Combination unilateral amygdaloid and ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: evidence for a feeding pathway

Previous studies have reported hyperphagia and obesity in female rats with bilateral lesions of the most posterodorsal part of the amygdala. In rats with unilateral posterodorsal amygdaloid lesions, a dense pattern of anterograde degeneration appears in the ipsilateral ventromedial hypothalamus, but not the contralateral nucleus. In the present study, female rats with unilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions or sham lesions were given either sham lesions or unilateral lesions of the posterodorsal amygdala (PDA) 20 days later. Unilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in hyperphagia and excessive weight gain. Subsequent amygdaloid lesions that were contralateral to the initial hypothalamic lesions resulted in hyperphagia and additional excessive weight gains, but amygdaloid lesions ipsilateral to the initial hypothalamic lesions did not. It is concluded that the effects of the two lesions on body weight are not additive and that the PDA and ventromedial hypothalamus are part of the same ipsilateral pathway regulating feeding behavior and body weight regulation.     

Variations with age in the topographic distribution of coronary atherosclerotic lesions as assessed by image analysis

The localization of macroscopic coronary atherosclerotic lesions was investigated for 184 cases by image analysis. Atherosclerotic lesions were classified into 2 types: fatty streaks and raised lesions. The overall distribution of fatty streaks in arteries involved only by fatty streaks and the distribution of raised lesions in those arteries having raised lesions were demonstrated at similar sites in 3 coronary vessels. If the localization of lesions was examined within age groups, those sites involved with fatty streaks in one age group were replaced with raised lesions in the next older age group; fatty streaks in this older group were located distally to the raised lesions. Subsequently the areas occupied with fatty streaks were replaced with raised lesions in the next older age group. Furthermore, raised lesions seldom appeared at the site where fatty streaks had not existed in the preceding age group. Similar changes in topographic distribution were present if such changes were analyzed according to extent of atherosclerosis. Data from cases with myocardial bridges show that both fatty streaks and raised lesions are seldom observed in the region distal to myocardial bridge. We conclude, thus, that fatty streaks are the precursors of raised lesions in the coronary artery.     

A Longitudinal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Brain involvement is commonly seen in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). However, little is known about the chronic changes of acute brain lesions on MRI over time. Here, our objective was to evaluate how acute brain MRI lesions in NMOSD changed on follow-up MRI. We reviewed the MRIs of 63 patients with NMOSD who had acute brain lesions and follow-up MRI over an interval of at least 3 months. Of the 211 acute brain lesions, 24% of lesions disappeared completely on T2-weighed images (WI) and a decrease in size ≥50% on T2-WI was observed in 58% of lesions on follow-up MRI. However, 47% of lesions revealed focal T1-hypointensity and, in particular, 18% showed focal cystic changes. Cystic changes were observed most commonly in corticospinal tract and corpus callosal lesions whereas the vast majority of lesions in the cerebellum, basal ganglia and temporal white matter resolved completely. MRI remission on T2-WI occurred in 82% of lesions, while approximately half of the lesions presented foci of T1-hypointensity, which may be considered a severe tissue injury over time. The extent of brain injury following an acute brain lesion in NMOSD may depend on the location of the lesion.     

The Cutting Balloon--a new technology?

The Cutting Balloon consists of a standard balloon dilatation catheter with four microtome-sharp blades that incise the plaque and minimize arterial wall trauma. It was used in 31 patients; nine had calcified arteries, ten had non-compliant lesions, three had in-stent restenosis and nine had aorto-ostial lesions. Seventeen lesions were predilated, 28 were post-dilated and 18 required stent implantation. The procedure was very effective in aorto-ostial lesions, non-compliant lesions that were not responsive to high-pressure balloon dilatation, and was partially successful in calcified arteries. It has a very specific niche in selected lesions.     

肺部病灶~（18）F-FDG PET-CT显像与CT引导下穿刺活检结果对比分析

目的：探讨不同大小病灶18F-FDG PET-CT的显像特点与同层面CT引导下穿刺活检结果的关系。方法：回顾性研究经过18F-FDG PET-CT及CT引导下穿刺活检两种检查的病例,通过统计病灶的大小、病理、穿刺取材部位的放射性浓聚程度、SUVmax来分析不同大小病灶18F-FDG PET-CT的显像特点与同层面CT引导下穿刺活检结果的关系。结果：69例患者,共穿刺74个病灶,71个病灶测得SUVmax,放射性浓聚程度不同的病灶其穿刺敏感性、病灶大小的分布情况有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,≤3 cm组病灶放射性均匀浓聚率高,≥5 cm组放射性均匀浓聚率低（P〈0.05）,≤3 cm的均匀浓聚的恶性病灶其SUVmax低于〉3 cm组（P〈0.05）,良恶性病灶SUVmax无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：不同大小的病灶在18F-FDG PET-CT上放射性浓聚程度不同,反映了病灶生物学特性的空间差异,进而影响穿刺活检的准确率。     

The correlation of changes of the optic nerve diameter in the acute retrobulbar neuritis with the brain changes in multiple sclerosis

The aim of this paper is to compare diameter of healthy and affected optic nerve determined by ultrasound with brain lesions in acute retrobulbar neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this prospective study 20 patients with multiple sclerosis and acute retrobulbar neuritis were examined. Optic nerve diameter was measured by ultrasound. Brain lesions were detected by magnetic resonance. Correlation between demyelinating lesions of the brain in multiple sclerosis and optic nerve diameter was tested by Kruskal-Wallis test. Significant difference in diameter between healthy and affected optic nerve in acute retrobulbar neuritis was found. Demyelinating brain changes examined by magnetic resonance revealed periventricular lesions, subcortical lesions and lesions in corpus callosum. There is statistically significant correlation between optic nerve diameter and number of brain lesions in multiple sclerosis, p < 0.05. Diameter of optic nerve in retrobulbar neuritis measured by ultrasound correlates with brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance in multiple sclerosis.     

Cytophotometric analysis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, with and without synchronous invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Cytophotometric analysis was performed in nuclei retrieved from paraffin-embedded cervical tissue from 57 cases of CIN III. CIN III lesions of patients without invasive squamous cell carcinoma (N = 37) were regarded to represent a mixture of progressive and nonprogressive lesions. The CIN III lesions of patients with a synchronous invasive squamous cell carcinoma (N = 20) were regarded as representing truly progressive precursor lesions (CIN.INV). Twenty-one photometric features describing geometrical, density, and texture characteristics were extracted from the digitized nuclear images. Statistical analysis of cytophotometric data indicated significant differences between the group of CIN III lesions and CIN.INV lesions. A cluster analysis, using one co-occurrency texture feature (S-HOMOG), one density feature (S-DI), and two geometrical features (S-AREA and M-CIRC), showed that two clusters (C1 and C2) were present in the total group of CIN III and CIN.INV lesions. The vast majority of CIN.INV lesions was member of one and the same cluster C1. The CIN III group appeared to consist of a mixture of two clusters, 54% C1 and 46% C2 lesions. Of patients 45 years or younger, the majority (62%) of CIN III lesions had feature values, corresponding with those of cluster C1, and as such possibly with a potentially progressive course. In patients older than 45 years the percentage of CIN III lesions with C1 feature values was 27%.     

A novel double lesion in X-irradiated DNA consists of a strand break and a base modification.

A single free radical-initiating event can produce a pair of base lesions in DNA oligomers exposed to ionizing radiation. Whereas double base lesions have been observed previously, the present study shows that double lesions may sometimes consist of a base lesion and an associated strand break. The mechanism for the formation of double lesions is discussed. A redox process is postulated in which guanine is the source of the electron. It is suggested that double lesions may be formed in DNA either on adjacent nucleotides or, alternatively, on nucleotides separated by one, two or possibly more intervening nucleotides. It is hypothesized that intramolecular electron transfer facilitates the formation of double lesions on nonadjacent nucleotides.     

Oral premalignant lesions induce immune reactivity to both premalignant oral lesions and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy, and despite advances in treatments, the 5-year survival has remained at less than 50%. One treatment strategy is to focus on patients with premalignant oral lesions that carry a high-risk for developing recurrent premalignant lesions and HNSCC disease. As an initial attempt to determine if immune therapy has the potential to be protective in these patients, studies determined if premalignant lesions express tumor antigens that have previously been shown to be expressed on HNSCC. Immunohistochemical analyses showed prominent expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in premalignant lesions, even in lesions with mild dysplasia. MUC-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen were expressed in most patient samples, while NY-ESO-1 was less frequently expressed. Each of these antigens was expressed on HNSCC. This provided the rationale for determining if premalignant oral lesions could be used to stimulate autologous peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) to react against heterologous premalignant lesions and HNSCC. Following sensitization with autologous premalignant lesions, PBML responded to a challenge with either heterologous premalignant oral lesion cells or HNSCC by releasing IFN-γ. In addition, sensitization with autologous premalignant lesion lysates generated cytolytic activity by both PBML and T cells against allogeneic premalignant lesion cells and HNSCC. These studies show the feasibility of using premalignant oral lesions to stimulate immune reactivity against both premalignant oral lesions as well as HNSCC.     

Higher density of mental capacities in the left cerebral hemisphere of man: a quantitative investigation in children with localized cerebral lesions

51 children with localized cerebral lesions were investigated with the British Ability Scales, Wechsler test, Porteus Mazes, Conners Teacher Rating Scale, and computerized tomography. The extent of the lesions was quantitatively determined. The IQ was 10 points lower in the left hemispheric lesions, although the right hemispheric lesions were larger. When corrected for size of lesions, the IQ is 17 points higher (p less than 0.05) in children with right than with left hemispheric early lesions. The children with left hemispheric lesions had also significantly more behavioural problems (Conners Scale). Children with bilateral lesions had 15 points lower IQ than those with unilateral lesions, although from the slightly larger extent one could expect only 3 points difference. There was no influence of hemiparesis or of epilepsy of the IQ independent of the extent of lesion. There was more plasticity of the hemisphere than of the lobes as shown by Wisconsin Card Sorting data. The higher density of mental capacities in the left cerebral hemisphere of man is explained by more efficient programs, and more dense packing of functions due to more training of the left cerebral hemisphere.     

Light-Dependent Induction of Sekiguchi Lesion Formation by Bipolaris oryzae in Rice cv. Sekiguchi-asahi

The effect of light irradiation on Sekiguchi lesion formation induced by infection with Bipolaris oryzae on rice sl mutants was investigated. Although the Sekiguchi lesions formed exclusively under daylight fluorescent lamps, brown spots and necrotic spot lesions formed in the dark. The Sekiguchi lesions were larger than the brown spot lesions. When leaf blades inoculated with B. oryzae were irradiated through band-pass filters of BPB-45, BPB-50, BPB-55, and BPB-60, Sekiguchi lesions were formed regardless of the BPB filters' wavelengths. Under black-light lamps, near-infrared fluorescent lamps, or in the dark, however, brown spot lesions were induced by B. oryzae . The effective wavelength region for light-dependent Sekiguchi lesion formation was 400–700 nm. Furthermore, there was a direct correlation between the length of the radiation wavelengths and the size of the Sekiguchi lesions.     

Pathological studies on corynebacterial ulcerative entero-colitis in rats treated with ACTH (author's transl)]

Ulcerative entero-colitis was developed in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats treated daily with ACTH (4 mg/kg. s. c.) as well as necrotic purulent lesions in liver, kidney, lung or heart. Incidence of ulcerative lesions was 6.3% in Farm-A rats and 56% in Farm-B rats. Although ulcerative lesions were mostly observed in cecum, the similar lesions were also detected in distal ileum or proximal colon in some cases. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by focal necrosis demarcated from surrounding normal tissue containing a number of clumps of bacteria and cellular debris. Bacteriological examination revealed that provocation of Coryne-bacterium kutscheri by ACTH-treatment resulted in appearance of the lesions. By means of intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculation with the strain isolated from lesion similar lesions were produced in the cecum of inoculated rats under the ACTH-treatment.     

Worrisome histologic alterations following fine needle aspiration of the thyroid

OBJECTIVE: To investigate worrisome histologic alterations following fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid (WHAFFT). STUDY DESIGN: Of 1,890 FNA thyroid cases, 265 underwent surgical excision. The histologic sections of these cases were studied for WHAFFT lesions. Thirty control cases were also studied. RESULTS: WHAFFT lesions were present in 38.49% of cases. Acute lesions were seen in 30 and chronic in 72 cases. Control cases did not show WHAFFT lesions. The common lesions were hemorrhage and fibrosis. Worrisome lesions, like nuclear atypia, vascular changes, capsular pseudoinvasion and metaplasia, were present in 32 (12.07%) cases. CONCLUSION: Considering the large number of FNAs and reduction in the number of thyroid excisions, the advantages of FNA are manifold as compared to the few diagnostic problems. Misdiagnosis can be avoided with awareness of WHAFFT lesions.     

Detection of complex DNA damage in gamma-irradiated acute lymphoblastic leukemia Pre-b NALM-6 cells

Bistranded complex DNA damage, i.e., double-strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB oxidative clustered DNA lesions, is hypothesized to challenge the repair mechanisms of the cell and consequently the genomic integrity. The oxidative clustered DNA lesions may be persistent and may accumulate in human cancer cells for long times after irradiation. To evaluate the detection and possible accumulation of oxidative clustered DNA lesions in leukemia cells exposed to doses equivalent to those used in radiotherapy, we measured the induction of DSBs and three different types of oxidative clustered DNA lesions in NALM-6 cells, a human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) pre-B cell line, after exposure to (137)Cs gamma rays. For the detection and measurement of DSBs and oxidative clustered DNA lesions, we used an adaptation of the neutral comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) using E. coli repair enzymes (Endo IV, Fpg and Endo III) as enzymatic probes. We found a linear dose response for the induction of DSBs and oxidative clustered DNA lesions. Clustered DNA lesions were more prevalent than prompt DSBs. For each DSB induced by radiation, approximately 2.5 oxidative clustered DNA lesions were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the detection and linear induction of oxidative clustered DNA lesions with radiation dose in an ALL cell line. These results point to the biological significance of clustered DNA lesions.     

Free radical-induced double lesions in DNA

This review surveys the work that has been done on free radical-induced DNA double lesions. Double lesions consist of two modifications of the DNA in close proximity. Double lesions can be generated by a single free radical-initiating event and the mechanism of formation often involves the participation of guanine. The identification of double lesions in oligomer and polymer DNA is reviewed and possible mechanisms of formation are outlined. The potential biological significance of double lesions is discussed. Double lesions induced by UV light are outside the scope of this review.     

Pulmonary artery calcification in racehorses may be related to transient and repeated increases in arterial pressure during exercise

Calcification of the pulmonary artery has been found in a large number of racing horses. The majority of calcified lesions are found immediately distal to the primary arterial bifurcation. Increased arterial wall stress levels have been previously demonstrated at these locations, with the wall stress levels increasing under intra-luminal pressures associated with exercise. We hypothesize therefore that the formation of calcified lesions is mediated by transient and repeated increases in pulmonary artery intra-luminal pressure. The presence of calcified lesions would likely further exacerbate the levels of wall stress, leading to growth of the lesions. A level of wall stress may exist above which calcified lesions form, and a second level may exist above which the calcified lesions grow at an increased rate. A computer model of pulmonary artery wall stress with calcified lesions was created, and wall stress levels were found to be greatest at the periphery of the calcified lesions. Osteo/chondrocyte-like cells have also been found at the periphery of the calcified lesions and could be responsible for collagen deposition and lesion growth, mediated by local wall stress levels. These increased levels of wall stress could place racehorses at a greater risk of acute pulmonary arterial rupture at the site of the calcified lesions, due to the high levels of intra-luminal pressure within the pulmonary artery during exercise. The hypothesis may also have implications in the etiology of human vascular diseases.     

Effects of housing conditions on the development of wet skin lesions in the NOA mouse.

The effects of housing on the onset time and prevalence of wet skin lesions were investigated in NOA mice, which spontaneously develop these lesions at a high rate. Wet skin lesions developed earliest in mice that were housed individually. For mice that were housed in groups, the lesions developed earlier in mice with non-littermate group housing than in mice with littermate group housing. The prevalence of lesions was in the following order: individual housing > non-littermate group housing > littermate group housing. These results suggest that socio-psychological factors are involved in the etiology of wet skin lesions in the NOA mouse. Under individual housing conditions, two other novel characters of the NOA mouse were also observed, specifically, development of dry skin and wet skin lesions at the tail root. These characteristics developed early and with high prevalence and were easily observed on external examination. Therefore, these novel characteristics observed in NOA mice are potential markers of the psychological state of the animals.     

Chromosome analysis in 31 cases of benign and malignant breast tumors: a study in Brazil

Cultures of 31 breast tumors, being 20 carcinomas and 11 benign lesions, were cytogenetically analysed. Clonal chromosome aberrations were detected in 16 carcinomas and in 4 benign lesions. Nine carcinomas and 2 benign lesions had multiple cytogenetically unrelated and related clones, whereas a single abnormal clone was observed in 7 carcinomas and in 2 benign lesions. Polyploid clones were found in 7 carcinomas and in 2 benign lesions. The presence of clonal chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells was not associated with the clinicopathologic parameters tested. Carcinomas had more clonal changes than benign lesions (p = 0.031), showing that cytogenetic features are of diagnostic value and that different chromosome anomalies might have different pathogenetic and prognostic significance.     

Radiographic and visual assessment of alveolar pathology of first molars in dry skulls

There are many reports in the literature relating to the dental pathology of ancient peoples. In most instances only visual observations of alveolar lesions have been made, precluding assessment of covert dental lesions. The present paper was undertaken to compare the incidence of alveolar dental lesions determined by both visual and radiographic methods in a group of Australian aboriginal skulls. First molars of the right side were used for the comparison: approximately ten percent more lesions were found by the radiographic method. The data demonstrated the limitation of either technique alone. The strong association between pulp exposure and furcal, angular, and apical lesions suggests that pulpal lesions provoke periodontal changes that have traditionally been assigned to a gingival etiology. The location of the lesions within the periodontium would appear to be determined by the location of the pulpal pathology and the pathways through dentin between that location and the periodontal ligament.     

Molecular mapping the presence of druggable targets in preinvasive and precursor breast lesions: A comprehensive review of biomarkers related to therapeutic interventions

The analysis of clinical breast samples using biomarkers is integral to current breast cancer management. Currently, a limited number of targeted therapies are standard of care in breast cancer treatment. However, these targeted therapies are only suitable for a subset of patients and resistance may occur. Strategies to prevent the occurrence of invasive lesions are required to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the development of cancer. In theory, application of targeted therapies to pre-invasive lesions will prevent their progression to invasive lesions with full malignant potential. The diagnostic challenge for pathologists is to make interpretative decisions on early detected pre-invasive lesions. Overall, only a small proportion of these pre-invasive lesions will progress to invasive carcinoma and morphological assessment is an imprecise and subjective means to differentiate histologically identical lesions with varying malignant potential. Therefore differential biomarker analysis in pre-invasive lesions may prevent overtreatment with surgery and provide a predictive indicator of response to therapy. There follows a review of established and emerging potential druggable targets in pre-invasive lesions and correlation with lesion morphology.