内蒙古高原西部荒漠区四种锦鸡儿属植物水力结构变化的比较研究

本文采用改良的冲洗法,比较了内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana) 4 种优势植物—柠条锦鸡儿（C. korshinsk）、狭叶锦鸡儿（C. stenophylla）、垫状锦鸡儿（C. tibetica）和荒漠锦鸡儿（C. roborovoskyi）的水力结构日变化和季节变化,目的是了解4种锦鸡儿属植物对荒漠区环境的适应性及其差异。研究发现：4种锦鸡儿属植物的比导率、叶比导率均为早晚高、中午低的单谷日变化曲线;三个季节相比较,夏季的比导率、叶比导率最大;胡伯尔值春季>夏季>秋季。三个季节比导水率日平均值、夏季和秋季的叶比导率、三个季节的胡伯尔值都表现为：柠条锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>垫状锦鸡儿;三个季节比导水率日变幅和春季叶比导率表现为：柠条锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>垫状锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿。4个种比导水率日平均值的季节变幅相似。这些结果表明：（1）荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物的水力结构限制了水分运输,使其避免了中午的高蒸腾。（2）荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物通过较高的水分运输效率及较好的叶供水效率适应夏季的高温和强辐射,维持水分平衡;锦鸡儿属植物胡伯尔值的季节变化保证了其在春、夏季快速生长期有较好的水分供应。（3）较高的比导率、叶比导率和胡伯尔值导致了柠条锦鸡儿良好的水分供应和高蒸腾速率,进而导致了柠条锦鸡儿较快的生长速度,这说明柠条锦鸡儿对荒漠环境的适应性好于其它三个种;柠条锦鸡儿的输水效率高,但易发生严重的空穴和栓塞。     

内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物水力结构的变化

采用改良的冲洗法,比较了内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana)4种优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii)、狭叶锦鸡儿(C.stenophylla)、垫状锦鸡儿(C.tibetica)和荒漠锦鸡儿(C.roborovoskyi)的水力结构日变化和季节变化,目的是了解4种锦鸡儿属植物对荒漠区环境的适应性及其差异。研究发现:4种锦鸡儿属植物的比导率、叶比导率均为早晚高、中午低的单谷日变化曲线;3个季节相比较,夏季的比导率、叶比导率最大;胡伯尔值春季夏季秋季。3个季节比导水率日平均值、夏季和秋季的叶比导率、3个季节的胡伯尔值都表现为:柠条锦鸡儿荒漠锦鸡儿狭叶锦鸡儿垫状锦鸡儿;3个季节比导水率日变幅和春季叶比导率表现为:柠条锦鸡儿荒漠锦鸡儿垫状锦鸡儿狭叶锦鸡儿。4个种比导水率日平均值的季节变幅相似。这些结果表明:(1)荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物的水力结构限制了水分运输,使其避免了中午的高蒸腾。(2)荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物通过较高的水分运输效率及较好的叶供水效率适应夏季的高温和强辐射,维持水分平衡;锦鸡儿属植物胡伯尔值的季节变化保证了其在春、夏季快速生长期有较好的水分供应。(3)较高的比导率、叶比导率和胡伯尔值导致了柠条锦鸡儿良好的水分供应和高蒸腾速率,进而导致了柠条锦鸡儿较快的生长速度,这说明柠条锦鸡儿对荒漠环境的适应性好于其它3个种;柠条锦鸡儿的输水效率高,但易发生严重的空穴和栓塞。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性Ⅰ.生态学和RAPD证据

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C. korshinskii Kom.)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布.种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群.分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果.     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 Ⅰ.生态学和RAPD证据(英文)

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布。种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群。分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 I．生态学和RAPD证据

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam．)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz．)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom．)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布。种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群。分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性(英文)

研究了不同地区(117.6o ~105.7o E,44.6o ~38.8o N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性。结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加。光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策。这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应。这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础。(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致。不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化。光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性

研究了不同地区(117.6°～105.7°E,44.6°～38.8°N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caraganadavazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性.结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加.光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策.这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应.这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础.(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致.不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化.光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群.     

树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和鹰嘴豆干旱适应能力比较

对1年生豆科作物鹰嘴豆Rupali品种和Almaz品种以及多年生植物树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量和叶水势对逐渐干旱胁迫的响应进行了分析,比较了两类植物的干旱适应能力。结果表明鹰嘴豆叶相对含水量随叶水势的下降线性下降,树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量在叶水势分别下降到-2.4MPa、-2.5MPa和-1.5 MPa之前没有下降,之后随水势的下降线性下降。树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿这种叶相对含水量下降的滞后性表明该类植物叶具有较硬而弹性较差的细胞壁,使得植物在干旱胁迫下叶具有良好的保水能力。鹰嘴豆叶具有的最低水势为-4.5MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为14％,锦鸡儿植物叶具有的最低水势可达-6.7MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为6％,说明锦鸡儿植物比鹰嘴豆具有更好的干旱适应能力,这种能力可能取决于锦鸡儿植物体内大量渗透调节物质的累积。     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。     

基于ITS序列和trnL-F序列探讨小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的种间关系

中间锦鸡儿Caragana davazamcii Sancz.的分类处理一直存在争议, 它与小叶锦鸡儿C. microphylla Lam.和柠条锦鸡儿C. korshinskii Kom.的关系尚不清楚。该种被处理为一个独立的种或后两个种的变种。本文利用ITS序列和叶绿体trnL-F序列, 综合形态和地理分布, 探讨了中间锦鸡儿的起源及与另外两个种的种间关系。结果显示, 中间锦鸡儿的trnL-F序列与小叶锦鸡儿完全一致, 而与柠条锦鸡儿有明显差异。中间锦鸡儿的ITS序列高度纯合, 不支持该种可能是杂交起源的假设。相反, 另外两个种的ITS序列均出现多个位点杂合, 克隆后均得到2种不同的序列。中间锦鸡儿的ITS序列与小叶锦鸡儿2种序列中的1种完全一致。该结果表明, 中间锦鸡儿可能作为亲本之一参与了小叶锦鸡儿的杂交起源, 或者基因流是造成这两个种形态相似的主要原因。中间锦鸡儿与柠条锦鸡儿形态上的相似可能是趋同进化的表现。     

Hydraulic architecture of three Caragana species and its relationship with environmental factors in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China

Hydraulic architecture and its relationship with environmental factors were studied in three Caragana species, namely, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz and C. korshinskii Kom, which were found in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China. The improved flushing method was used in situ on one-year-old twigs for comparing the hydraulic efficiency and the regulating abilities of these three species as well as their mechanisms of regulating water transport to cope with variable environments. The relationship between hydraulic architecture and air temperature followed a linear function with negative slope, whereas the relationships between these parameters with atmospheric humidity were positive. Comparing the hydraulic efficiency among the three seasons, a descending order was given as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, the hydraulic efficiency of C. korshinskii was higher than that of C. davazamcii, which was in turn higher than that of C. microphylla. It can be concluded from the range of Ks and the slope of two linear functions that there were significant differences in the sensitivity of specific conductivity to environmental factors, both among species and among seasons, with a descending order as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, C. korshinskii was the most sensitive to the changes of environment, and the sensitivity of C. davazamcii was higher than that of C. microphylla. The results also supported the view that the reduction of hydraulic efficiency because of the embolism in xylem could benefit the plants subjected to water deficit by means of limiting water loss.     

Hydraulic architecture of three Caragana species and its relationship with environmental factors in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China

Hydraulic architecture and its relationship with environmental factors were studied in three Caragana species, namely, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz and C. korshinskii Kom, which were found in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China. The improved flushing method was used in situ on one-year-old twigs for comparing the hydraulic efficiency and the regulating abilities of these three species as well as their mechanisms of regulating water transport to cope with variable environments. The relationship between hydraulic architecture and air temperature followed a linear function with negative slope, whereas the relationships between these parameters with atmospheric humidity were positive. Comparing the hydraulic efficiency among the three seasons, a descending order was given as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, the hydraulic efficiency of C. korshinskii was higher than that of C. davazamcii, which was in turn higher than that of C. microphylla. It can be concluded from the range of Ks and the slope of two linear functions that there were significant differences in the sensitivity of specific conductivity to environmental factors, both among species and among seasons, with a descending order as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, C. korshinskii was the most sensitive to the changes of environment, and the sensitivity of C. davazamcii was higher than that of C. microphylla. The results also supported the view that the reduction of hydraulic efficiency because of the embolism in xylem could benefit the plants subjected to water deficit by means of limiting water loss.     

Interspecific relationships of Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii (Leguminosae) based on ITS and trnL-F data sets

The taxonomic treatment of Caragana davazamcii Sancz. has been a controversial matter, as its relationship with C. microphylla Lam. and C. korshinskii Kom. is not clear. It was treated as an independent species, or a variety under C. microphylla or C. korshinskii. This study is to examine the interspecific relationship of these three species and the origin of C. davazamcii based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and non-coding region of chloroplast trnL-F, combined with morphological data and geographical distribution. The trnL-F sequence of C. davazamcii is identical to that of C. microphylla but differs distinctly from that of C. korshinskii. The high congruence of ITS copies through both direct and cloning sequencing rejects the recent hybridization hypothesis of C. davazamcii between C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. In contrast, two different ITS sequence copies were found respectively in each individual of C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. One of the two ITS sequences in C. microphylla is identical to that of C. davazamcii. This result indicates that C. davazamcii might have taken part in the hybridization of C. microphylla as one parent , or that extensive gene flow might have occurred between these two species, thus resulting in the morphological similarity of them. However, the similarity of some morphological characters of C. davazamcii to those of C. korshinskii might result from the convergent adaptation to their common ecological environment.     

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅱ. Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Water Metabolism

The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism of Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. populations in different sites (117.6o-105.7o E, 44.6o-38.8o N) were studied. (1) From the east to the west, the responses of the three species to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in net photosynthesis rate increased, the relative humidity of the air which corresponded to the occurrence of maximum photosynthesis rate decreased, and the corresponding air temperature increased. Along the same gradient, the before-noon superiority of the photosynthesis became evident, and the photosynthesis rate and the light use efficiency (LUE ) increased, while the transpiration rate decreased, thus the water use efficiency (WUE ) increased notably, and the leaf water content decreased gradually. From the east to the west, the plants took a water-saving strategy step by step with higher photosynthesis rate and lower transpiration rate. These physiological changes in the plants were adaptable to the conditions of light, temperature and humidity in the habitat of the plants, and might be the biological foundation for the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii. (2) The adaptation of photosynthetic system of C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii to PAR, air humidity and temperature exhibited the interspecific continuity, which was consistent with the environmental gradient. In different species and different sites, the diurnal changes of net photosynthesis rate, the daily cumulative value of net photosynthesis, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate, the daily cumulative value of transpiration, the water use efficiency and the diurnal changes of leaf water content varied with longitudinal descent (from the east to the west). The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism indicated that the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii was in gradual change, and these three species formed a geographical cline.     

内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物叶脉序比较研究

以内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿为对象,利用光学显微镜观察了它们的叶脉序特征,并测定相应的数量指标.结果表明,3种锦鸡儿植物叶片在脉序类型、三级脉类型、高级脉类型、盲脉类型及分枝、网眼形态上没有明显的差别;在各级脉粗细、二级脉夹角、三级脉疏密度以及网眼发育等特征上均表现出随地理分布自东向西逐步递增、递减、密集和趋于完善的变化特点,且有交叉重叠现象;在一级脉的粗细、二级脉的分枝、二级间脉的类型、三级脉疏密等特征上,中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿差异较小.研究发现,内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物在多数叶脉序形态特征和一些数量化指标上没有明显的差异,其亲缘关系较为紧密,但中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿在种间关系上可能更为接近;3个种自东向西呈现很强的相似性和渐变性分布,表现出地理渐变的趋势.     

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅰ. Ecological and RAPD Evidence

The former plant population survey has shown that three genetically-related species, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom., form a geographical replacement series in Nei Mongol Plateau. The present study on population distribution, taxonomy, morphology, development and genetic structure demonstrated that the geographical distribution of these three species was successive and in gradual change, thus forming a geographical cline which extended from the east to the west of Nei Mongol Plateau. With an analysis of climate change over time, it was considered that the formation of this geographical cline was a result of plant adaptation to its natural environment.