A taxonomic study of the subantarctic Piptoporus (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycetes) I

Ryvardenia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Polyporus cretaceus (as type species) and Polyporus campylus . The new genus is characterized by: medium to large fruit bodies that may be solitary or imbricate; monomitic context with clamped generative hyphae with thin to thickened walls that are not metachromatic in cresylblue; dimitic dissepiments with unbranched skeletal hyphae; obovate or broad-ellipsoid, uninucleated, thick walled spores; bipolar sexuality; astatocoenocytic nuclear behavior and simple-septated generative hyphae in the advancing mycelium in culture. Mating tests between specimens from Australia/New Zealand and Argentina of R. cretacea and R. campyla are presented. Tyromyces falcatus is considered a synonym of R. campyla only differing in the greater amount of sclerified generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae present in the fruit bodies.     

Multiple genes phylogeny and morphological characters reveal <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dextrinoporus aquaticus</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov. (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) from southern China

Dextrinoporus aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. is proposed based on ITS, nLSU, RPB2, and mtSSU genes molecular phylogeny and morphological characteristics from southwestern China. The new species is characterized by an annual, pileate basidiocarp with a poroid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system, thick-walled generative hyphae with dextrinoid and cyanophilous reactions, presence of dendrohyphidia and ellipsoid, thin-walled, and acyanophilous basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on four gene sequences indicate that D. aquaticus belongs to Polyporaceae in which it has an isolated position, and the new taxon is related to the clade of Lopharia cinerascens and Dentocorticium sulphurellum.     

Perenniporia cinereofusca sp. nov. (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis

A new Perenniporia species, P. cinereofusca, is described based on morphological and molecular characters. It is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with gray to pale brown pore surface, tissues becoming black in 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH), a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae and hyaline to pale yellowish, distinctly thick-walled and indextrinoid basidiospores (6.5–7.7 × 5.3–6.3 μm), and presence of dendrohyphidia and large rhomboid crystals. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of the new species in Perenniporia sensu stricto and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Xeromphalina setulipes</Emphasis> (hygrophoroid clade,Agaricales), a new Mediterranean species

A new Xeromphalina species from Mediterranean evergreen forests of the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula is described. It is characterized by its habitat on soil, arcuate-decurrent lamellae, trama hyphae which turn distinctly orange-brown to red-brown in KOH solution, thick-walled caulocystidia with an attenuate apex reminding setulae, and versiform to irregularly cylindrical cheilocystidia, which are conspicuously branched forming coralloid excrescences. LM microphotographs illustrate its diagnostic features. Additionally, two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions from this new taxon were sequenced and compared with homologue sequences from existing species in the genus Xeromphalina, supporting its recognition as a new species.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leifiporia rhizomorpha</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. eucalypti</Emphasis> comb. nov. in Polyporaceae (Basidiomycota)

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Leifiporia, is proposed, based on morphological and molecular evidence, which is typified by L. rhizomorpha sp. nov. The genus is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with white to cream pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections and branching mostly at right angles, skeletal hyphae present in the subiculum only and distinctly thinner than generative hyphae, IKI–, CB–, and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB– basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS + nLSU sequences showed that Leifiporia belonged to the core polyporoid clade and was closely related to Diplomitoporus overholtsii and Lopharia cinerascens, and then grouped with Pycnoporus and Trametes. Further investigation was obtained for more representative taxa in the Polyporaceae based on nLSU sequences, in which the results demonstrated that the genus Leifiporia formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100 % BS, 100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of the new genus in the core polyporoid clade. In addition, a new combination, Leifiporia eucalypti, is proposed based on examination of its type material and phylogeny.     

The ectomycorrhiza <Emphasis Type="Italic">Piceirhiza internicrassihyphis</Emphasis>: A weak competitor of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cortinarius obtusus</Emphasis>?

The ectomycorrhiza (ECM) Piceirhiza internicrassihyphis on Picea abies is described in detail. It is yellowish brown to brown with a mantle of a transitional type between plectenchymatous and pseudoparenchymatous. The inner mantle layers show some thick-walled hyphae, often with a few of them growing in parallel. These thick-walled hyphae contain particles which turn brownish in Melzer’s reagent, and their septa and walls are partially amyloid. Rhizomorphs occur infrequently and are undifferentiated, and are composed of rather loosely woven hyphae of uniform diameter. This combination of characteristics has not yet been identified in any other ECM. The lack of cystidia and the presence of amyloidy suggest that this ECM is formed by a species of the family Thelephoraceae. Piceirhiza internicrassihyphis can be found associated with ECM of Cortinarius obtusus, and the hyphae of the latter species often grow on the surface of P. internicrassihyphis and can even cover the whole tip. Although there is a close association and possibly a penetration between these two fungi, it can be excluded that the thick-walled hyphae of the inner mantle layers originate from C. obtusus. Some emanating hyphae of C. obtusus ECM seem to interact with those of P. internicrassihyphis, as indicated by short, hyphal outgrowths which were found attached to the foreign hyphae.     

Brunneocorticium pyriforme, a new corticioid fungal genus and species belonging to the euagarics clade

Evidence derived from molecular studies in recent years has revealed that corticioid fungal genera are present in all major clades of Homobasidiomycetes. Brunneocorticium pyriforme, a corticioid fungus is proposed as a new species and placed in a new genus belonging to the euagarics clade. This fungus has been collected in subtropical-tropical Taiwan and southern Yunnan Province, China. Basidiocarps often occur on bark of living Murraya spp. (Rutaceae). Basidiocarps of B. pyriforme are resupinate with a smooth hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system, with nodose-septate generative hyphae and abundant yellowish brown skeletal hyphae, and leptocystidia. It has 2-sterigmate basidia and pear-shaped basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data derived from LSU rDNA included Brunneocorticium in the euagarics clade of Homobasidiomycetes, allied to the agaricoid genera Marasmiellus, Campanella, etc. The molecular analysis indicated that the Brunneocorticium was independent from other corticioid genera with similar morphological features.     

Sistotrema subconfluens sp. nov. (Cantharellales,Basidiomycota) from Changbaishan Nature Reserve,northeastern China

Sistotrema, typified by S. confluens, is characterized mainly by its urniform basidia mostly with 6–8 sterigmata as well as by a monomitic hyphal system, oil rich hyphae and smooth basidiospores. The species of this genus have various hymenophore configurations and basidiospore shapes. During a field trip in 2011, two specimens with urniform basidia were collected from Changbaishan Nature Reserve, northeastern China. After careful morphological and molecular studies, they are described and illustrated here as a new species, S. subconfluens. The new species shares a terrestrial habit, stipitate basidiocarps and poroid hymenophores with S. confluens, besides urniform basidia. These characters make the two species different from all other species of Sistotrema with resupinate basidiocarps on wood. Sistotrema subconfluens differs from the type by having larger basidiocarps, shorter basidiospores and consistent poroid hymenophores. In phylogeny inferred from nuclear large subunit rDNA, the two species were sister taxa but clearly separated. The difference of internal transcribed spacer sequences between the two species was 3.6%.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriporiopsis kunmingensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal species, Ceriporiopsis kunmingensis sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological and molecular characters. The species is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps with pale cinnamon-buff to ochreous color when dry; generative hyphae unbranched and subparallel along the tubes; presence of hyphal ends; allantoid basidiospores, 4.5–5 × 1.5–2 μm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS?+?nLSU sequences showed that C. kunmingensis belonged to the phlebioid clade, formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP), and was closely related to Phlebia aurea, and then grouped with P. livida and P. subserialis. Both morphological and molecular characters confirmed the placement of the new species in Ceriporiopsis.     

Three new species of corticioid fungi with hyphal pegs

Dendrodontia taiwaniana, Epithele cylindricosterigmata and E. lutea are described and illustrated as new species. Dendrodontia taiwaniana is similar to D. bicolor in having a similar hymenial surface and hyphal system, but the former has smaller basidia and basidiospores and lacks dendrohyphidia. Epithele cylindricosterigmata resembles E. sulphurea in sharing similar basidiospores, but the former has a thinner, membranous basidiocarp with a white hymenial surface, the hyphal pegs are composed of tortuous and convolute hyphae, and its sterigmata are uniformly cylindrical. Epithele lutea is close to E. typhae in the color of the hymenial surface and has similar basidiospores, but the former bears sparsely scattered, longer hyphal pegs that have a ceraceous core; microscopically its hyphal pegs are composed of slightly thick-walled, tortuous hyphae, but a sheath of dendritic hyphae as in E. typhae is lacking.     

Ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius helodes and Gyrodon monticola with Alnus acuminata from Argentina

Field ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius helodes Moser, Matheny & Daniele (sp. nov) and Gyrodon monticola Sing. on Alnus acuminata Kunth (Andean alder, aliso del cerro) are described based on morphological and anatomical features. Ectomycorrhizal roots were sampled beneath fruitbodies of C. helodes and G. monticola from two homogeneous A. acuminata forest sites located in Tucumán and Catamarca Provinces in Argentina. C. helodes ectomycorrhizas showed a thick white to beige mantle exuding a milky juice when injured, were bluish toward the apex, and had hyphal strands in the mantle. G. monticola ectomycorrhizas showed some conspicuous features like highly differentiated rhizomorphs, inflated brown cells on the mantle surface, and hyaline and brown emanating hyphae with dolipores. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer provided a distinctive profile for each of the collections of fruitbodies and the mycorrhizal morphotypes.     

A novel fossil-species of Meliolinites Selkirk (fossil Meliolaceae) and its life cycle stages associated with an angiosperm fossil leaf from the Siwalik (Mio-Pliocene) of Bhutan sub-Himalaya

Here, we report the in-situ occurrence of a new fossil-species of Meliolinites (fossil Meliolaceae), Meliolinites bhutanensis sp. nov. on the cuticle fragments of a compressed angiosperm dicot leaf recovered from the middle Siwalik (Formation II: latest Miocene to Pliocene) of Bhutan, eastern Himalaya. This unique foliicolous new fossil fungal species features well-preserved mycelia consisting of superficial, brown to dark brown, septate, thick-walled, branching hyphae with bi-cellular appressoria, unicellular phialides, and a characteristic long, slightly curved hyphal seta. The web-like, brown to dark brown fungal colonies also include globose to sub-globose, dark brown ascomata, and oblong to broadly cylindrical, 5-celled, 4-septate, brown to dark brown, mature ascospores. As almost all features of different stages in the life cycle (ascospores, mature germinating ascospores, superficial lateral hyphae, hyphal seta, hyphopodia, mycelial colony, and ascomata) of this new fossil-species are found, we have proposed the first time a possible life cycle of fossil-species of Meliolaceae. The in-situ evidence of M. bhutanensis on the host leaf cuticle indicates the possible existence of a host-ectoparasite relationship in Bhutan sub-Himalaya's ancient warm and humid tropical evergreen forest during the deposition. So, M. bhutanensis might have thrived generally under warm and humid climate conditions for its growth and development in the Mio-Pliocene time, which is in conformity with our recently published quantitative climatic data by CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) analysis.     

Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species of Amyloporia (Basidiomycota) from China

Amyloporia pinea sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of collections from southern China. Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequences support this new species. Morphologically, it is characterized by resupinate, annual basidiocarps, cream to yellowish buff pore surface when fresh, which becomes yellowish brown to clay-buff upon drying, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and inamyloid skeletal hyphae, fusoid cystidioles, and cylindrical basidiospores; moreover, it causes a brown rot. Molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS sequence data suggested a close relationship between A. pinea and Amyloporia crassa sensu lato. Antrodia subxantha has amyloid skeletal hyphae, and grouped within the Amyloporia clade, hence, it is transferred to Amyloporia, and a new combination Amyloporia subxantha is proposed.     

中国大孔菌属小记

<正>1 INTRODUCTION Megasporoporia Ryvarden & J.E. Wright is characterized by large pores, long and cylindrical to ellipsoid basidiospores, clamp connections on generative hyphae, and by dextrinoid skeletal hyphae     

Morphological and Structural Changes During the Yeast-to-Mold Conversion of Phialophora dermatitidis

The details of the morphological and structural events occurring during yeast-to-mold conversion of the human pathogenic fungus Phialophora dermatitidis as seen by phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy are described and illustrated. Budding yeasts growing exponentially were observed to have thin walls and a cytoplasm exhibiting the characteristics of rapidly growing cells including numerous mitochondria, abundant ribosomes, few vacuoles, and little accumulation of storage material. In contrast, thick-walled yeasts were characterized by less apparent or significantly fewer mitochondria and ribosomes and the presence of considerable amounts of storage materials. Microscope observations of yeast-to-mold conversion revealed that only thick-walled yeasts having prominent lipid bodies in their cytoplasm converted to hyphal forms. Typically, the thick-walled yeast formed two to a number of moniliform hyphal cells which in turn often produced true hyphae. The results indicated that yeasts of P. dermatitidis must acquire spore-like characteristics by becoming thick-walled and by accumulating considerable endogenous substrate reserves before they convert and produce hyphae.     

Three new Perenniporia (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) species from China based on morphological and molecular data

Three new Perenniporia species, P. lacerata, P. luteola and P. tianmuensis, are described based on morphological and molecular characters. Perenniporia lacerata is characterized by an annual habit, resupinate and papery basidiocarps with lacerate pores, a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia luteola is distinguished by a perennial habit, resupinate basidiocarps with buff-yellow pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia tianmuensis differs in its annual habit, pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU-rDNA regions revealed five clades for 29 species of Perenniporia used in this study. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of three new species in Perenniporia and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.     

Tomentella africana, a new species from Benin (West Africa) identified by morphological and molecular data

A common resupinate thelephoroid fungus was collected in northern Guinean seasonal forests in central and north of Benin (West Africa). The species is reminiscent of Tomentella umbrinospora with respect to the color and thickness of basidiomata and rhizomorphs, the shape of basidiospores in frontal view and the size of subicular hyphae. Both species fall phylogenetically within two clades. Based on detailed anatomical comparison (mostly of rhizomorphs and basidiospores) with the holotype of T. umbrinospora and phylogenetic analyses including ITS rDNA sequences of 40 Tomentella species, T. africana is described as a new species. Genetic distance between the newly described species and T. umbrinospora is 12.1-12.9%, based on ITS rDNA sequences. T. africana is characterized anatomically by yellow-brown thick (0.3-0.8 mm) monomitic rhizomorphs that are commonly covered by irregularly shaped thin hyphae, thin- to thick-walled subicular hyphae of two size ranges, clavate and clamped basidia of 30-60 microm and light yellow to pale brown echinulate basidiospores with irregular shape in frontal view. Detailed anatomical and molecular dissimilarities between T. africana and close species are discussed. Differences between irregularly shaped surface thin hyphae and skeletal ones are highlighted. We stress the relevance of rhizomorphal structures in the discrimination of resupinate thelephoroid fungi.     

Polyporus phyllostachydis sp. nov. with notes on other rhizophilic species of Polyporus (Basidiomycota,Polyporaceae)

Polyporus phyllostachydis is described and illustrated as a new species. This species is characterized by its occurrence on bamboo roots, the small and centrally stipitate basidiocarps, the white pileus, usually becoming darker from the center at maturity, and the cylindrical stipe with a distinct crust. Morphological characters of the present species were compared with those of P. cryptopus and P. rhizophilus, other rhizophilic species of the genus. Polyporus cryptopus and P. rhizophilus are morphologically distinct by contextual texture, basidiospores, and hyphae, and possibly represent two distinct species. Contribution no. 205, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan     

A new species of petalosporus

Summary A new species ofPetalosporus, P. anodosus, is described and illustrated. Two isolates representing this species were isolated from dung in California. The new species differs from the only other species of the genus,P. nodulosus, by the lack of thick-walled peridial hyphae with enlargements at the septa and by the absence of disarticulation of peridial elements. Peridial hyphae inP. anodosus have walls which are somewhat thickened and the cells are often variable in diameter. Conglomerate ascospores usually assume the petaloid arrangement characteristic of the genus.