光周期对许氏平鲉性腺分化过程中形态学、性激素水平及相关基因表达的影响

研究以35日龄(dpb)许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)仔稚鱼为对象,研究不同光周期(短光照组L﹕D=8﹕16、长光照组L﹕D=16﹕8和对照组L﹕D=12﹕12)对性别分化、相关激素水平及基因表达水平的影响。结果显示非自然的光周期尤其是较短的光照,会不同程度地影响性腺分化时期性腺发育程度,并且短光照会导致部分性腺雄性化;雌激素(E2)在短光照组中更早出现峰值,而雄激素(T)在3个处理组中均在实验第9天时达到峰值; 4个卵巢分化相关基因cyp19a1a、ERα、ERβ2和foxl2中, ERα、ERβ2和foxl2受短光照影响显著,实验中后期出现明显的抑制(P<0.05); 4个精巢发育相关基因sox3、sox9、amh和dmrt1相对表达水平未见明显规律,可能与精巢分化时间较晚有关。综合而言,较短的光照会影响性腺的发育以及性腺的分化,抑制卵巢分化基因的表达,诱导原始性腺雄性化。     

雄家鸽不同生长期血浆性激素和睾丸组织学变化

本文对雄家鸽不同生长期血浆性激素和睾丸组织学进行了研究,得到如下结果,童鸽性腺小,性激素含量低,切片没有看到各级生殖细胞,成鸽性腺大,性激素含量高,切片见有各级生殖细胞,成熟精子活跃。老鸽生殖机能减退,性激素含量下降,切片只见各级生殖细胞,管壁薄,管腔大,成熟精子少。     

大鼠垂体促性腺激素细胞内cAMP的改变对LHβ mRNA表达的影响

目的 分析大鼠LHβ mRNA表达的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)受体后信号转导机制.方法 将体外培养的大鼠腺垂体促性腺激素(GTH)细胞用cAMP的兴奋剂FSK或抑制剂SQ22536处理后,再用高频GnRH脉冲刺激,然后用实时荧光定量PCR法测定细胞LHβ mRNA的Ct值,并与空白组比较.结果 LHβ mRNA的Ct值随着GTH细胞cAMP含量的增高而显著降低,随着cAMP含量的降低而显著增高.结论 cAMP是高频GnRH脉冲刺激所引起的LHβ mRNA表达的受体后的信号转导途径.     

蛙类下丘脑—脑垂体—性腺轴的内分泌调节

本文从“下丘脑－脑垂本－性腺”轴方面,综述了蛙类生殖内分泌学研究领域所限得的主要成就和研究进展。对于今后的工作,从理论和生产方面提出了一些看法。     

大鼠促性腺激素细胞内蛋白激酶C的改变对黄体生成素mRNA表达的影响

目的:分析大鼠黄体生成素(LH)表达的受体后信号转导机制。方法:促性腺激素(GTH)细胞内蛋白激酶C(PKC)兴奋或抑制后,用促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)脉冲刺激,然后用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定细胞LH的β亚基(LHβ)mRNA的表达量,并与空白组比较。结果:LHβmRNA随着PKC活性的升高而显著升高,随着PKC活性的降低而显著降低。结论:GnRH脉冲刺激引起LHβmRNA表达,其受体后的信号转导是PKC-Ca2+途径。     

改变大鼠促性腺激素细胞内cAMP含量对卵泡刺激素分泌的影响

目的:分析大鼠卵泡刺激素(FSH)分泌的受体后信号转导机制。方法:将促性腺激素(GTH)细胞用毛喉素(FSK)或腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂SQ22536处理后,用促性腺激素释放激素脉冲刺激,再用酶联免疫吸附法检测其FSH分泌量,并与空白对照组比较。结果:FSK能显著提高GTH细胞中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量,SQ22536能显著降低GTH细胞中的cAMP含量,FSK和SQ22536都不会影响GTH细胞的蛋白激酶C活性,GTH细胞cAMP含量的变化对FSH分泌的影响不显著。结论:cAMP-PKA(蛋白激酶A)不是FSHβ亚基分泌的受体后信号转导途径。     

芳香化酶抑制剂处理鸡胚对性分化和性激素分泌的影响

目的：研究雌激素对鸡性分化的作用。方法：本实验在受精蛋孵化的第3天,分别给对照组和实验组注入100ul生理盐水和芳香化酶抑制剂,石蜡封口,出雏后常规饲养到八月龄,然后检测性腺结构和血清性激素水平。结果：（1）反转完全母鸡的右侧性腺发育成为睾丸,而左侧性腺出现不同程度的反转,即：完全反转成睾丸,反转成卵睾体,未得到明显反转的卵巢,完全反转成为睾丸的母鸡仍保留输卵管残迹,并存在发育不良的输精管;反转成卵睾体的母鸡保留排卵功能;未能得到明显反转的母鸡排卵正常;（2）反转不完全母鸡的右侧 性腺退化,左侧性腺为完整卵巢,表现出雄性交配行为,组织学发现：正常母鸡卵巢存在许多卵泡;正常公鸡睾丸有很多精细管分布,精细管内部能看到各级精母细胞以及成熟精子;反转不完全母鸡性腺的生殖上皮增生,但结构和对照组均不同,反转完全母鸡的两侧性腺均出现类似睾丸的结构,但左侧生殖上皮比较发达,精细管较正常窄,未发现精子。RIA检测发现雌二醇含量为：反转不完全母鸡＞正常母鸡＞反转完全母鸡＞正常公鸡;睾酮含量为：反转完全母鸡＞反转不完全母鸡＞正常公鸡＞正常母鸡,结论：在胚胎期阻断雌激素的合成可以引起雌性性腺在形态结构上朝着雄性的方向变化,血清性激素水平也出现变化。     

食物温度对雌性大鼠糖脂代谢、性激素及血液流变学的影响

目的：观察不同温度的饮食对雌性大鼠糖、脂代谢,性激素及血液流变学的影响。方法：将40只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组（n=10）（A组、B组、C组、D组）,分别喂饲不同温度（10—15℃、22～32℃、42～52℃、52～62℃）的食物和饮水,35d后对大鼠糖、脂代谢、性激素和血液流变学等参数进行测定。结果：采用不同温度的饮食喂养大鼠35d后,C组大鼠的胰岛素（INS）和载脂蛋白apoA水平,卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LS）、孕酮（P）含量明显升高;总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平和apoB／ap0A比值均明显降低;血流状态稳定,一般情况最好。结论：42～52℃是实验大鼠较为适宜的饮食温度。     

中华鳖血浆中性激素季节性变化的一些资料

有关中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann)血浆中性激素的季节性变化与性腺发育、排卵和排精等之间的关系是一项有意义的课题。本文就上述问题进行了一年多的初步研究,现报告如下:材料与方法于1986年4月至1987年3月先后从近郊购捕鳖共27只(♂13只、♀14只)。从购捕鳖到用于实验一般约2天。选性成熟、有翻正反射的正常个体。每月实验一次,每次雌雄各一。由上海内分泌研究所提供分析试剂药盒,用国产液体闪烁计数机计算测得。雌二醇最小可测量10pg/ml,睾酮最小可测量5ng/dl。按常规操作和胡增高(1987)的方法。血浆睾酮和雌二醇的放射免疫测定的…     

2d:4d, sex steroid hormones and human psychological sex differences

Studies on 2d:4d, the ratio between the second and the fourth digit, as a possible indicator of prenatal androgen exposure, have failed to produce consistent results. This paper analyzes the relation between 2d:4d, sex steroids and well-documented sex differences in characteristics such as depression, dominance, and aggressive (ART) and non-aggressive adolescent risk-taking (NART) in a comparatively large sample of adolescent boys (N = 301, mean age: 14.4 years) and girls (N = 298, mean age: 14.3 years). Boys had on average a lower 2d:4d than girls (F = 42.15; p < 0.001). With respect to boys, controlling for age and pubertal development (PD), a small but marginally significant positive association was found between 2d:4d and total testosterone (TT) (r = 0.11; p < 0.05). In girls a significant association was found between 2d:4d and SHBG (r = 0.18; p < 0.01). However, relationships between 2d:4d and hormones depended on the phase of the menstrual cycle, with 2d:4d being negatively associated with FT (B = − 0.013; p < 0.05) once a positive association between 2d:4d and FT for girls in the mid-cycle group (B = 0.019; p < 0.01) is taken into account. With respect to sex differences in characteristics, we found evidence of a relationship between 2d:4d and depression in boys (r = − 0.14; p < 0.05) but not between 2d:4d and dominance, ART or NART. No relationships were found between 2d:4d and any of these variables in girls.     

Influence of gonadal sex hormones on behavioral components of the reproductive hierarchy in naked mole-rats

Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) are fossorial, eusocial rodents that live in colonies which typically include 60-80 individuals. Generally, only one of the females and 1-3 of the males in a colony are reproductives. The reproductives engage in mutual genital nuzzling behavior that is rarely exhibited by subordinates (non-reproductives). Thus, genital nuzzling may represent a mechanism of bonding and/or specific recognition between reproductive individuals. We investigated whether gonadal hormones are involved in the maintenance of genital nuzzling behavior and mating behaviors in isolated pairs of mole-rats and also in established breeding pairs of mole-rats within colonies. We also explored whether sex hormone deprivation would alter the strict partner preference for performance of nuzzling within colonies. Our results indicate (a) considerable variation between pairs in the frequency of nuzzling, (b) a reduction in the frequency of nuzzling following castration of the male and restoration of the 'baseline' frequency after replacement of testosterone in castrated males, (c) the failure of either castration or combined castration and ovariectomy to eliminate genital nuzzling in established pairs, and (d) the exhibition of nuzzling behavior by some of the subordinates in all three experimental colonies beginning several weeks after gonadectomy of both of the reproductives. No cases of lordosis behavior were seen during the approximately 109 h of behavioral observations. This is not surprising, since female mole-rats have an approximately 30-day ovulatory cycle, and lordosis only occurs during a peri-ovulatory period of a few hours. A total of 44 cases of mounting behavior were recorded; all these involved breeding males in colonies or males from isolated pairs, and all occurred when males were either gonad-intact or castrated with testosterone replacement. Thus, in contrast to nuzzling behavior, male sex behavior appeared to be eliminated during androgen deprivation.     

维药罗补甫克比日丸对DM性勃起功能障碍大鼠性激素水平的影响

目的:揭示维药罗补甫克比日丸对糖尿病(DM)性勃起功能障碍(ED)大鼠性激素水平的影响。方法:取50只SD雄性大鼠,从中随机取7只设为正常对照(A)组,余43只行腹腔注射链尿佐菌素(STZ)制造DM动物模型,未成模者为STZ组,成模者用阿朴吗啡(APO)筛选DM性ED模型,并将其随机分为DM性ED对照组、药罗补甫克比日丸(C)组、胰岛素(D)组、联用(E)组,未成ED模者为DM(F)组,共7组。药物干预6周后,检测外周血中性激素水平。结果:正常对照(A)组、DM性ED胰岛素(D)组、DM性ED联用(E)组、STZ(G)组睾酮(T)水平显著高于DM性ED对照(B)组、DM性ED伊木萨克(C)组、DM(F)组,有显著性差异(P0.01);正常对照(A)组、STZ(G)组促黄体生成激素(LH)水平显著低于DM性ED伊木萨克(C)组、DM性ED联用(E)组,有显著性差异(P0.05、P0.01);DM性ED对照(B)组、DM性ED补甫克比日丸(C)组促卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平显著低于DM性ED胰岛素(D)组、DM性ED联用(E)组,有显著性差异(P0.01、P0.05)。结论:维药罗补甫克比日丸可显著改善DM性ED大鼠睾酮水平,且与胰岛素联用优于单用,维药罗补甫克比日丸治疗DM性ED的作用机制可能与T、LH、FSH含量变化有关。     

Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have infections more often than those without DM. The course of the infections is also more complicated in this patient group. One of the possible causes of this increased prevalence of infections is defects in immunity. Besides some decreased cellular responses in vitro, no disturbances in adaptive immunity in diabetic patients have been described. Different disturbances (low complement factor 4, decreased cytokine response after stimulation) in humoral innate immunity have been described in diabetic patients. However, the clinical relevance of these findings is not clear. Concerning cellular innate immunity most studies show decreased functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing) of diabetic polymorphonuclear cells and diabetic monocytes/macrophages compared to cells of controls. In general, a better regulation of the DM leads to an improvement of these cellular functions. Furthermore, some microorganisms become more virulent in a high glucose environment. Another mechanism which can lead to the increased prevalence of infections in diabetic patients is an increased adherence of microorganisms to diabetic compared to nondiabetic cells. This has been described for Candida albicans. Possibly the carbohydrate composition of the receptor plays a role in this phenomenon.     

The effect of sex hormones on the proximal tubules in the rat kidney

Summary The three segments (S₁, S₂, S₃) of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney were investigated, with special reference to lysosomes, after castration, estradiol application, and at the end of pregnancy. Especially in S₁ and S₂ castration induces an increase of cellular autophagy. The nuclei become smaller; endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus are reduced; catabolism predominates. In S₁ more giant lysosomes occur; the total number of lysosomes increases whereas acid phosphatase activity decreases at the same time. Sex differences which exist in untreated animals disappear. Substitution with estradiol causes an activation of the proximal tubule cells: Heterophagy predominates, and cellular autophagy is reduced. Nuclear size is unchanged; ER, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus show a clear increase. Giant lysosomes are absent in S₁. On the whole lysosomes are larger, but less numerous than after castration. Acid phosphatase is highly active. All changes are most evident in S₃. At the end of pregnancy the proximal tubule cells are stressed considerably: Pinocytotic activity increases, and large numbers of cell organelles and many lipid vacuoles can be observed. The basal lamina in S₁ and S₂ becomes thicker. Lysosomes enlarge and increase in number in all segments; giant lysosomes are absent in S₁; acid phosphatase activity is extremely high. The results indicate that sex hormones directly influence the regulation of the proximal tubule cell; moreover, they are indirectly important for the functioning of the kidney via changes in the whole organism.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 105)Dedicated to Prof. Dr. O. Bucher, Head of the Institute of Histology and Embryology of the University of Lausanne/Switzerland, on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Influence of different neural systems on the secretion of sex hormones in potassium deficient mice

The influence of different neural systems that modulate GnRH secretion by hypothalamic neurons was investigated in mice exposed to hypokalemic conditions, in which the pulsatile release of GnRH has been shown to be altered and associated with a significant decrease of plasma sex steroids. Our results demonstrate that the potentiation of the inhibitory pathways mediated by opiates and GABA may be implicated in the decrease of sex hormones secretion produced by hypokalemia since treatment with higher doses of naloxone or flumazenil are required to restore progesterone or testosterone levels in potassium deficient mice. The combination treatment of prazoxin and naloxone suggests that the inhibitory action of opiates take place through its action on noradrenergic neurons. It is also possible that the inhibition of GnRH release could be due to a decrease in the tonic stimulatory action of noradrenergic pathway implicated in the control of GnRH release. Our results also reveal that it is unlikely that the glutamatergic system may play any relevant direct role in the decrease of sex steroid secretion observed in potassium deficient mice. Finally, these results together with the normal pattern of estradiol levels found along the estrus cycle in potassium deficient mice indicate that factors different from estradiol and acting on neural systems implicated in the regulation of GnRH-secreting neurons participate in the generation of the preovulatory surge of GnRH.     

Testosterone levels and their associations with lifetime number of opposite sex partners and remarriage in a large sample of American elderly men and women

Testosterone (T) has been argued to modulate mating and parenting behavior in many species, including humans. The role of T for these behaviors has been framed as the challenge hypothesis. Following this hypothesis, T should be positively associated with the number of opposite sex partners a male has. Indeed research in humans has shown that T is positively related to the number of opposite sex partners a young man has had. Here we test, in both men and women, whether this relationship extends to the lifetime number of sex partners. We also explored whether or not T was associated with current marital status, partnership status and whether or not the participant remarried. Using a large sample of elderly men and women (each sample n > 700), we show that T is positively and sizably associated with the number of opposite sex partners in men. When controlling for potential confounding variables such as educational attainment, age, BMI, ethnicity, specific use of a medication and time of sampling this effect remained. For women, the relationship between T and number of opposite sex partners was positive but did not prove to be robust. In both men and women there was no evidence for an association between T and current marital status and partnership status (being in a relationship or not). However, remarriage was positively associated with T, but only in males. Results are discussed with reference to the literature on T and sex partners, remarriage and more broadly the challenge hypothesis.     

Localization of gonadotrophic hormones in the dog pituitary gland

Summary Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta () subunits of FSH and LH¹, selective immunochemical staining was localized mostly in the same cell type in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the dog pituitary gland. However, some cells were consistently shown to react solely with antisera to either LH or FSH. The cells stained for FSH were at least 1.5 times less numerous than those shown to contain LH. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the immunoreactive gonadotrophs varied greatly in their relative proportion and were mostly shown to be much less numerous than in bitches in the anestrus phase of the sexual cycle. These cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. The performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2)-PAS-orange G procedure stained the FSH/LH cells blue or turquoise, demonstrating TSH cells (blue-purple), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The FSH/LH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunochemical double staining. These observations support the concept that the one cell-one hormone theory may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones, although some cells seem to be the source of either FSH or LH.Abbreviations for Pituitary Hormones cited in this Paper ACTH Adrenocorticotropin - FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone - GH Growth Hormone - LH Luteinizing Hormone - MSH Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone - PRL Prolactin - TSH Thyrotropin The authors are grateful to Dr. H. Wiemann for the statistical evaluation and to Mrs. B. Schilk and Miss U. Tüshaus for their excellent technical assistanceRecipient of a Research Scholarship from the Arabic Republic of Egypt     

糖尿病合并感染及其高危因素分析

目的分析糖尿病并发感染的临床类型及其高危因素,为提高糖尿病合并感染的预防和临床诊治水平提供依据。方法收集检索中国医科大学附属第一临床医院收治的糖尿病合并感染患者的病历资料,对感染类型及感染的危险因素进行回顾性分析。结果178例糖尿病患者中,61人次合并感染,感染率为34．3％。其中女性糖尿病患者合并感染发生率为42．9％,明显高于男性的感染发生率（26．6％）;年龄≥60岁者合并感染率（57．9％）明显高于〈60岁者（33．8％）和〈50岁者（21．2％）;空腹血糖≥11．1mmol／L者合并感染率（48．1％）明显高于空腹血糖〈11．1mmol／L者（28．2％）。感染部位以泌尿系统、呼吸系统、皮肤及软组织为主,分别占感染的36．1％、24．6％和18．0％。结论随着年龄的增长、病程的延长及血糖的升高,感染的发生率也随之升高。对糖尿病早期诊断,有效控制血糖是预防和减少感染发生的有效措施。