裸粒水稻同源四倍体的人工诱导

裸粒水稻成熟胚在含不同浓度2,4－D与激动素的培养基上愈伤组织的诱导率不同,2,4－D为2．0mg/L、激动素为1．0mg/L时愈伤组织的诱导率最高,达53．3％。分别以200mg/kg、500mg/kg、800mg/kg和1000mg/kg浓度的秋水仙碱处理二倍体愈伤组织,结果都获得了裸粒水稻的同源四倍体无性系,但以500～1000mg/kg的浓度处理效果较好,800mg/kg的浓度处理最为理想,加倍效率达30.0％。 Abstract：The induced frequencies of wound calluses in naked seed rice were different on the culture media of different concentrations of 2,4-D and KT. It was the highest to 53．3％when 2,4-D was 2.0mg/L and KT was 1．0mg/L. The diploid wound calluses were respectively treated by colchicine of 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 800mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. The clonal lines of autotetraploid in naked seed rice were obtained in all treatments. The induced effects were better in 500～1000mg/kg, 800mg/kg was the best and its doubling efficiency was up to 30.0％.     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

东乡野生稻耐冷渐渗系的细胞学观察及SSR分析

以前期鉴定筛选的2个东乡野生稻强耐冷渐渗系(IL5243和IL5335)为试材,研究其减数分裂时期的染色体行为特征及外源基因的渗入分子证据。结果表明:(1)IL5243和IL5335中正常减数分裂的花粉母细胞分别达89.93%和90.22%,最终形成正常的成熟花粉粒,花粉离体萌发率分别为(83.03±2.82)%和(81.96±1.73)%,与受体亲本无显著性差异。(2)在减数分裂I中,2个耐冷渐渗系均观察到低频率异常染色体行为,如单价体、"8"字型二价体、多价体,以及后期I有少数花粉母细胞(3.95%～5.15%)存在落后染色体等,表明其染色体组之间发生了交换和重组;在粗线期,2个强耐冷渐渗系均观察到较高频率(IL5243和IL5335分别为27.0%和38.9%)的双核仁,而其双亲都是单核仁。(3)SSR标记和Structure分析进一步证实了栽培稻和野生稻染色体组间发生了交换重组,东乡野生稻部分DNA片段已渗入到强耐冷渐渗系中,这为水稻耐冷基因的挖掘与利用奠定了重要基础。     

水稻卷叶细胞学与分子机制研究进展

卷叶性状是水稻(Oryza sativa)重要的育种指标之一。研究表明,水稻叶片适度卷曲对植株的光合作用、株型及增产等均具有重要作用。该文综述了水稻叶片卷曲的相关研究进展,对水稻叶片卷曲的细胞学形成机制和相关调控基因的分子机制进行了阐述,以期深入阐明水稻叶片卷曲的细胞学和分子机制,促进卷叶性状在水稻育种中的应用。     

水稻萌发耐淹性的遗传分析

水稻(Oryza sativa)萌发耐淹性受到复杂的网络调控, 其分子机制不同于苗期耐淹性的相关机制, 萌发耐淹性的强弱影响着直播稻的成苗率。通过对256份水稻核心种质的萌发耐淹性评估, 发现粳稻和籼稻之间的萌发耐淹性差异并不显著, 都存在广泛的遗传变异。利用以粳稻R0380为供体亲本, 籼稻RP2334为轮回亲本的170个高代回交自交系构建含146个分子标记的连锁图谱, 以低氧胚芽鞘长度为性状指标, 通过复合区间作图法检测到影响萌发耐淹性的4个QTLs(quantitative trait loci), 分别定位于第2(2个)、3(1个)和8号(1个)染色体。贡献率最大的QTL为qGS2.2, 其值为17.34%, 增效等位基因来自轮回亲本籼稻RP2334; 其余3个QTLs的增效等位基因均来自供体亲本粳稻R0380, 贡献率分别为12.86%、9.37%和14.60%。     

Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing Bacillus subtilis Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Gene Show Low Herbicide Oxyfluorfen Resistance

Transgenic rice plants harbouring Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) gene, which is targeted into plastid, were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) and their gene integration at T₁ generation by Southern and mRNA expression in T₂ generation by Northern blotting were analyzed. Their herbicide-resistant trait was further confirmed by in vitro leaf segment assay and in planta bioassays such as seed germination assay and measurement of growth inhibition. The herbicide oxyfluorfen resistance in transgenic rice plants was not very high. The results showed that the Protox from B. subtilis can not be applicable as a gene source to generate a high level oxyfluorfen tolerance in plants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Relation between Accumulation of Abscisic Acid and Proline in Detached Rice Leaves

The relation between abscisic acid (ABA) and proline accumulation was investigated in detached rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves. In darkness, proline content increased about 2-, 2,5- and 6-fold after 24, 48 and 72 h. ABA content reached maximum after 48 h. In the light, proline content remained almost unchanged until 48 h and subsequently increased slightly. ABA content in the light was lower than in darkness, but the maximum was also after 48 h. During 12-h exposure to decreased air humidity, proline content gradually increased, but ABA content increased about 25-fold after 4 h and declined thereafter. Exogenous application of ABA resulted in an increase in proline content in detached rice leaves under both light and darkness.     

内源抗坏血酸对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解内源抗环血酸在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子中的作用,以野生型品种‘中花11’(ZH-11)、抗坏血酸合成关键酶GLDH基因的上调(超表达)株系GO-2及下调(干涉)株系GI-2为材料,研究了抗环血酸含量对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,GO-2株系的种子萌发率比野生型ZH-11高6%,比干涉型GI-2高60%。外源添加1 mmol L–1抗坏血酸后,干涉型GI-2萌发率提高了22%,GO-2及ZH-11则没有明显增加。GO-2株系在幼苗的根长、株高、分蘖数和鲜重等指标上均高于ZH-11和GI-2。实时荧光定量测定结果表明,GO-2株系叶片的GLDH基因表达量显著上调,而GI-2株系则显著下调。这说明抗坏血酸有助于维持水稻种子活力和促进水稻种子发芽和幼苗生长。     

NaCl-Induced Changes in Putrescine Content and Diamine Oxidase Activity in Roots of Rice Seedlings

The effects of NaCl on putrescine (Put) content and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in roots of rice seedlings were examined. NaCl treatment lowered the content of Put and increased the activity of DAO in roots. Our current results indicate that Cl^– is not required for NaCl-induced decline in Put content and increase in DAO activity in roots. Put content in roots of rice seedlings exposed to NaCl is possibly regulated by DAO activity.     

Effects of Irradiance and Copper on the Activity of Ascorbate Oxidase in Detached Rice Leaves

The effects of copper on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidasc (AAO) in detached rice leaves under both light and dark conditions and in etiolated rice seedlings were investigated. CuSO₄ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves in both light and darkness, however, the induction in darkness was higher than in the light. In the absence of CuSO₄, irradiance (40 μmol m^-2 s^-1) resulted in a higher activity of AAO in detached rice leaves than dark treatment. Both CuSO₄ and CuCl₂ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves, indicating that AAO is activated by Cu. Sulfate salts of Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe were ineffective in activating AAO in detached leaves. CuSO₄ was also observed to increase AAO activity in the roots but not in shoots of etiolated rice seedlings. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cytological mechanism of pollen abortion resulting from allelic interaction of F1 pollen sterility locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Pollen abortion is one of the major reasons causing the inter-subspecific F₁ hybrid sterility in rice and is due to allelic interaction of F₁ pollen sterility genes. The microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of Taichung 65 and its three F₁ hybrids were comparatively studied by using techniques of differential interference contrast microscopy, semi-thin section light microscopy, epifluorescence microscopy and TEM. The results showed that there were differences among the cytological mechanisms of pollen abortion due to allelic interaction at the three F₁ pollen sterility loci. The allelic interaction at S-a locus resulted in microspores unable to extend the protoplasm membrane with the enlargement of the microspore at the middle microspore stage and finally producing empty abortive pollen. The allelic interaction at S-b locus caused asynchronous development of microspores at the middle microspore stage producing stainable abortive pollen. The allelic interaction at S-c locus mainly led to the non-dissolution of the generative cell wall and finally caused the hybrid F₁ mainly producing stainable abortive pollen. Genotypic identification indicated that the abortive pollen were those with S ^j allele.     

Genotypic variation in the effect of salinity on fertility in rice

The effect of salinity on the reproductive physiology of five rice genotypes (IR54, IR26, IR2153-26-3-5-2, IR15324-117-3-2-2 and BR6), was investigated by treatment from panicle initiation with sodium concentrations of 20, 35 or 50 mol m^-3 in an artificial seawater. In an experiment conducted in a glasshouse, plant height and dry weight were little affected by the treatments. There was, however, genotypic variation in the extent of the sodium accumulation, with IR15324-117-3-2-2 containing the highest and IR2153-26-3-5-2 the lowest concentrations: sodium concentrations were higher in older than younger leaves.Salinity delayed flowering, reduced the number of productive tillers, the number of fertile florest per panicle, the weight per grain and the grain yield: effects on grain yield were very much more severe than on vegetative growth. Panicle length was also reduced as was the number of primary branches in a panicle: again there was genotypic variation in the response of these characters to salinity, with the number of branches in IR2153-26-3-5-2 being particularly sensitive.The concentration of sodium increased in the pollen, stigmas, lemmas and paleas with each increment of external salinity. The highest concentrations of sodium in pollen and stigmas was recorded in IR54 and IR15324-117-3-2-2. Pollen viability, whether tested with the tetrazolium salt thiazolyl blue (3-{4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2}-2,5-diphenyl monotetrazolium bromide or MTT), germination on stigmas, growth through the stylar tissue or F₁ seed set, was reduced particularly in those genotypes accumulating most sodium. At all three salt levels, a genotype which accumulated more Na in its pollen produced less-viable pollen than those with less Na in their pollen. Since the amount of Na in the pollen was highly correlated with the Na in the flag leaf, assessment of flag leaf Na should prove a useful indicator of the likely pollen viability. Stigmatic receptivity was also reduced, when estimated either from germination of viable pollen on stigmas of salt-grown plants, its growth through the stylar tissue or F₁ seed set. The reduction of seed set in crosses suggested that the overall consequences of salinity are dominated by effects on panicle development, stigmas and grain filling rather than on pollen.Analysis of the data suggests that genotypic variation exists in the extent to which salinity affects aspects of the plants reproductive physiology and development: this variation might be used in attempts to enhance the resistance of rice to salinity.     

Light-Dependent Ammonium Ion Toxicity of Rice Leaves in Response to Phosphinothricin Treatment

Ammonium ion accumulation in detached rice leaves treated with phosphinothricin (PPT), an inhibitior of glutamine synthetase (GS), was investigated in the light and darkness. PPT treatment increased NH₄ ⁺ content and induced toxicity in rice leaves in the light but not in darkness, suggesting the importance of light in PPT-induced NH₄ ⁺ toxicity in detached rice leaves. PPT treatment in the light resulted in a decrease of activities of the cytosolic form of GS and the chloroplastic form of GS. The photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea reduced NH₄ ⁺ accumulation induced by PPT in the light. In darkness, PPT-induced NH₄ ⁺ accumulation and toxicity were observed in the presence of glucose or sucrose.     

铁皮石斛2n花粉诱导及其形成的细胞机制研究

以铁皮石斛花蕾为材料,研究不同秋水仙素处理对2n花粉诱导的影响,并探讨2n花粉形成的细胞机制。结果表明:用0.1%秋水仙素微量注射长5.53mm、宽2.3mm左右的花蕾,每天注射1次,共注射3次,诱导2n花粉效果最好,2n花粉诱导率达6.22%,2n花粉粒直径比n花粉粒直径增大49%。减数分裂中期Ⅱ发现纺锤体定位异常,表现为平行纺锤体、三级纺锤体,四分体时期观察到三分体和二分体,故纺锤体定位异常可能是铁皮石斛2n配子形成的细胞学机制之一,其2n花粉在遗传上等同于FDR型。     

Involvement of Lipid Peroxidation in Water Stress-Promoted Senescence of Detached Rice Leaves

Role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) in water stress-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. The senescence was followed by measuring the decrease in protein content. Increased lipid peroxidation was closely correlated with senescence in water stressed leaves. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was evident 8 h after beginning of water stress. However, decreased catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity was observed only when senescence was observed. Glutathione reductase was not affected by water stress. Free radical scavengers retarded water stress-enhanced senescence.     

Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing the Antifungal AFP Protein from Aspergillus Giganteus Show Enhanced Resistance to the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe Grisea

The Aspergillus giganteus antifungal protein (AFP), encoded by the afp gene, has been reported to possess in vitro antifungal activity against various economically important fungal pathogens, including the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In this study, transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa ) constitutively expressing the afp gene was generated by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Two different DNA constructs containing either the afp cDNA sequence from Aspergillus or a chemically synthesized codon-optimized afp gene were introduced into rice plants. In both cases, the DNA region encoding the signal sequence from the tobacco AP24 gene was N-terminally fused to the coding sequence of the mature AFP protein. Transgenic rice plants showed stable integration and inheritance of the transgene. No effect on plant morphology was observed in the afp -expressing rice lines. The inhibitory activity of protein extracts prepared from leaves of afp plants on the in vitro growth of M. grisea indicated that the AFP protein produced by the trangenic rice plants was biologically active. Several of the T(2) homozygous afp lines were challenged with M. grisea in a detached leaf infection assay. Transformants exhibited resistance to rice blast at various levels. Altogether, the results presented here indicate that AFP can be functionally expressed in rice plants for protection against the rice blast fungus M. grisea.     

T-DNA标签在转基因水稻基因组中的整合特点

利用热不对称交错PCR (TAIL-PCR),对200个含T-DNA插入的转基因水稻株系进行分析,获得了159个T-DNA右边界侧翼序列. 其中,92个序列含有T-DNA右边界和侧邻的水稻基因组序列,78个序列与已公布的水稻BAC/PAC克隆有97%～100%的同源性,从而可作为T-DNA标签定位在水稻的12条染色体上. 结合先前定位的169个T-DNA标签,对T-DNA在水稻基因组中的整合特点进行了分析. 结果发现,在T-DNA右边界和侧邻的水稻基因组序列的连接处,14.6%的T-DNA标签含有3～74bp的填充序列. 在不含填充序列的连接处,21.3%的T-DNA标签,在整合后的T-DNA右边界与侧翼的水稻基因组序列之间显示出3～5 bp的微同源性. 填充序列和微同源性的存在,揭示了T-DNA在水稻基因组中的整合既存在双链断裂修补机制,又存在单链裂缝修补机制. T-DNA倾向于整合到富含A/T核苷酸的基因组区域,即主要在基因的5′和3′端调控区以及内含子中.     

Preferential Induction of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Coleoptiles of Rice Seedlings Germinated in Submergence Condition

Difference in the growth response to submergence between coleoptiles and roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated in 9-d-old rice seedlings. The coleoptile length in the submergence condition was much greater than that in aerobic condition, whereas the root length in the submergence condition was less than that in the aerobic condition. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the coleoptiles in the submergence condition was much greater than that in the aerobic condition, but ADH activity in the roots in the submergence condition increased slightly. These results suggest that the preferential ADH induction in rice seedlings may contribute to the difference in the growth response between the coleoptiles and roots under low oxygen conditions.     

Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in Rice

Anther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement. [ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]     

Characterization of cytoplasmic male sterility of rice with Lead Rice cytoplasm in comparison with that with Chinsurah Boro II cytoplasm

Rice with LD-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) possesses the cytoplasm of ‘Lead Rice’ and its fertility is recovered by a nuclear fertility restorer gene Rf1. Rf1 promotes processing of a CMS-associated mitochondrial RNA of atp6–orf79, which consists of atp6 and orf79, in BT-CMS with the cytoplasm of ‘Chinsurah Boro II’. In this study, we found that LD-cytoplasm contained a sequence variant of orf79 downstream of atp6. Northern blot analysis showed that atp6–orf79 RNA of LD-cytoplasm was co-transcribed and was processed in the presence of Rf1 in the same manner as in BT-cytoplasm. Western blot analysis showed that the ORF79 peptide did not accumulate in an LD-CMS line, while ORF79 accumulated in a BT-CMS line and was diminished by Rf1. These results suggest that accumulation of ORF79 is not the cause of CMS in LD-cytoplasm and the mechanism of male-sterility induction/fertility restoration in LD-CMS is different from that in BT-CMS.