RT-PCR和酶切方法区分猪瘟疫苗毒与野毒的研究

建立了套式RT-PCR与限制性内切酶酶切相结合的区别猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟病毒田间分离株的诊断方法。通过对猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟石门株E2基因主要抗原编码区序列进行限制性内切酶酶切位点分析,分别找出猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟石门株各自独有的限制性内切酶酶切位点,结果二者分别有10和16个独有的限制性内切酶的酶切位点;分别对17株猪瘟病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列进行这26个限制性内切酶酶切位点分析,结果表明有3个限制性内切酶（HgaI、Hin8I及Hsp92I）的酶切位点在HCLV株序列是独有的;利用HgaI限制性内切酶分别对HCLV、HCVSM及5株不同基因群的猪瘟病毒田间分离株进行酶切鉴定,结果只有HCLV株能够被HgaI酶切成2个片段,而其它的毒株则不能被切开。同时测定了套式RT-PCR方法的敏感性及特异性,结果其敏感性可达到0．2MLD,而对BDV以及BVDV均不能特异扩增。本方法的建立无疑对猪瘟在我国的控制和消灭具有重要的意义。     

RT-PCR和酶切方法区分猪瘟疫苗毒与野毒的研究*

建立了套式RT-PCR与限制性内切酶酶切相结合的区别猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟病毒田间分离株的诊断方法。通过对猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟石门株E2基因主要抗原编码区序列进行限制性内切酶酶切位点分析,分别找出猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株与猪瘟石门株各自独有的限制性内切酶酶切位点,结果二者分别有10和16个独有的限制性内切酶的酶切位点;分别对17株猪瘟病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列进行这26个限制性内切酶酶切位点分析,结果表明有3个限制性内切酶(HgaI、Hin8I及Hsp92I)     

DNA序列中限制酶切割位点的分布

本文以人类、小鼠、大鼠和病毒基因组中的DNA序列为材料,分析了其中40种II型限制性核酸内切酶识认位点的数量和分布情况。发现人鼠序列中绝大多数酶的切点数量可以通过序列中单核苷酸或双核苷酸的频率来预测,而切点在序列上的分布也是随机的。例外的情况是人鼠序列中酶EcoRII(识认CCWGG)和MnlI(CCTC)的切点显著偏多,而DpnI*(GATC)的切点显著偏少;MnlI的切点倾向于聚集一处。病毒基因组中酶切位点也基本上是随机分布,但基因组间差异很大,跟人鼠序列差别也大,特别是噬菌体T7中有多达17种酶的切点显著偏少。文中讨论了所得结果对构建限制酶切图谱的理论计算以及对限制酶显带机理的意义,特别指出显带过程在酶的切点达到所要求的浓度时,跟酶的识认片段的专一性、酶切位点的数量都没有关系,而取决于染色体不同区段抵抗酶切破坏的能力。     

梅花鹿源BVDV基因E0克隆与序列分析

对梅花鹿源BVDV基因E0进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明,梅花鹿源BVDV基因E0的大小为681bp,与报道9株BVDV（VEDEVAC、Bega、C24V、ILLC、NADL、OSLOSS、R1935、SD-1、Y546）和7株猪瘟病毒（ALD、Bres-cia、c、GPE、JL、LN9912、SM）及3株羊边界病毒（BD31、C413、BDVX818）相比,核苷酸序列的同源性依次为98.6%～84.8%、76.1%～74.7%、77.0%～76.7%。梅花鹿源BVDV为Ιb基因亚型。     

负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统中通用型真核表达载体的构建

本研究选择pVAX1作为供体载体,通过分子克隆方法,分别用人工合成的锤头型核酶、丁型肝炎核酶序列(用于获得转录后病毒基因组RNA的精确末端)和含有9个常用限制性酶切位点的linker序列(用于病毒基因组插入的多克隆酶切位点)取代真核表达载体pVAX1的多克隆酶切位点,将其改造成负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统的通用型表达载体。通过酶切鉴定和序列测定表明,pVAX1载体中插入的核酶及linker序列正确无误,并将CTN株狂犬病病毒全长基因组cDNA插入pVAX-R中,通过与辅助质粒的共转染成功拯救CTN株狂犬病毒,证明通用型真核表达载体构建成功,为快速建立负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统奠定基础。     

猪生长激素cDNA的分子克隆

用改进的氯化锂沉淀沉法和寡聚(dT)一纤维素亲和层析法由猪垂体制得总mRNA。以此总mRNA为模板,合成cDNA。钝端连接重组到质粒pUC19的SmaI位点,转化E.coli JM107,筛选出阳性克隆。用限制性内切酶酶切签定及5’端部分核苷酸序列分析证明:克隆了全长猪生长激素cDNA,其长度约为896bp。     

限制性片段长度多态性（RFLPS）及其原因

DNA是绝大多数生物(RNA病毒除外)携带和传递遗传信息的复杂的生物聚合体。能被限制性核酸内切酶在特定的核苷酸顺序上切割,形成各种长度的DNA片段,通过电源能将这些片段分开。 生物个体间的差异,本质上是DNA水平上的差异。这是由于进化过程中染色体DNA上核苷酸顺序发生了改变,当这种改变涉及到限制性酶切位点时,酶切后产生的DNA片段长度     

应用逆转录聚合酶链反应法扩增类胰岛素生长因子Ⅱ基因

利用酸性异硫氰酸胍-酚-氯仿一步法从人胚胎组织中提取总RNA,经Oligo(dT)纤维柱分离纯化出mRNA。用逆转录与聚合酶链反应相结合的RT-PCR法,扩增出人类胰岛素生长因子Ⅱ(IGFⅡ)的cDNA片段,在限制性内切酶Sma Ⅰ存在的连接体系中,将扩增出的cDNA片段克隆进PUC12的Sma Ⅰ位点处。经限制性内切酶EcoR Ⅰ、Sal Ⅰ、Eco47Ⅲ酶切鉴定其方向。以重组质粒的双链DNA为模板,用末端终止法测定其全部核苷酸顺序,证实其核苷酸编码的IGFⅡ在氨基酸顺序上与文献报道的相同。     

小拟南芥Chitinase基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

采用RT-PCR扩增方法,从野生资源小拟南芥（Arabidopsis pumila)的总RNA中,克隆获得了985bp的cDNA片段,经过测序和序列分析,发现该cDNA基因包含一个完整的963bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,含有17个限制性内切酶酶切位点,核苷酸序列同源性分析表明,该基因与与Arabidopsis thaliana glycosyl hydrolase family 19(chitinase)(Atlg 05850) mRNA,complete cds(登录号NM-100466.3),Arubidopsis thaliana putative class I chitinase(Atlg05850)mRNA,complete cds(登录号AY034935）,Arabidopsi8s thaliana chitinase-like protein 1(CTL1) mRNA,CTL1-ELPlallele,complete eds(登录号）AF422178）均有94%序列同源性,Chitinase可抑制病原真菌的生长,所编码的功能蛋白在提高农作物抗病性方面具有重要意义。     

人IL-6和TNF突变体重组融合蛋白表达质粒的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

本文利用PCR技术,对人肿瘤坏死因子α(hTNFα)基因进行了改造,并将其与人白细胞介素-6(hIL-6)成熟肽编码区cDNA进行融合,构建了5′IL-6-TNF△融合蛋白的表达质粒pBVIL6-TNFA△。DNA序列分析证明,PCR扩增片段核苷酸序列与引物设计序列及相应的cDNA序列完全一致;重组子用限制性内切酶酶切鉴定,含有正确的IL6-TNF△融合cDNA片段;表达产物经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,分子量约为37kD,与预计的相符合;生物学活性分析初步表明,该融合蛋白具有抗肿瘤活性。     

鳞翅目基因组IIB型内切酶位点的统计分析

IIB型限制内切酶能够识别并切割特异酶切位点两端特定距离的DNA,形成粘性末端的30 bp左右的等长DNA片段。利用其特性与限制性酶切位点关联测序技术(RAD)相结合发展出2b-RAD简化基因组测序技术,应用于遗传图谱构建、种群遗传结构分析、性状定位以及细菌分型等多种研究领域。构建2b-RAD测序文库之前,需要对基因组中的IIB型限制内切酶位点进行预测与统计分析,制定有效的测序文库构建方案。本文利用Python语言构建分析基因组中IIB型限制内切酶位点的流程,预测并统计6个鳞翅目代表物种基因组含有的8个商业化IIB型限制内切酶的酶切位点,比较了各个基因组与IIB型限制内切酶之间含有的酶切位点总量、重复序列数量以及酶切间隔长度的关系,为在昆虫基因组中进一步试行2b-RAD研究提供了参考。     

Autoscreening of Restriction Endonucleases for PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Identification of Fungal Species, with Pleurotus spp. as an Example

A molecular method based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA sequences was designed to rapidly identify fungal species, with members of the genus Pleurotus as an example. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences from Pleurotus, a PCR-RFLP endonuclease autoscreening (PRE Auto) program was developed to screen restriction endonucleases for discriminating multiple sequences from different species. The PRE Auto program analyzes the endonuclease recognition sites and calculates the sizes of the fragments in the sequences that are imported into the program in groups according to species recognition. Every restriction endonuclease is scored through the calculation of the average coefficient for the sequence groups and the average coefficient for the sequences within a group, and then virtual electrophoresis maps for the selected restriction enzymes, based on the results of the scoring system, are displayed for the rapid determination of the candidate endonucleases. A total of 85 haplotypes representing 151 ITS sequences were used for the analysis, and 2,992 restriction endonucleases were screened to find the candidates for the identification of species. This method was verified by an experiment with 28 samples representing 12 species of Pleurotus. The results of the digestion by the restriction enzymes showed the same patterns of DNA fragments anticipated by the PRE Auto program, apart from those for four misidentified samples. ITS sequences from 14 samples (of which nine sequences were obtained in this study), including four originally misidentified samples, confirmed the species identities revealed by the PCR-RFLP analysis. The method developed here can be used for the identification of species of other living microorganisms.     

Ability of DNA and spermidine to affect the activity of restriction endonucleases from several bacterial species.

Previous work has described the novel ability to modulate in vitro the activity of restriction endonuclease NaeI from Nocardia aerocoligenes by using cleavable DNA and spermidine [Conrad & Topal (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 9707-9711]. In this paper we report the results of a study of 49 type II restriction enzymes from a variety of bacterial species. On the basis of the rates of cleavage observed, we found that in addition to expected cleavable sites a number of enzymes had slow and resistant cognate recognition sites. Resistant sites were identified for BspMI, NaeI, and NarI; slow sites were identified for HpaII, NaeI, and SacII. Cleavage of these sites was found to be significantly enhanced by the addition of cleavable DNA or spermidine. We demonstrate that for BspMI, as for NaeI, activator DNAs increased Vmax without altering Km, whereas for HpaII, NarI, and SacII activator DNAs decreased Km without changing Vmax. Comparison among the Kms for NaeI cleavage of several different substrates demonstrated that distant DNA sequences can affect DNA recognition by the activated enzyme. Our observations extend DNA activation of the Nocardia NaeI endonuclease to restriction endonucleases from Nocardia argentinensis (NarI), Bacillus species M (BspMI), Haemophilus parainfluenza (HpaII), and Streptomyces achromogenes (SacII). In addition, activation has now been found to affect slow as well as resistant recognition sites.     

Genotypic differentiation of twelve Clostridium species by polymorphism analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene

Housekeeping genes encoding metabolic enzymes may provide alternative markers to 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for genotypic and phylogenetic characterization of bacterial species. We have developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay, targeting the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene, which allows the differentiation of twelve pathogenic Clostridium species. Degenerate primers constructed from alignments of tpi sequences of various gram-positive bacteria allowed the amplification of a 501 bp target region in the twelve Clostridium type strains. A phylogenetic tree constructed from the nucleotidic sequences of these tpi amplicons was well correlated with that inferred from analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences. The analysis of tpi sequences revealed restriction sites of enzyme AluI that could be species-specific. Indeed, AluI digestion of amplicons from the twelve type strains provided distinct restriction patterns. A total of 127 strains (three to sixteen strains for each species) was further analyzed by PCR-RFLP of the tpi gene, and confirmed that each species could be characterized by one to three restriction types (RTs). The differences between RTs within species could be explained by point mutations in AluI restriction sites of the tpi sequences. PCR-restriction analysis of the tpi gene offers an accurate tool for species identification within the genus Clostridium, and provides an alternative marker to 16S rDNA for phylogenetic analyses.     

The pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee,gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance

Summary The pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. The G banding pattern induced by Hae III was the only feature common to the four species. Although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme C banding pattern differed among the species studied. Hinf I did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and Rsa I did not elicit banding in chimpanzee and orangutan chromosomes. Equivalent amounts of similar satellite DNA fractions located in homologous chromosomes from different species or in nonhomologous chromosomes from the same species showed different banding patterns with identical restriction enzymes. The great variability in frequency of restriction sites observed between homologous chromosome regions may have resulted from the divergence of primordial sequences changing the frequency of restriction sites for each species and for each chromosomal pair. A total of 30 patterns of banding were found informative for analysis of the hominid geneaalogical tree. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, our data support a branching order in which the chimpanzee is more closely related to the gorilla than to the human.     

Identification and differentiation of Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada species by riboprinting

In the last decades, the number of known tardigrade species has considerably increased to more than 960 species with new ones being discovered every year. However, the study of tardigrade species presents a general problem which is frequently encountered during the work with invertebrates: small size and remarkable degrees of phenotypic plasticity may sometimes not permit a definite identification of the species. In this investigation we have used riboprinting, a tool to study rDNA sequence variation, in order to distinguish tardigrade species from each other. The method combines a restriction site variation approach of ribotyping with amplified DNAs. In eight investigated species of heterotardigrades and eutardigrades we have amplified the genes for the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU; 18S) and subsequently sequenced the genes. Virtual riboprints were used for identification of restriction sites from ten already published 18S rDNA sequences and seven new 18S rDNA sequences. On the basis of the obtained sequences, diagnostic restriction fragment patterns can be predicted with only 11 restriction enzymes. The virtual digestion confirmed the obtained restriction fragment patterns and restriction sites of all amplified and digested tardigrade DNAs. We show that the variation in positions and number of restriction sites obtained by standard restriction fragment analysis on agarose gels can be used successfully for taxonomic identification at different taxonomic levels. The simple restriction fragment analysis provides a fast and convenient method of molecular barcoding for species identification in tardigrades.     

Restriction landmark cDNA scanning (RLCS): a novel cDNA display system using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

We have developed a new method, designated restriction landmark cDNA scanning (RLCS), which displays many cDNA species quantitatively and simultaneously as two-dimensional gel spots. In this method cDNA species of uniform length were prepared for each mRNA species using restriction enzymes. After the restriction enzyme sites were radiolabeled as landmarks, the labeled fragments were subjected to high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In analyses of cDNA samples from adult mouse liver and brain (cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem) we detected approximately 500 and >1000 discrete gel spots respectively of various intensities at a time. The spot patterns of the three brain regions were very similar, although not identical, but were quite different from the pattern for the liver. RNA blot hybridization analysis using several cloned spot DNAs as probes showed that differences in intensity of the spots among RLCS profiles correlated well with expression levels of the corresponding mRNA species in the brain regions. Because the spots and their intensities reflect distinct mRNA species and their expression level respectively, the RLCS is a novel cDNA display system which provides a great deal of information and should be useful for systematic documentation of differentially expressed genes.     

Molecular evolution of bacteriophages: evidence of selection against the recognition sites of host restriction enzymes

Restriction enzymes produced by bacteria serve as a defense against invading bacteriophages, and so phages without other protection would be expected to undergo selection to eliminate recognition sites for these enzymes from their genomes. The observed frequencies of all restriction sites in the genomes of all completely sequenced DNA phages (T7, lambda, phi X174, G4, M13, f1, fd, and IKe) have been compared to expected frequencies derived from trinucleotide frequencies. Attention was focused on 6-base palindromes since they comprise the typical recognition sites for type II restriction enzymes. All of these coliphages, with the exception of lambda and G4, exhibit significant avoidance of the particular sequences that are enterobacterial restriction sites. As expected, the sequenced fraction of the genome of phi 29, a Bacillus subtilis phage, lacks Bacillus restriction sites. By contrast, the RNA phage MS2, several viruses that infect eukaryotes (EBV, adenovirus, papilloma, and SV40), and three mitochondrial genomes (human, mouse, and cow) were found not to lack restriction sites. Because the particular palindromes avoided correspond closely with the recognition sites for host enzymes and because other viruses and small genomes do not show this avoidance, it is concluded that the effect indeed results from natural selection.