野生植物资源的分类,识别和简易测定

地球上现存四十多万种植物,为人类直接利用的栽培作物仅仅数百种,绝大多数种类是分布在崇山峻岭、莽莽原野之中的野生植物。我国幅员辽阔,自然条件十分复杂,在广大山区中,蕴藏着取之不尽,用之不竭的野生植物资源。因此,广泛利用野生资源植物,不但可以补充某些工业原料的不足,增加出口货源而且可以增加农民的收入、节约国家的投资,特别对改变山区面貌,提高山区人民的生活,有着更加重要的意义。     

文山州石漠化地区常见木本先锋植物资源

从石漠化治理先锋植物的视角,对文山州分布广泛的20种双子叶木本野生乡土植物,从分类地位及有关特性、资源的类别及价值等方面进行概述,对乡土先锋植物资源的保护和管理、开发与利用提出建议,以期为当地石漠化治理过程中,在有关树种选择方面提供一定的参考。     

湘西州少数民族膳食结构中常见野生植物调查研究

湘西土家族苗族自治州位于武陵山区东部 ,属华中植物区系 ,植物资源十分丰富 ,对全州 8个县市的调研表明 ,野生食用植物是当地少数民族传统膳食结构中的重要组成成分。文章报导了常见野果、野菜等食物植物 42科 6 3属 83种及其利用价值、采集时令和食用方法 ,并就该地区野生食用植物资源的保护和开发提出了对策和措施。     

四川大巴山野生蜡梅资源现状与保护利用

蜡梅属（Chimonanthus Lindley）植物为我国特有,是国家二级珍稀濒危植物,为全身是宝的落叶灌木树种。2004年1月、2006年9月和12月,以及2007年12月4次深入四川大巴山地区,采用踏查法对野生蜡梅资源的分布、生境、生物学性状、开发利用等状况进行了调查。结果发现,四川大巴山地区广泛分布着野生蜡梅原生林,其分布地域、面积和资源存量在我国野生蜡梅中均占有重要地位。该地区野生蜡梅原生而古老,株、叶、枝、花、果类型丰富多样。但是,存在开发利用误区,资源破坏严重,一些地方甚至濒临灭绝。结合当地经济、历史、文化特色,对有效保护和合理开发利用野生蜡梅资源,发展地方特色资源经济提出了相应的思路与建议。     

安徽省野生兰花资源多样性研究

通过对安徽省野生兰花资源的调查,发现安徽省野生兰花资源主要集中于皖西大别山山区及皖南山区,共有野生兰花资源34属、56种,是华东地区盛产地之一,也是全国乃至世界兰花资源的重要来源;以少种属和寡种属为主;生活类型以地生为主;垂直分布格局上呈一定规律分布;安徽省兰科植物属分布区类型可以划分为9类型3变型,明显的温带和亚热带过渡的特点;另外就安徽省的兰花资源现状提出了保护建议。     

湖南武陵山区野生百合群落特征研究

为查明武陵山区野生百合资源的分布现状,进一步保护和挖掘有价值的野生种质资源,本调查在湖南省武陵山区野生百合聚集区开展实地调查研究,重点分析该地区野生百合资源分布特征。结果表明:湖南省武陵山区野生百合集中分布在海拔268-667 m溪流的草丛、低矮灌木丛及岩石缝中,生长较集中;伴生植物主要以石菖蒲、蕨类、苔藓为主;调查结果说明了武陵山区野生百合资源种群数量减少及分布范围相对集中萎缩,种群受威胁程度加剧,应加强野生南川百合资源群落的监测研究和保护,对恢复和稳定武陵山区野生百合资源生态平衡具有极为重要意义。     

车八岭国家级自然保护区油脂植物资源

油脂植物广泛存在于植物界,它们的果实、种子、花粉、孢子、茎、叶、根等器官都含有油脂,尤其以种子含油量最丰富.油脂植物是构成车八岭国家级自然保护区生物多样性重要组成部分,初步调查,车八岭国家级自然保护区共有油脂植物55科96属144种.车八岭保护区内野生油脂种类繁多,资源丰富,能适应多种需求,具有无法估计的生态和经济价值.目前对野生油脂植物开发利用较少,经营比较粗放,许多资源尚未得到利用,建议进一步开展油脂植物研究,查清油脂植物的分布特点、主要油脂植物的特点以及可开发利用性、资源蕴藏量,以便制定科学利用计划,引导当地群众合理利用区内的油脂植物资源,可增加农民收入,促进农村经济发展,减轻对林木资源的依赖.     

浅谈楚雄州陡坡地生态治理的现状及对策

实施陡坡地生态治理,进行退耕还林,不仅可加速楚雄州生态的修复,增加林地面积,提高森林覆盖率,治理水土流失,提高林业应对气候变化和固碳减排的能力,而且还可以转变山区农村传统的产业机构,发展特色林业,促进山区综合开发和农民增收致富,实现"生态建设产业化,产业发展生态化"的发展目标,最终达到生态与经济双赢的局面,为此,就楚雄州的陡坡地退耕还林生态治理现状情况提出治理建议和对策。     

广东始兴南山自然保护区的植物资源及珍稀植物

对南山自然保护区的初步调查结果显示,区内有野生维管植物179科565属1039种,国家二级野生保护植物9种,其他珍稀濒危的种类7种。由此可见,南山自然保护区植物资源极其丰富,野生维管植物及珍稀保护植物是其重要组成部分。其中野生维管植物资源种类繁多,蕴藏量较大,而且不少种类具有开发和可持续利用的价值,具有巨大的经济价值和生态价值。     

胶东半岛野生豆科植物资源调查与分析

目的：调查胶东半岛野生豆科植物资源现状，分析植物功能，为当地合理利用野生豆科植物资源提供科学依据。方法：通过实地调查、标本采集、文献分析等方法，鉴定胶东半岛野生豆科植物种类，统计分析植物生境分布、功能、区系等。结果：胶东半岛共有野生豆科植物31属78种，主要为草本植物，以野豌豆属和胡枝子属种数最多。植物功能多样，有饲用植物73种、药用植物66种、可食用植物45种、观赏植物20种、油脂植物19种、蜜源植物13种。属的地理成分以温带区系占优势，但有明显的热带亲缘。结论：胶东半岛野生豆科植物资源丰富，用途多样，但利用程度不高，建议结合当地生态和经济社会发展需求，加以合理利用。     

Phytochrome B increases drought tolerance by enhancing ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana

Phytochrome B (phyB) can adjust morphological and physiological responses according to changes in the red : far‐red (R:FR) ratio. phyB‐driven acclimation of plants to open environments (high R:FR ratio) increases carbon gain at the expense of increased water loss. This behaviour alleviates stressful conditions generated by an excess of light, but increases the chances of desiccation. Here we evaluated how phyB modulates this drought‐tolerance response by comparing wild‐type Arabidopsis thaliana adult plants to the null phyB in response to water shortage. phyB wilted before the wild type, and this was due to phyB maintaining open stomata under a reduction in soil water availability. Although phyB presented enhanced ABA levels under well‐watered conditions, this mutant was less sensitive than the wild type in diminishing stomatal conductance in response to exogenous ABA application. Reduced sensitivity to ABA in phyB correlated with a lower expression of ABCG22, which encodes a putative ABA influx transporter, and PYL5, which encodes a soluble ABA receptor. Furthermore, the expression of RAB18 and RD29A, both typical ABA‐induced genes, was lower in phyB than the wild type after ABA treatment. We propose that phyB contributes to the acclimation of plants to open environments by enhancing ABA sensitivity when soil water becomes limiting.     

Design of the dike-pond system in the littoral zone of a tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Dam is the greatest water control project in the world with the largest fresh water littoral zone. Emergence of the littoral zone during the growing season provides some plants with the opportunity to complete their growth cycle, but the fluctuating water level also brings about some environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversity reduction. A series of cascading terraced ponds located in the littoral zone of a secondary branch of the Yangtze River at Laotudi Bay was designed to be a dike-pond system for resolving the environmental problems of this special littoral zone while also making use of resources in an eco-friendly manner. The design of the dike-pond system is described in detail in this article, and some monitoring protocols are recommended for evaluating the environmental benefits of the system. The economic value of the dike-ponds was estimated to be about ¥125,986. Due to the ecological management mode adopted, 14 species of wild aquatic plants and 6 species of wading birds were found in the dike-pond system, in contrast to 9 species of wild aquatic plants and 3 species of wading birds in a comparable conventional farming area. It is hoped that dike-pond ecological engineering will be instrumental in reducing water pollution and increasing biodiversity in the littoral zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Physiological Conjunction of Allelochemicals and Desert Plants

Plants exchange signals with other physical and biological entities in their habitat, a form of communication termed allelopathy. The underlying principles of allelopathy and secondary-metabolite production are still poorly understood, especially in desert plants. The coordination and role of secondary metabolites were examined as a cause of allelopathy in plants thriving under arid and semiarid soil conditions. Desert plant species, Origanum dayi, Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia judaica from two different sources (cultivar cuttings and wild seeds) were studied in their natural habitats. Growth rate, relative water content, osmotic potential, photochemical efficiency, volatile composition and vital factors of allelopathy were analyzed at regular intervals along four seasons with winter showing optimum soil water content and summer showing water deficit conditions. A comprehensive analysis of the volatile composition of the leaves, ambient air and soil in the biological niche of the plants under study was carried out to determine the effects of soil water conditions and sample plants on the surrounding flora. Significant morpho-physiological changes were observed across the seasons and along different soil water content. Metabolic analysis showed that water deficit was the key for driving selective metabolomic shifts. A. judaica showed the least metabolic shifts, while A. sieberi showed the highest shifts. All the species exhibited high allelopathic effects; A. judaica displayed relatively higher growth-inhibition effects, while O. dayi showed comparatively higher germination-inhibition effects in germination assays. The current study may help in understanding plant behavior, mechanisms underlying secondary-metabolite production in water deficit conditions and metabolite-physiological interrelationship with allelopathy in desert plants, and can help cull economic benefits from the produced volatiles.     

宁夏野生经济植物信息系统的结构和功能

本文简介了宁夏野生经济植物数据库信息系统的建库目标 ,系统结构和功能。本库对宁夏野生经济植物按基本信息和经济利用信息设计了方便的检索查询和编辑系统 ,并且利用Internet/Intranet技术实现植物信息资源的共享。     

枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）cspB基因转化烟草（Nicotiana tabacuum）的研究

细菌冷休克蛋白cspB是原核生物RNA的分子伴侣,含有原始型的冷休克结构域,具有与核酸结合功能,可以防止RNase对mRNA的降解,也能纠正mRNA的折叠错误.为了寻找作物改良的潜在基因资源,从枯草芽孢杆菌XS-01基因组中克隆出cspB基因,并与pBI121构建成pBI121-cspB植物表达载体.利用叶圆盘转化法转化烟草,通过卡那霉素筛选和PCR、Southern杂交鉴定5个转化体株系.除TN010外,其他转基因株系在外观形态与野生亲本的没有差别,但TN001和TN011育性降低,TN010和TN012则完全丧失育性.干旱处理结果表明,转基因植株在土壤水分恢复后10d,其平均单株干物质质量较之野生亲本的显著增加;叶片光合速率测定结果表明,在干旱处理时,转基因植株和对照亲本叶片光合速率均显著下降,在土壤水分恢复后,转基因植株的光合速率能快速恢复,但对照亲本的恢复缓慢.实验结果说明,cspB能够促进植物细胞从逆境伤害中快速恢复功能.     

The Genus Nomocharis

Background: Ziziphus lotus, wild jujube, is a xerophytic shrub of the Rhamnaceae family widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, where it occupies most soil types. Phenological patterns of desert plants are strongly affected by the seasonality of water availability and phreatophytes represent a particularly interesting case for studying such relationships.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationship between phenological traits and water potential patterns of the wild jujube as a tool for understanding how plants cope with extreme drought.

Methods: Phenophases and predawn (Ψ_pd) and midday (Ψ_md) xylem water potentials of wild jujube were studied monthly (Nov 2007–Oct 2008) at Samaâliate and Oued El Hallouf in southern Tunisia. These sites receive164 mm and 191 mm of annual rainfall, respectively, and differ in slope and soil type.

Results: The Ψ_md decreased progressively and concomitantly with increasing seasonal drought, reaching the lowest values in late summer (down to –3.9 MPa for both sites). Seasonality of Ψ_pd was less pronounced for plants established in Oued El Hallouf (–2.09 MPa) than in Samaâliate (–2.63 MPa) at the end of the dry season. Wild jujube is dormant from October through to March and mature plants flower in May and produce fruits in August.

Conclusions: Our results clearly demonstrate that wild jujube is a drought tolerant species reaching low water potentials during the driest months of summer.     

Stomatal control in tomato with ABA-deficient roots: response of grafted plants to soil drying

The hypothesis that ABA produced by roots in drying soil is responsible for stomatal closure was tested with grafted plants constructed from the ABA-deficient tomato mutants, sitiens and flacca and their near-isogenic wild-type parent. Three types of experiments were conducted. In the first type, reciprocal grafts were made between the wild type and sitiens or flacca. Stomatal conductance accorded with the genotype of the shoot, not the root. Stomates closed in all of the grafted plants in response to soil drying, regardless of the root genotype, i.e. regardless of the ability of the roots to produce ABA. In the second type of experiment, wild-type shoots were grafted onto a split-root system consisting of one wild-type root grafted to one mutant (flacca or sitiens) root. Water was withheld from one root system, while the other was watered well so that the shoots did not experience any decline in water potential or loss of turgor. Stomates closed to a similar extent when water was withheld from the mutant roots or the wild-type roots. In the third type of experiment, grafted plants with wild-type shoots and either wild-type or sitiens roots were established in pots that could be placed inside a pressure chamber, and the pressure increased as the soil dried so that the shoots remained fully turgid throughout. Stomates closed as the soil dried, regardless of whether the roots were wild type or sitiens. These experiments demonstrate that stomatal closure in response to soil drying can occur in the absence of leaf water deficit, and does not require ABA production by roots. A chemical signal from roots leading to a change in apoplastic ABA levels in leaves may be responsible for the stomatal closure.     

甘肃河西野生经济植物资源及其利用的研究

甘肃河西地区约有野生经济植物50科200余种（不包括药用植物）。本文列出了该区具有代表性和较高利用价值的野生经济植物38科85种;评价了部分植物的利用价值;对资源的进一步开发利用提出探讨。     

Influence of environmental abiotic factors on the content of saponins in plants

Saponins are a large group of secondary metabolites occurring in significant amounts in many plant species. However, the saponin content of plants is variable and it can be influenced by the surrounding environment. The local geoclimate, seasonal changes, external conditions such as light, temperature, humidity and soil fertility, as well as cultivation techniques, affect both the quantitative amount and qualitative composition of saponins. Such variation substantially impacts on the quality and properties of wild and cultivated plants exploited for pharmaceutical, nutritional and industrial applications. This review summarizes the available data on the effects of abiotic environmental factors on saponin level in plants, especially those of considerable economic importance, highlighting current problems such as the reduction in natural plant resources, over-exploitation and destruction of wild habitats, climate shifts as well as the consequences of the growing demand for plant-derived medicinal and industrial products. The need for a theoretical basis for a reasonable harvest, attempts at the domestication of wild plant species and the development of new agricultural technologies allowing high production under optimized conditions are also discussed.     

Role of mycorrhizal infection in the growth and reproduction of wild vs. cultivated plants

Summary We tested the hypothesis that mycorrhizal infection benefits wild plants to a lesser extent than cultivated plants. This hypothesis stems from two observations: (1) mycorrhizal infection improves plant growth primarily by increasing nutrient uptake, and (2) wild plants often possess special adaptations to soil infertility which are less pronounced in modern cultivated plants. In the first experiment, wild (Avena fatua L.) and cultivated (A. sativa L.) oats were grown hydroponically at four different phosphorus levels. Wild oat was less responsive (in shoot dry weight) to increasing phosphorus availability than cultivated oat. In addition, the root: shoot ratio was much more plastic in wild oat (varying from 0.90 in the low phosphorus solution to 0.25 in the high phosphorus solution) than in cultivated oat (varying from 0.44 to 0.17). In the second experiment, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wild and cultivated oats were grown in a phosphorus-deficient soil. Mycorrhizal infection generally improved the vegetative growth of both wild and cultivated oats. However, infection significantly increased plant lifespan, number of panicles per plant, shoot phosphorus concentration, shoot phosphorus content, duration of flowering, and the mean weight of individual seeds in cultivated oat, while it had a significantly reduced effect, no effect, or a negative effect on these characters for wild oat. Poor positive responsiveness of wild oat in these characters was thus associated with what might be considered to be inherent adaptations to nutrient deficiency: high root: shoot ratio and inherently low growth rate. Infection also increased seed phosphorus content and reproductive allocation.