antibodies to type 3 poliovirus obtained with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine can be deficient as compared with that obtained following poliovirus infection. This observation was shown by the relatively low capacity of sera from inactivated-poliovirus-vaccine-immunized persons to neutralize poliovirus cleaved at antigenic site 1. We investigated possibilities for improving the situation in a mouse model. Balb/c mice were immunized with intact or trypsin-cleaved type 3 poliovirus (Saukett strain). Sera from mice immunized with the intact virus readily neutralized the intact virus but neutralized the cleaved virus only rarely. In contrast, cleaved-virus-immunized mice produced antibodies that were able to neutralize the cleaved virus as well as the intact one. Mice immunized with a 100-fold-higher dose of the intact virus produced significant levels of antibodies to the cleaved virus, too. Somewhat surprisingly, mice immunized with high doses of the cleaved virus produced antibodies specific for the intact loop between beta sheets B and C of VP1 (virion protein 1), which should be cleaved in the immunogen. This was shown by a higher titer of antibodies to intact Saukett virus than to the corresponding cleaved virus, as well as to a type 1/type 3 hybrid poliovirus in which only the BC loop amino acids were derived from type 3 poliovirus. The cleavage-induced enhanced availability of antigenic determinants residing outside the BC loop was also shown by increased neutralization titers of monoclonal antibodies specific for some of these other determinants. These results indicate that by using a trypsin-cleaved type 3 poliovirus as a parenteral immunogen, it is possible to change the distribution of antigenic site specificities of neutralizing antibodies to resemble that following poliovirus infection.     

Stability of the structure and antigenic determinants of adenovirus type 1 native hexon to proteases

Hexon capsomers of human adenovirus type 1 (h1) labeled by iodine 125 were digested in a native state (trimers) by trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain, and the resulting hydrolysates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In each case, a discrete and temporally stable pattern of relatively large fragments was revealed. The degree of hexon polypeptide hydrolysis was maximal for papain, intermediate for chymotrypsin and minimal for trypsin, the largest fragments in the digest being 32, 40 and 80 kD, respectively. At room temperature, all the electrophoretically discernible hexon proteolytical fragments were held together in structures resembling intact hexon trimers and could be regarded as "hexon cores", of which papain hexon cores were the most stable during SDS-PAGE. Radioimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed a complete absence of native hexon antigenicity in thermodenaturated fragments of hexon protease digests, while native trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain hexon cores could be precipitated by hexon-specific antibodies. The immunoprecipitated material contained all of the hexon fragments found in appropriate hexon cores and retained the structure of the original cores. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain hexon cores were shown to possess at least part of native Ad h1 hexon antigenic determinants of each of the following specificities: species-specific (epsilon), cross-reactive with hexon of human adenoviruses (h3 and h6), simian adenovirus (sim 16), bovine adenoviruses (bos 3 and bos 7) and avian adenovirus (Aviadenovirus gal 1 or CELO). Thus, the full spectrum of known hexon antigenic determinants (species-specific to intergenus-crossreactive) is at least portly stable against protease attack of native hexon capsomers.     

Expression of the Major Viral Glycoprotein of Avian Tumor Virus in Cells of chf(+) Chicken Embryos

The expression of gp85, the major viral glycoprotein of avian tumor virus, by certain chicken embryonic cells was studied by the use of sera directed to antigenic determinants of subgroup E viral gp85. As analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immune precipitates prepared with lysates of cells that had been labeled with [³H]glucosamine, chf(+) chicken embryo cells synthesize molecules of gp85 which possess type and probably also group antigenic specificities. Under similar conditions of analysis, no gp85 or antigenically related components could be detected in lysates of chf(−) cells.     

Fine specificity analysis of human influenza-specific cloned cell lines

Influenza-specific human-T-cell clones, proliferating in the presence of virus-infected cells with restriction by class II molecules and displaying class II-restricted CTL activity or specific helper activity in antibody synthesis, have been analyzed for antigenic specificities. All of them were obtained by in vitro stimulation against influenza A/Texas virus. In all cases the virus specificity appeared identical in cytolytic and proliferative responses. Three of the clones were broadly cross-reactive, recognizing all or almost all type A influenza strains. The three remaining clones were subtype specific when tested with human strains and recognized the surface glycoproteins of influenza virus. One of these lines reacted with an epitope of the neuraminidase N2 while the other two recognized the hemagglutinin H3. By using a large panel of mammalian and avian influenza strains, it can be demonstrated that hemagglutinin-specific human T cells can recognize a cross-reacting determinant shared by H3 and H4 subtypes of hemagglutinin which has never been detected with antibodies.     

Electron cryotomography reveals the portal in the herpesvirus capsid

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a human pathogen responsible for a range of illnesses from cold sores to encephalitis. The icosahedral capsid has a portal at one fivefold vertex which, by analogy to portal-containing phages, is believed to mediate genome entry and exit. We used electron cryotomography to determine the structure of capsids lacking pentons. The portal vertex appears different from pentons, being located partially inside the capsid shell, a position equivalent to that of bacteriophage portals. Such similarity in portal organization supports the idea of the evolutionary relatedness of these viruses.     

Characterization of immune response to synthetic peptides derived from the hemagglutinin of measles virus

We describe here four synthetic peptides derived from the hemagglutinin of measles virus. The peptides were predicted by a computer program combining hydrophilicity, flexibility, surface probability, secondary structure and antigenic index parameters of the amino acid sequence of measles virus hemagglutinin. Rabbits were immunized with the synthesized peptides conjugated to purified protein derivative using immunostimulating complex as adjuvant. Anti-peptide antisera raised in rabbits against the peptide conjugates reacted well with the homologous peptides and with measles virus antigen as tested with plate ELISA. None of these sera had either neutralizing or hemagglutination inhibiting antibody or reacted with measles hemagglutinin protein in Western blot and reacted weakly in immunofluorescence. Human sera positive for measles virus antibody reacted with the synthesized peptides indicating that the selected locations function as partial antigenic sites.     

A subgroup-specific antigenic site in the G protein of respiratory syncytial virus forms a disulfide-bonded loop.

An antigenic site (represented by 15 amino acids, residues 174 to 188, designated peptide 12) of the large glycoprotein G of respiratory syncytial virus was demonstrated to be subgroup specific in peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests with murine monoclonal antibodies and human postinfection sera. The role of individual amino acids in this subgroup-specific site was determined by use of single-amino-acid-deletion sets of peptides. When monoclonal antibodies were reacted with the deletion sets, a broad amino acid dependence of 11 or 12 residues, Cys-176 (Ile-175 in subgroup B) to Cys-186, was found. Human postinfection sera exhibited a narrower reaction profile (for subgroup A, Cys-182 to Trp-183; for subgroup B, Cys-176 to Lys-183). Reduction of peptides on microtiter plates by treatment with dithiothreitol completely destroyed their antigenic activity in tests with monoclonal antibodies and human postinfection sera of subgroup B. A variant of peptide 12 containing all four cysteines of the G protein (represented by 16 amino acids, residues 172 to 187, designated peptide 12var) also was subgroup specific. We concluded that the activity of the antigenic site in tests with monoclonal antibodies for subgroups A and B appears to depend on intrapeptide disulfide bonds. Reactions with postinfection sera of subgroup B also may depend on a disulfide bond. In contrast, postinfection sera of subgroup A appeared to have the capacity to identify a subgroup-specific site in a linear form of the selected 15-amino-acid-long peptide. Treatment of peptides with dithiothreitol had no effect on their antigenic activity in tests with human postinfection sera of subgroup A. These findings have relevance for molecular engineering of peptide antigens for use in respiratory syncytial virus subgroup-specific site-directed serology.     

An epitopic approach to designing and characterization of a multiple antigenic polypeptide against Botulinum neurotoxins A and E

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B and E are most frequently associated with human botulism. Recombinant vaccines against BoNTs are usually based on one or more domain(s) of the toxin molecule. In this study, we investigate a new-designed multiple antigenic polypeptide for serotypes A and E (MAP/AE), containing two linear epitopes from each serotype. A synthetic gene was used to express the recombinant MAP/AE, in E. coli. Anti-MAP/AE antibodies were produced by injecting the purified MAP/AE to Balb/C mice. The interactivity of these antibodies and BoNT/A and E has been shown by ELISA. High titers of anti-MAP/AE antibodies were detected in mice sera. The anti-MAP/AE antibody titer is clearly detectable even at 25,600 dilution level. The anti-MAP/AE antibodies bound to both BoNT/A and BoNT/E holotoxin molecules. Neutralization ability of the antibodies for both toxin serotypes was determined, by an inhibitory ELISA assay. Results are suggestive of the feasibility of this epitope targeting strategy to develop novel multivalent recombinant vaccines against BoNTs.