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1.
Motoshige Kawata Satoshi Harada Baltazar Antonio Kiyoharu Oono 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1992,28(1):1-10
Protoplasts were isolated from callus derived from a single homozygous seed of Oryza sativa L. var. Norin 8. Thirty protoclones were randomly selected and these showed variation in regeneration frequency ranging from 0–87% with an average of 52%. The potential for regeneration of each protoclone as reflected in the regeneration frequency was analyzed five times over a period of 250 days and showed that the protoclones can be classified into three types, namely: protoclones with high regeneration frequency; protoclones with low regeneration frequency, both of which maintained their respective levels of regeneration potential; and protoclones with gradually decreasing regeneration frequency. Secondary protoclones established from protoplasts isolated from some of these protoclones and regenerated 2–3 times for a period of 120 days also showed further reduction in regeneration frequency. The polypeptide composition analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis suggests the presence of specific polypeptides related to regeneration potential. Analysis of ploidy level based on plant morphology and pollen size suggests the predominance of tetraploids among the regenerated plants. 相似文献
2.
More than 100 dikaryotic clones (protoclones) derived from mycelial protoplasts of aLentinula edodes dikaryon were examined for their mycelial growth and fruiting body productivity. These protoclones exhibited a variety of
vegetative mycelial growth rates, but no apparent difference in colonial morphology compared with the original (parental)
dikaryon. Protoclones were cultivated on wood logs under natural conditions, and they exhibited a very wide range of fruiting
body yields. Of the 134 protoclones, four were selected that produced a 30–40% increase in dry weight of fruiting body yield
over that of the original dikaryon. This high productivity of fruiting bodies was maintained for at least several years. The
present results suggest thatL. edodes protoclones can be practically used in strain improvement to increase the capability of fruiting body formation.
Contribution No. 287 from the Tottori Mycological Institute. 相似文献
3.
Hamako Sasamoto Yohichi Wakita Shinso Yokota Nobuo Yoshizawa Toshio Katsuki Yoshihiko Nishiyama Toshitaka Yokoyama Mitsue Fukui 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2006,42(2):174-178
Summary This study reports the characterization of 11 plants regenerated from electrically fused protoplasts between Populus alba and Alnus firma. Growth characteristics of five regenerated plants (AP-1-AP-5) in terms of shoot height and leaf color showed small differences
compared with those of P. alba grown, in pots, and showed no difference in shoot height and diameter compared with those grown in nursery field. There was
also no difference in the RAPD pattern between the plants regenerated from interfamilial protoplast fusion and P. alba. In contrast, the lately regenerated plants (AP-6-AP-11) grown in pots showed a marked difference in leaf morphology and
RAPD pattern. There was a variation in the ratio of longitudinal to transverse length of leaves among the 11 plants from interfamilial
fusions compared with that of protoclones and intraspecific fused protoplasts of P. alba. 相似文献
4.
Carol M. Stiff Andrzej Kilian Huaping Zhou David A. Kudrna Andris Kleinhofs 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1995,41(3):243-248
We have previously studied chromosomal and morphological variation in protoplast cultures of diploid petunia (Petunia hybrida) plants. We found that 85% of the regenerants were tetraploid (2n=4x=28). These plants flowered and set seeds.In the present study, the cytological stability of plants regenerated from leaf mesophyll protoplast cultures derived from the progeny of the self-fertile tetraploid plants was assessed on the basis of mitotic analysis, morphological characters, and protein patterns. When we analyzed the root tip chromosomes of 117 regenerants derived from 39 protoclone calluses, all of the regenerants tested retained the parental chromosome number of 2n=4x=28. One hundred regenerants were further analyzed and displayed normal vegetative morphology and retained the floral characteristics of the seed-derived plants from which they were derived. No significant variations in any character were observed among regenerants. When leaf protein patterns from four regenerated tetraploid protoclones were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those of seed-derived plants, the protein patterns exhibited great similarity.The data suggest that tetraploidization of petunia plant increases cytological stability during further in vitro cultures and may play an important role in the genetic stability of regenerant populations.Abbreviations BA
benzylaminopurine
- IAA
indole-3-acetic acid
- IEF
isoelectric-focusing
- PVP
polyvinylpyrrolidone
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 相似文献
5.
Plasticity of the tobacco genome was studied by testing the DNAs of protoplast-derived regenerants with three different repetitive
DNA sequences by the method of quantitative DNA/DNA hybridizations. A large population of 91 regenerants belonging to 35 different
protoclones was analysed and a high degree of heterogeneity in the contents of the different DNA repeats was detected. The
contents of middle repetitive sequences of two types were more stable or changed in the same direction, while the highly repetitive
sequence varied independently and displayed a significant reduction in comparison with the two other sequences. Comparing
the variation within the subpopulations of plants of the same clonal origin and the variation among the protoclones led to
a conclusion that the pre-existing DNA variability in the starting plant material and/or thein vitro stress during the very early stages of protoclone regeneration played a decisive role in the formation of modified genomes
in regenerants. 相似文献
6.
S. Austin M. K. Ehlenfeldt M. A. Baer J. P. Helgeson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1986,71(5):682-690
Summary Phenotypic and flowering characteristics of hybrid plants generated by protoplast fusion between a tetraploid S. tuberosum line and diploid S. brevidens were assessed under field conditions. Hybrids were compared to both clonal parental material and protoplast-derived plants of each parent. Almost all of the hybrids were hexaploid. A wide range of variation in morphological characters was observed for hybrids and protoclones. Flowering was markedly reduced in protoclones. The majority of hybrids flowered, had viable pollen and set tubers. Tuber and pollen characteristics of hybrids produced from individual fusion calli also varied. The potential usefulness of fusion hybrids in potato improvement is discussed. 相似文献
7.
Cytoplasmic DNA variation in a potato protoclonal population 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. J. Kemble J. F. Shepard 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1984,69(2):211-216
Summary Mitochondrial DNA variation was detected in potato plants (protoclones) regenerated from leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Two forms of variation were evident; (1) DNA sequence alterations within the high molecular weight mitochondrial chromosome and (2) the appearance of an additional low molecular weight mitochondrial DNA species. Variation in chloroplast DNA was not detected. The data suggests that protocloning can introduce molecular diversity into mitochondrial genomes and thereby assist in overcoming the cytoplasmic genetic uniformity prevalent in most major crops. 相似文献
8.
M. Kawata A. Ohmiya Y. Shimamoto K. Oono F. Takaiwa 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,90(3-4):364-371
To investigate the rearrangement of the plastid genome during tissue culture, DNA from rice callus lines, which had been derived individually from single protoplasts isolated from seed or pollen callus (protoclones), was analyzed by Southern hybridization with rice chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) clones as probes. Among 44 long-term cultured protoclones, maintained for 4, 8 or 11 years, 28 contained plastid DNA (ptDNA) from which portions had been deleted. The ptDNA of all protoclones that had been maintained for 11 years had a deletion that covered a large region of the plastid genome. The deletions could be classified into 15 types from their respective sizes and positions. By contrast, no deletions were found in the ptDNA of 38 protoclones that had been maintained for only 1 month. These results indicate that long-term culture causes deletions in the plastid genome. Detailed hybridization experiments revealed that plastid genomes with deletions in several protoclones were organized as head-to-head or tail-to-tail structures. Furthermore, ptDNAs retained during long-term culture all had a common terminus at one end, where extensive rearrangement is known to have occurred during the speciation of rice and tobacco. Morphological analysis revealed the accumulation of starch granules in plastids and amyloplasts in protoclones in which the plastid genome had undergone deletion. Our observations indicated that novel structural changes in the plastid genome and morphological changes in the plastid had occurred in rice cells during long-term tissue culture. Moreover, the morphological changes in plastids were associated with deletions in the plastid genome. 相似文献
9.
M. Niizeki R. Ishikawa K. Saito 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1990,80(6):732-736
Summary
Lotus comiculatus L. is a widely cultivated, outbreeding, leguminous forage crop. Seventy-one plants, most of which were tetraploid, were regenerated from calli derived from a single protoplast. Their morphological and agronomic traits were evaluated and compared with those of the seed-produced population. The variances of most of the traits in the protoplast-derived (protoclonal) population were smaller than those of the seed-produced population. Mean values of all the traits of the protoclonal population shifted significantly towards lower values. However, new phenotypic variants with higher values than those of the plant initially used for protoplast isolation were also observed. Plants with less hydrocyanic acid (which has a toxic effect on cattle) than the initial plant were obtained in the protoclones. Generally, the pollen fertility of protoclones was significantly low compared with the seed-produced plants. This seems to be partly due to the occurrence of abnormalities in chromosome structure during protoplast and/or callus culture, as suggested by the formation of univalents, lagging, and fragment chromosomes and bridges at metaphase I and anaphase I and II of the regenerants. The changes in chromosome structure, however, did not induce any malformed morphologies. 相似文献
10.
Summary Alfalfa protoclones were regenerated from the mesophyll protoplasts of two cloned source plants (parents), RS-K1 and RS-K2, initiated from Regen S seed. Because of the high frequency of karyotypic upset previously observed in these plants, chloroplast DNAs (cpDNA) from 23 protoclones and mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from 20 protoclones were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis in order to assess recombination in their cytoplasmic genomes. Seven and four endonucleases were separately used for cpDNA and mtDNA analysis, respectively. Data were consistent with no, or a low frequency of, major sequence rearrangements in either the chloroplast or the mitochondrial genomes as a result of protocloning. However, two types of cpDNA were detected in the 23 protoclones, with only one protoclone possessing the cpDNA type of the cloned parental populations sampled. Possible explanations include a preferential selection during protocloning for one of two parental cpDNA types, an in planta sorting out of cpDNA types in the parental material or both. 相似文献
11.
ISSR as New Markers for Identification of Homokaryotic Protoclones of Agaricus bisporus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To accelerate the breeding of Agaricus bisporus, quick and reliable methods to identify the infrequent homokaryons are necessary. A new marker, inter simple sequence repeat
(ISSR) fingerprinting, is described for differentiation of homo- and hetero-karyotic protoclones. Nine slow growing protoclones,
two strandy and seven appressed, were analyzed for the first time with ISSR amplifications. The patterns were highly polymorphic
and very reproducible. Among 40 primers tested, 7 ISSR primers were selected for the analysis of genomic DNA and generated
a total of 68 ISSR fragments. ISSR fingerprinting detected 44.12% polymorphic loci. All appressed homokaryons carried a subset
of ISSR markers found in the heterokaryons, and clustered separately in dendrogram. These were not able to produce a fruiting
body. A test of cross-fertility and the following fruiting trial proved that 7 of the 9 protoclones with different ISSR fingerprints
were homokaryons. These results demonstrated that ISSR markers provide an efficient alternate for identification of homokaryons
and suggest these markers be considered as new tools for the survey of Agaricus species. 相似文献
12.
为了解乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)叶形态和生长性状的家系变异特征,对15个家系的叶形态性状和生长指标及其相关性进行了分析.结果表明,乐昌含笑叶片形态在家系间和家系内均存在显著差异,不同家系间以帽子峰家系叶形态的平均变异系数最大(23.55%),乐九5家系的最小(12.63%);不同叶形态性状间以干物... 相似文献
13.
了解林木功能性状在不同培育模式下的变异和关联,对揭示林木生态适应性及其生态功能具有重要意义。选取了亚热带地区两种常见人工林树种杉木、大叶榉幼苗为研究对象,设置4种不同栽培模式的盆栽试验:单一杉木(4C),单一大叶榉(4Z)和杉木、大榉树3种混栽模式(1C3Z、2C2Z、3C1Z),研究不同混交比例对其叶、茎、根功能性状的影响。结果表明:(1)杉木总叶面积、叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度在混栽模式下显著减小,而比叶面积显著增大;根长和比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量在混栽模式下显著低于4C处理,不同混栽模式之间差异不显著。(2)大叶榉单叶面积在3C1Z处理下最高,总叶面积随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大,比叶面积在不同处理间无显著差异,叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均在2C2Z处理下最大,而瞬时水分利用效率在2C2Z处理下最小;根长在3C1Z处理下显著增大,比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大。综合来看,杉木和大叶榉混合处理中杉木种间竞争大于种内竞争,而大叶榉相反;随杉木在混栽处理中比例减少,其主要通过增加比叶面积,提高净光合速率,减少茎生物量积累来适应种间竞争关系;而大叶榉随其在混栽处理中比例的减少,显著增加叶面积和根长来提高资源利用率,减少地下资源分配,提高地上茎生物量积累。因此,树种混交比例将显著影响林木功能性状及其生物量积累,选择适宜混交比例对混交林可持续经营具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
15.
Mikhajlo K. Zubko Karl Schmeer Werner E. Gläßgen E. Bayer H. Ulrich Seitz 《Plant cell reports》1993,12(10):555-558
Callus cell lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Zarevo) were obtained from seedlings germinated from gamma-irradiated seeds (200 Gy). Some of these cell lines produce red-violet pigments which were identified as acylated anthocyanins. The major anthocyanin was determined to be peonidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-rhamnosyl)-glucoside]-5-O-glucoside (peonanin). Single cell-derived protoclones from non-pigmented protoplasts sometimes also gave rise to pigmented cell clusters thus indicating that the changes in the expression of the anthocyanin pathway can also occur after the stage of initial callus induction. 相似文献
16.
The mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from the Solanum tuberosum (S. tbr) clones of different ploidy level (4x Bzura cv., 2x H-8105, and 2x ZEL-1136) as well as from the wild species: S. bulbocastanum (S. blb, 2x) and two accessions of S. nigrum (S. ngr, 6x). Additionally, the protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspensions of Bzura cv. and H-8105 clone. The conditions
of protoplast isolation as well as the media for their culturing and regeneration, were selected and optimized for the studied
genotypes. For mesophyll protoplasts, the shooting calli were produced by all the cultured protoclones except that of S. bulbocastanum. The shoots excised from the protoplast-derived calli developed into whole plants in all the studied potato clones but only
in one accession of S. nigrum, i.e. S. ngr var. gigantea. As for suspension-cell-derived protoplasts, only H-8105 clone produced the regenerative type of calli, though normal shoots
could not be obtained. The regenerative capacity of the protoplasts isolated from leaves and cell suspensions is compared
and discussed.
We regret to report the death of M. Sc. Maria Borkowska after the completion of this work. 相似文献
17.
不同品系福建山樱花叶功能性状研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
为了解福建山樱花(Prunus campanulata)的叶片功能性状,对4个品系的叶形指数、比叶面积、叶绿素含量以及叶干物质含量进行了研究。结果表明,福建山樱花不同品系间的叶功能性状都存在显著差异。叶功能性状间存在一定的相关性,叶形指数与叶干物质含量存在显著负相关(P<0.05);比叶面积与叶绿素含量存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),其与叶干物质含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。经过综合评价,池边3号品系的叶绿素含量、叶干物质含量较大,花期长,花量稠密,可推荐作为园林观赏和行道树种。 相似文献
18.
The effects of different light regimes on the survival, growth and morphology ofQuercus serrata seedlings were studied in canopies ofMiscanthus sinensis. The seedlings of various ages (0–3 yr) were grown in three light regimes: under a denseM. sinensis canopy (TG plot) receiving 2.5%–8.7% of full sunlight, under a relatively sparse canopy (SG plot) receiving 3.8%–16.1% of
light and in an adjacent open site (NG plot). There was a little difference in the survival ofQ. serrata seedlings among the three plots. Height and diameter of stem and total leaf area of the seedlings were significantly lower
in the shadier plots. However, the first (bottom) flush of the stem was significantly longer in the TG plot than in the NG
and SG plots. Total dry weights of individual 1- and 2-yr-oldQ. serrata seedlings in the TG plot were reduced to about one-twelfth of those in the NG plot. Although the relative proportion in dry
weight of each organ did not differ significantly among the plots, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and stem height per
unit dry weight were significantly higher in shadier plots. The leaf area per unit stem height was increased considerably
in the sunnier plots. 相似文献
19.
为挖掘辣木(Moranga oleifera)优良种质资源,对30个优良单株家系的叶片表型性状进行研究。结果表明,除叶形外,辣木不同家系间的叶柄和叶片颜色、复叶数、复叶柄长度和直径、复叶间距、叶长、叶宽均存在不同程度的差异。复叶数与复叶柄长度和直径、复叶间距、叶长、叶宽呈极显著正相关;主成分分析表明,叶长、叶宽、复叶柄长度和直径、复叶间距、叶柄和叶片颜色是区分辣木不同家系最主要的叶片性状指标。聚类分析结果表明,30个辣木家系可分为3大类,叶片表型性状存在显著差异的家系的遗传距离较远。因此,叶柄和叶片颜色、复叶数、复叶柄长度和直径、复叶间距、叶长、叶宽将为直观区分辣木家系提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Specialist herbivores are suggested to be unaffected by or attracted to the defense compounds of their host-plants, and can even prefer higher levels of certain chemicals. Abrostola asclepiadis is a specialist herbivore whose larvae feed on the leaves of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, which contains toxic alkaloids and is unpalatable to most generalist herbivores. The food choice, leaf consumption and growth of A. asclepiadis larvae were studied to determine whether there is variation among and within host-plant populations in their suitability for this specialist herbivore. There was significant variation in food preference and leaf consumption among host-plant populations, but no differences were found in larval growth and feeding on different host-plant populations. A. asclepiadis larvae preferred host-plant populations with higher alkaloid concentrations, but did not consume more leaf material from plants originating from such populations in a no-choice experiment. There was also some variation in food preference of larvae among host-plant individuals belonging to the same population, suggesting that there was variability in leaf chemistry also within populations. Such variation in larval preference among host-plant genotypes and populations may create potential for coevolutionary dynamics in a spatial mosaic. 相似文献