北方草地畜牧业生态系统健康综合评价与诊断

鉴于畜牧业生态系统健康与人类、社会、经济、环境等具有密切的关系,从活力、组织结构和恢复力三方面,提出区域畜牧业生态系统健康评价指标体系及等级评价模型.其中,适宜载畜量、人均养畜量、畜群结构、草地退化沙化率、良种畜比重、舍饲、半舍饲比例是我国北方牧区草地畜牧业生态系统健康状况的主要控制因子.选取内蒙古牧区、新疆牧区、青海牧区、甘肃牧区、西藏牧区五个区域,对区域内畜牧业生态系统健康分别进行评价及诊断,评价结果为:健康状况处于"中"级的牧区是内蒙古(2.7730)、新疆(2.5641)以及青海牧区(2.4673);健康状况处于"低"级的牧区是甘肃(2.2335)和西藏牧区(1.8884).针对评价过程中暴露的活力、组织结构和恢复力问题,对5个牧区草地畜牧业生态系统健康进行了诊断,认为在中国北方牧区气候暖干化背景下,只有调整草地畜牧业发展战略,重视和确定草地资源在提供生态公共产品中的重要作用和地位,从生态效益和经济效益的要求出发,优化牧场整体生产结构,增草增畜,使草地资源得到恢复性演替,才能实现生态畜牧业的建设目标.     

为赶超世界科技先进水平而奋斗

在伟大领袖和导师毛主席和中国共产党的领导下,中国人民在战胜国内外敌人,成立新中国之后,把一个贫穷落后的半殖民地半封建的旧中国已经建设成为初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义的新中国。建国后二十八年来,新中国的科技事业得到了迅速的发展。1956年,在社会主义     

前沿信息技术在生物医学大数据中的应用及展望

近年来,随着以高通量组学检测技术为代表的生物技术(biologicaltechnology,BT)的发展,生物医学研究领域开始进入大数据时代。面对高维度、跨层次、多模态生物医学大数据,科学研究需要数据密集型科研新范式。云计算、区块链、人工智能等前沿信息技术(information technology, IT)的蓬勃发展为这种新型研究范式的实践提供了技术手段。本文对云计算、区块链、人工智能等前沿信息技术在生物医学大数据中的应用进行了描述,并对数据密集型科研新范式支撑环境的构建提出了前瞻展望,以期建立融合BTIT技术的新型研究方案和科研新范式,最终推动生物医学研究跨越式发展。     

藏北高原牧区人工草地建设布局的适宜性分析

人工草地是缓解天然草地退化和提升草地生产力的一种有效途径,但人工草地建设发展需注重区域布局、种植区划、经营管理等战略问题,尤其是在高寒牧区建立人工草地,目前还存在诸多值得探讨的科学问题。为此,选取藏北高原高寒牧区为研究区,基于遥感数据,土壤数据,气象数据,地形和土地利用数据,结合野外实地调查,从可利用土地资源角度考虑,通过分析藏北现有人工草地建设的立地条件,识别出区域适宜人工草地建设的潜在分布区,并与现有人工草地分布位置及其面积进行对比分析和验证,以期为区域未来人工草地建设布局提供科学指导。研究结果表明:在各种约束因子的限制下,藏北满足人工草地建设条件的适宜区域极其有限,难以发展大面积的人工草地建设工程。水热条件和海拔是限制区域人工草地建设的主要地理因素,尤其是那曲地区,绝大部分区域无法满足人工牧草生长活动的积温需求。因此,区域牧草种植规划中需重点考虑牧草品种的生物学特性。另一方面,在藏北高寒牧区建立人工草地必须慎重,今后人工草地种植规划还需要加强牧草的抗寒性和抗旱性研究,在人工草地的管理方面要特别关注已建人工草地的可持续性和稳定性,防止出现草地退化和沙化等问题。     

海南省链蚧科一新属一新种(半翅目:蚧总科)

记述链蚧科1新属——梭链蚧属Elagatis,并记述1新种:通什梭链蚧Elagatistongzaense,sp.nov.,模式标本保存于安徽工业大学。     

重庆市生物医药产业发展现状与对策建议——以人才链为牵引加快生物医药高新园区社区建设

目的：为重庆市生物医药产业高质量发展提供对策建议。方法：通过文献、政策、新闻和其他网络报告等调研,归纳生物医药产业发展趋势和总体特点,剖析重庆市生物医药产业发展的总体情况、成绩与优势、不足与短板,重点针对人才紧缺、创新成果转化滞后、产业竞争力不强、中药资源优势有待进一步挖掘和头部企业缺乏等问题提供针对性对策建议。结果：重庆市生物医药产业园区建设以培育支持领军企业、构建多层次投资支持体系、建设产学研共同体和提升社区氛围为重点,以人才链建设为牵引驱动,加强产业链、资金链、创新链和人才链的多链融合与发展。     

牧民对高寒牧区生态环境的感知——以甘南牧区为例

地处青藏高原的甘南牧区是典型的生态敏感区,牧民作为牧区最主要的经济活动主体与最基本的决策单位,其对生态环境的认识和响应影响着牧区的生态安全.采用参与性农户评估方法(PRA)对甘南牧区的97户牧民家庭进行了调查,并根据分布区域将其分成纯牧区牧户和半农半牧区牧户两组,就牧民的环境意识、对环境变化的感知、对环境变化原因的认识进行比较分析,基于分析结果,提出了相关的政策建议.研究结果表明:研究区牧民对生态环境重要性的认识非常明确,但在生产中却较少真正考虑对生态环境的影响;与20a前相比,85%的牧户认为生态环境有所恶化,纯牧区牧户的感受更为深刻;对于生态环境恶化的原因,超过40%的牧户认为是超载过牧,其次是破坏植被(22.68%)和气候变化(18.56%).两组牧户对于生态环境恶化原因的认识具有一定差别,纯牧区牧户认为主要原因是过度放牧及气候变化,半农半牧区牧户认为是过度放牧与破坏植被、滥垦土地.     

甘南牧区草畜平衡优化方案与管理决策

利用Matlab 7.9软件的多目标规划方法,以甘南牧区2008年及以前的草地畜牧业动态监测资料和社会经济发展调查统计数据为基础,以维持草畜平衡、优化畜群结构和保护草地生态环境为总目标,综合考虑牧区畜群结构优化、牧业生产目标、草畜动态平衡、区域社会经济收益状况和生态环境保护5个方面的约束条件,研究了规划期(2009-2011年)甘南牧区草地畜牧业发展的优化方案及管理对策,对比分析了减畜和增畜2种优化方案在畜群结构、牲畜总增率、净增率、商品率、出栏率、农牧民纯收益等方面的数量变化特征,提出甘南牧区草畜平衡优化方案及管理决策。研究结果表明,减畜优化方案是实现上述目标的根本途径。具体措施包括:1)适度调整牲畜数量,改良品种,优化畜群结构;2)调整农作物播种面积及结构,增加人工草地种植面积,提高补饲水平;3)稳定天然林草地面积,维护牧区生态环境; 4)增强畜牧业生产效益,提高出栏率;5)严格控制人口数量,加强国家政策调控机制。     

基于灾害链理论的山地城市雨洪适灾空间建构——以巫山县早阳新区城市设计为例

研究表明,山地城市雨洪与滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害密切相关,而提升雨洪灾害的适灾能力建设已成为应对山地城市次生灾害频发的迫切诉求。以灾害链相关理论为支撑,围绕致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体3个灾害链关键要素,分析、归纳山地雨洪的灾害链及其链式的灾害演化关系和灾变路径,并在此基础上提出“灾害链断链”和“城市空间减灾”2个层面的雨洪减灾规划策略,从而达到降低雨洪灾害链频次,减少灾情放大,增大城市安全性的目的;进而以巫山早阳组团城市设计为例,探讨雨洪减灾规划策略的实践应用,以期为山地城市防灾减灾能力建设提供相应的理论指导与实践借鉴。     

高中生物教学中开展探究性学习面临的困难及对策

随着我国社会主义建设不断完善与发展,我国的教育体制改革也在不断地推进,并取得了前所未有的成就。为了能够将新课程的改革进行到底,提高教学质量和教学效率,我国提出了开展探究性学习的新理念,特别是在高中生物教学中,已经成为其课程改革所要研究的新热点,但在实施的过程中仍旧存在不少问题。基于此,本文根据大量实践,结合实际,对高中生物教学中开展探究性学习所面临的困难进行深入的分析,并提出一系列的解决对策。     

北方半干旱集雨补灌旱作区节水农业发展模式

内蒙古准格尔旗集雨补灌旱作节水农业示范区地处黄土高原北部砒砂岩区,是我国水土流失最严重地区之一,集雨补灌是缓解当地干旱缺水的唯一途径.目前该区很多地方雨水收集利用缺乏整体研究,工程规划和生产布局有一定盲目性.在分析准格尔旗示范区生态、经济、社会等条件的基础上,总结出以集雨补灌为中心的旱作增产技术体系,确定了集雨高效种植型、集雨生态畜牧型和庭院集雨经济型3种模式,提出了示范区雨水综合利用需水量标准,并对3种模式在示范区运行3年来的经济、社会和生态效果进行了评价.     

Ecological structure of the West Siberian forest-steppe spider community (Arachnida,Araneae) and its comparison with the ground-beetle (Coleoptera,Carabidae) community

An investigation of the spatiotemporal management of the ground-dwelling spider community has been carried out at the continuous habitat gradient from the forest outlier center to the meadowland center in the southern part of the forest-steppe zone of Novosibirsk oblast in 2007?2008. We apply two sampling methods which complete each other: pitfall trapping and hand separation of soil samples. Eighty-three species of spiders from 14 families are determined. Spiders are most abundant in the early summer and less abundant in the middle of summer. Representatives of different families are of maximum abundance in different sites: Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae mainly in the forest and Philodromidae in the solonetz meadow. The distribution of diversity and abundance of spiders and ground beetles throughout the habitat gradient are generally similar. This is contradictory to the spatial interactions of these two groups in Arctic and extreme ecosystems. Niche distinguishing between ground beetles and spider species is not only topical. It includes the usage of different strata of vegetation, various seasonal activity, and trophic specialization.     

Enemy-free space and habitat-specific host specialization in a butterfly

The majority of herbivorous insects have relatively specialized food habits. This suggests that specialization has some advantage(s) over generalization. Traditionally, feeding specialization has been thought to be linked to digestive or other food-related physiological advantages, but recent theory suggests that generalist natural enemies of herbivorous insects can also provide a major selective pressure for restricted host plant range. The European swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon utilizes various plants in the Apiaceae family as hosts, but is an ecological specialist being monophagous on Angelica archangelica in southern Sweden. This perennial monocarp grows in three seaside habitat types: (1) on the barren rocky shore in the absence of any surrounding vegetation, (2) on the rocky shore with some surrounding vegetation, and (3) on species-rich meadows. The rocky shore habitat harbors few invertebrate generalist predators, whereas a number of invertebrate predators abound in the meadowland habitat. Here, we test the importance of enemy-free space for feeding specialization in Papilio machaon by assessing survival of larvae placed by hand on A. archangelica in each of the three habitat types, and by assessing the habitat-specificity of adult female egg-laying behavior by recording the distribution of eggs laid by free-flying adult females among the three habitat types. Larval survival was substantially higher in the rocky shore habitat than in the meadowland and significantly higher on host plants without surrounding vegetation on the rocky shore. Eggs laid by free-flying females were found in all three habitat types, but were significantly more frequent in the rocky shore habitat, suggesting that females prefer to lay eggs in the habitat type where offspring survival is highest. These results show that larval survivorship on the same host plant species can be strongly habitat-specific, and suggest that enemy-free space is an underlying factor that drives feeding specialization in Papilio machaon.     

Disrupting ‘a man's world’: gender,technology, and class in Vietnam's global heavy industry

Only rarely is Vietnam's global heavy industry studied from an anthropological perspective in either its gender or its class dimensions. This article contributes new insights into the ways in which the interagential dynamics of gender and technology from shopfloor to engineer offices coproduce social orders in contesting and perpetuating essentializing notions of femininity and masculinity. Blue-collar and white-collar women working in heavy industrial workplaces represent a minority in ‘a man's world’, ambiguously both disidentifying and identifying with notions of a typical ‘female character’ vis-à-vis ‘male character’. Women working in heavy industry, the article shows, generate ‘disruption’ by reconfiguring conventions regarding gendered occupation, redefining gendered engagement with technology, and recalibrating images of femininity and masculinity. Doing so means carving out new opportunities and/or provoking crisis in a patrilineal universe. The article analyses the intricate ways in which women's engagement with technology is empowering while simultaneously reinforcing gender- and class-specific inequalities in socialist Vietnam's global market economy.     

How do subordinate and dominant species in semi-natural mountain grasslands relate to productivity and land-use change?

Changes in agricultural practices of semi-natural mountain grasslands are expected to modify plant community structure and shift dominance patterns. Using vegetation surveys of 11 sites in semi-natural grasslands of the Swiss Jura and Swiss and French Alps, we determined the relative contribution of dominant, subordinate and transient plant species in grazed and abandoned communities and observed their changes along a gradient of productivity and in response to abandonment of pasturing.The results confirm the humpbacked diversity–productivity relationship in semi-natural grassland, which is due to the increase of subordinate species number at intermediate productivity levels. Grazed communities, at the lower or higher end of the species diversity gradient, suffered higher species loss after grazing abandonment. Species loss after abandonment of pasturing was mainly due to a higher reduction in the number of subordinate species, as a consequence of the increasing proportion of dominant species.When plant biodiversity maintenance is the aim, our results have direct implications for the way grasslands should be managed. Indeed, while intensification and abandonment have been accelerated since few decades, our findings in this multi-site analysis confirm the importance of maintaining intermediate levels of pasturing to preserve biodiversity.     

Relation between small-mammal species composition and anthropic variables in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Anthropic activities are frequently related in many ways to forest fragmentation and alteration of natural communities. In this study, we correlate the presence of hunting, tourism activity, agriculture/pasturing, and the distance of the study sites to the nearest human residences with the species composition of small Atlantic forest mammals. To do this, we utilize a multiple regression analysis of similarity matrices. The presence of both agriculture/pasturing and human residences near the study sites proved to be determinant factors in species composition of small mammals of the studied areas. Working with socioeconomic variables related directly with the study site could be a reliable and a direct way to predict the influence of human presence and entailed activity on small mammal communities.     

Mountain pasturing of rearing stock reduces the culling risk as dairy cows

Alpine transhumance or droving livestock to mountainous areas during summer months is highly relevant for Austrian agriculture but also for other countries in Alpine regions. Access of rearing stock to mountain pastures is often claimed to be beneficial with respect to health and longevity, but the robust evidence is scarce. Therefore, its effect was tested by including it in the routine genetic evaluation data set for longevity. Alpine transhumance records from 2004 to 2013 were used. After several plausibility checks and restriction to animals with sire and dam known, records of 871 287 dual-purpose Fleckvieh cows sired by 9953 bulls were available. Data were analysed by means of survival analysis accounting for the time-dependent fixed effects of region-year-season, relative performance within herd, change of herd size, and Alpine pasturing of cows, the fixed effects age at first calving and Alpine pasturing of rearing stock, the random time-dependent effect of herd-year and the random genetic effects of sire and maternal grandsire. Fleckvieh cows that had access to Alpine pasture during their rearing period at least once for a minimum of 60 days had functional longevity that was nearly 2 months prolonged compared with cows that had always stayed on the farms as calves or heifers. In a more detailed analysis, the lowest relative culling risk among the significant estimates was observed for cows that had been Alpine pastured in years 1 and 3; it was about 15% below that of cows that never had access to mountain grazing. Evidence for the beneficial effect of Alpine pasturing of rearing stock on the animals’ later fitness, indicated by longevity, could thus be provided.     

人工草地在退化草地恢复中的作用及其研究现状

分析了草地类型生态系统退化的现状、原因及其恢复途径,提出人工草地的建立是恢复退化天然草地的有效途径;综述了人工草地的研究进展。提出高效型人工草地的建立是缓解草原压力、促进牧区可持续发展的良策;从高效角度出发。种植饲用玉米可以作为建立人工草地的一个有益尝试．     

一种基于SWAT模型的干旱牧区生态脆弱性评价方法——以艾布盖河流域为例

针对干旱牧区生态脆弱性特点,以GIS为平台,利用气象、土壤、土地利用、水资源开发利用等数据,结合SWAT模型模拟结果,建立了一种基于SWAT模型子流域划分的干旱牧区生态脆弱性评价体系,对西北干旱牧区艾布盖河流域1990年、2010年生态脆弱性进行了评价。从评价结果可以看出,研究区北部及西部生态稳定性保持较好,生态脆弱等级下降主要发生在研究区的东南部,20年间耕地扩张造成的草地被侵占及水资源过度开发利用是造成生态退化的主要原因。评价体系紧紧围绕干旱牧区"水-草-畜"关系设置评价指标,将观测数据与水文模型模拟相结合,统计数据与空间地类相联系,点面结合,能够较好的反映出研究区20年间生态脆弱程度变化趋势及主要问题。     

Impacts of human activity on environment in the high-cold pasturing area: A case of Gannan pasturing area

Identifying the specific forces driving environmental impact is a hot topic in the field of sustainable development in the pasturing area. In the paper, the ecological footprint was taken as the index of environmental impact, and a series of index like population quality, prosperous, using intensity, livelihood tactics are considered as the main human factors. Using the STIRPAT model and temporal series data from 1980 to 2007, the author analyzes the effects of the human driving forces of environmental impact.
The ecological footprint method presents a simple framework for national natural capital accounting, and it has been used as a comprehensive index of human activity impact, which indirectly reflect human activity’s pressure on the environment. Our analyses showed that the ecological footprint increased from 238736.9 to 877716.1 ha and per capital ecological footprint also increased from 0.854 to 1.961 ha/per during 1980–2007 in Gannan pasturing area. However, in the meantime, the ecological footprint intensity was inclined from 25.396 to 3.025 ha/ten thousand yuan.
With a view of dismantling the human driving forces of ecological footprint, the modified IPAT-called STIRPAT has been employed as a common analytic framework. Our analyses showed that population quantity and using intensity was a major driver of ecological footprint, their coefficients were greater than 1.0 in model (1); In addition, promoting the prosperous lever and the primary industry proportion, the impact of environment will be increased, but their coefficients are less than 1.0 in model (1). At the same time, the technological eco-efficiency of sample regions was discussed in details, the range ability of the technological eco-efficiency was wider, and 15 years went beyond the average level, but the other was less than the average level. Another important finding in the empirical study is that there are some evidences of an environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint within the range of calculated data. Some potential improvements in some further researches and suggestions to alleviate the environment pressure, and it is put forward in the last section.