三黄果蝇(Drosophila trilutea)近黄果蝇（D.paraiautea）的有丝分裂中期染色体

这两种果蝇隶属果蝇科Drosophilidae果蝇属Drosophila （Sophophora）黑腹果蝇D.melanogaster种组（species group）中的D.takahashii亚组（subgroup）。Bock和Wheeler (1972）在报道新种的文献中，曾记述其有丝分裂中期染色体的形态结构为2对中着丝粒（V形），1对棒状（R）。其中X染色体为棒状，Y染色体稍短。据此，其二倍体染色体数目推测为2n=6。我们观察的结果则与之显然不同。     

中国黑腹果蝇种组40种果蝇的核型多样性研究

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法制片对中国黑腹果蝇种组(Drosophilamelanogasterspeciesgroup)8个种亚组40种果蝇的染色体进行了分析,共发现18种核型,即A、A′′、C、C′、C′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′、F、F′、G、H和I,其中A、A′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D′′和F′为新发现的核型。8个种亚组的基本核型分别是:嗜凤梨果蝇种亚组(D.ananassaesubgroup)的核型为F、F′、G和H型;牵牛花果蝇种亚组(D.eleganssubgroup)的核型为A和A′′型;细针果蝇种亚组(D.eugracilissubgroup)的核型为C型;嗜榕果蝇种亚组(D.ficusphilasubgroup)的核型为C′型;黑腹果蝇种亚组(D.melanogastersubgroup)的核型为C和C′型;山果蝇种亚组(D.montiumsubgroup)的核型为C、C′、C′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′和I型;铃木氏果蝇种亚组(D.suzukiisubgroup)的核型为C′′′和C′′′′型;高桥氏果蝇种亚组(D.takahashiisubgroup)的核型为C、C′′′和C′′′′型。透明翅果蝇(D.lucipennis)雌性核型2n=8,雄性核型2n=7,雄性Ⅳ号染色体为染色体单体。此外还发现,吉川氏果蝇(D.kikkawai)、林氏果蝇(D.lini)、奥尼氏果蝇(D.ogumai)、拟嗜凤梨果蝇(D.pseudoananassae)和叔白颜果蝇(D.triauraria)5种果蝇有B染色体。本文确定了D.sp.likeelegans、D.sp.likenyinyii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons1、D.sp.liketakahashii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons2和D.sp.likeauraria等6个未描述种的核型和1个新记录种吉里果蝇(D.giriensis)的核型。本研究证明了在黑腹果蝇种组内、亚组内、种内和单雌系内的核型多样性,为果蝇遗传和进化提供了进一步的细胞学证据。     

中国云南果蝇属暗果蝇种组的核型分化

观察了新近发现于我国云南的果蝇属暗果蝇种组(Drosophila obscura species group)种类D．luguensis、D．dianensis和D．limingi的有丝分裂中期核型,并将3个种的核型与各自的近缘种类进行了比较。D．luguensis具2n=12条染色体,包括3对中央着丝粒(V形)染色体、2对近端着丝粒(棒状)染色体以及1对微小(点状)染色体。其中X和Y染色体均为中央着丝粒染色体。D．dianensis和D．limingi具2n=10条染色体,包括1对大的V形常染色体,1对小的V形常染色体,2对J形(亚中着丝粒型)常染色体和1对点状染色体。其中X染色体为J形,Y染色体为短棒状。基于核型比较的结果以及D．sinobscura亚组地理分布的资料,结合种间系统发育关系研究结果,认为D．luguensis可能保留了该亚组祖先种类的核型。D．sinobscum的核型(2n=12：2V,1J,2R,1D)可能由一个pre-“sinobscura-hubeiensis”谱系的一个分支通过臂间倒位演化而来,而D．hubeiensis的核型(2n=10：4V,1D)可能由该谱系的另一分支通过着丝粒融合(2对近端着丝粒常染色体的融合)而形成。推测在D．dianensis和近缘欧洲种D．subsilvestris(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间、D．limingi和东亚近缘种D．tsukubaensis(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间的物种分化过程中,可能有相似的染色体变异类型发生。     

三黄果蝇(Drosophila trilutea)近黄果蝇(D.paralutea)的有丝分裂中期染色体

这两种果蝇隶属果蝇科 Drosophilidae 果蝇属 Drosophila (Sophophora) 黑腹果蝇 D.melanogaster 种组(species group)中的D.takahashii 亚组(subgroup)。Bock和Wheeler(1972)在报道新种的文献中,曾记述其有丝分裂中期染色体的形态结构为2对中着丝粒(V形),1对棒状(R)。其中X染色体为棒状,Y染色体稍短。据此,其二倍体染色体数目推测为2n=6。我们观察的结果则与之显然不同。     

中国金色果蝇复合种的染色体研究——Ⅰ.中国某些地区金色果蝇及Ⅲ金色果蝇核型的研究

取果蝇脑神经节细胞,采用Giemsa染色的方法研究了我国某些地区,如北京、保定、青岛、大连、上海、梓潼的Ⅲ金色果蝇和杭州的金色果蝇的核型,并与来自日本的金色果蝇进行比较。所有材料都显示了基本相似的中期核型:2n=8,2V+1J+1D(即V形,J形,D点状)。各对染色体之间在形态上可以区别,大多数的材料显示次缢痕。但应特别指出的是,杭州金色果蝇H_2-Ⅲ品系的雄性完全缺失Y染色体,属于“XO型”性别决定。在复合种内的Y染色体及第Ⅳ染色体的中期染色体结构上存在着广泛而又重要的差别,这种差别是由于它们存在的异染色质含量的不同。     

直瓣苣苔属、筒花苣苔属和吊石苣苔属4个种的核形态学研究

本文报道了苦苣苔科直瓣苣苔属Ancylostemon、筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis和吊石苣苔属Lysionotus 中4个种的染色体数目和核形态。凹瓣苣苔A．aureus的染色体数目为n=34,与其近缘种凸瓣苣苔 A．convexus的染色体数目相同。该种的核型公式为2n=20m(1sat)+14sm,核型类型属于2A。间期核 为复杂染色中心型(complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为近基型(proximal type) 我国特有单种属筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis的间期核为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为中间—渐变型(interstitial—gradient type);核型公式为2n=34=25m +6sm+3st,与近缘类群——粗筒苣苔属Briggsia染色体数目2n=34,68相比,无论染色体数目还是核 型均显示比较原始的特征。吊石苣苔属的蒙自吊石苣苔L．carnosus和翅茎吊石苣苔L．serratus D． Don var．pterocaulis的核型公式分别是2n=30=21m+5sm+3st+1t和2n=32=21m+10sm+1t。核 型类型分别属于2A和2B。间期核均为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞 有丝分裂前期的染色体为渐变型(gradient type)。     

鸡骨常山属三个种的核形态

研究了鸡骨常山属（Alstonia）3个种的核形态,其中盆架树（A.rostrata）的核型属首次报道,3个种的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=42,且糖胶树（A.scholaris）和鸡骨常山（A.yunnanensis）的染色体数目同前人报道的2n=44不同。盆架树的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为棒状前染色体型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=3M＋21m＋18sm,核型不对称性类型为2A型。糖胶树的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为球状前染色体型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=14m＋24sm＋4st,核型不对称性类型为3A型。鸡骨常山的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为复杂染色体中央粒型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=5m＋37sm,核型不对称性类型为3B型。根据核形态结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了该属几个种的系统位置及演化趋势。     

濒危药用植物短柄乌头及其近缘种的核型研究

对短柄乌头及其展毛短柄乌头、铁棒锤核型进行研究,为短柄乌头的细胞地理分布和选育提供理论基础.3个种其染色体基数为 X＝8,短柄乌头6个居群出现5种核型公式,不同居群染色体形态变异较大.其中宁蒗和盐源2个居群核型公式相同.四川木里居群属于 Stebbins 的1A 型,丽江、宁蒗、四川盐源居群属于2B 型,会泽、东川居群属于3B 型;铁棒锤和展毛短柄乌头核型类型都是属于2B 型.短柄乌头各项染色体参数表现出较高的不对称性,核型比较不相近.核型公式变异、核型不对称系数、核型不对称指数没有显示出清晰的、对应的地理分布.6个短柄乌头居群中也没发现三倍体,短柄乌头的选育还需进一步研究.     

七种木蓝属植物的染色体研究

本文采用根尖压片法对豆科（Leguminosae）木蓝属（IndigoferaL.）植物的7个种：多花木蓝（Indigofera amblyantha Craib）、河北木蓝（I.bungeana Walp.）、滇木蓝（I.delavayi Franch.）、腺毛木蓝（I.scabrida Dunn）、四川木蓝（I.szechuensis Craib）、刺序木蓝（I.silvestrii Pamp.）、尖叶木蓝（I.zollingeriana Miq.）的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明：除了尖叶木蓝染色体数目为2n=4x=32（四倍体）外,其余6种木蓝的染色体数目均为2n=2x=16（二倍体）。尖叶木蓝和刺序木蓝核型分类为2A型,其余5种木蓝的核型均为1A型。种间核型差异很小。供试种主要包含中部着丝点区染色体。滇木蓝、腺毛木蓝、刺序木蓝、四川木蓝和尖叶木蓝的核型分析为首次报道。     

金色果蝇复合种(Drosophila auraria species complex)的分子系统学研究

测定了金色果蝇复合种（Drosophila auraria species complex）的5个姊妹种（D.auraria、D.biauraria、D.triaurar-ia、D.quadraria和D.subauraria）及其近缘种D.rufa的ITS1片段和COⅡ基因的全序，以及Adh基因的部分序列。以D.rufa、D.melanogaster和D.yakuba为外各，分别用最大简约（MP）法和邻接（NJ）法根据每个分子标记的序列构建金色果蝇复合种系统发生树。在得到的6棵系统树中，D.subauraria总位于系统树的基部。该复合种的ITS1、Adh和COⅡ的综合序列长度为2327bp(排除插入和缺失位点），能提供255个简约信息位点。根据综合序列构建的系统树较好地揭示了5个姊妹种间的系统发生关系；D.subauraria在金色果蝇复合种内最早分支出来，随后发生了D.biauraria分化、D.auraria、D.triauraria和D.quadraria之间亲缘关系较近，形成的时间相对较晚。推测金色果蝇复合种的祖先种约在2.33百万年前与D.fufa发生分歧，随后由暖温带侵入寒温带。在寒温带，D.subau-raria约在0.88百万年前与其他4个姊妹种的祖先种发生了分歧，D.biauraria约在0.31百万年前分化出来；而分布在较低纬度的D.auraria、D.triauraria和D.quadraria则是在该复合种的祖先种由寒温带向暖温带和亚热带人侵的过程中才逐渐分化形成的。上述结论不支持先前研究者所提出的D.quadraria是金色果蝇复合种的祖先种的见解。     

Copulatory courtship behavior and sine song as a mate recognition cue in Drosophila lini and its sibling species

Most Drosophila species sing species-specific pulse songs during their "precopulatory courtship." Three sibling species of the Drosophila montium species subgroup performed "copulatory courtship": males generated courtship songs by vibrating either wing only after mounting and during copulation. In these three species, strong sexual isolation was detected between D. ohnishii and D. lini and between D. ohnishii and D. ogumai, but not between D. lini and D. ogumai. Female showed strong repelling behavior when they were mounted by a heterospecific male in the species combinations including D. ohnishii, resulting in failure of the copulation attempt of the male. Acoustic analyses of courtship songs revealed that the pulse song was irregular, without any species-specific parameters, but that the frequency of the sine song was different among the three species in accordance with the modes of sexual isolation between them; it was significantly lower in D. ohnishii (mean ± SE = 193.0 ± 1.7 Hz) but higher in D. lini (253.4 ± 2.7 Hz) and D. ogumai (246.7 ± 5.3 Hz). We suggest that this difference in the sine song frequency is a sexual signal in the Specific Mate Recognition System (SMRS) among these three Drosophila species.     

Morphological comparison among Drosophila lini and its two new sibling species (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Morphological differences are investigated using several culture strains of three sibling species collected from Taiwan and Guangdong in China and Pyinoolwin and Yangon in Myanmar. Careful examination of male terminalia reveals distinguishable differences in the paramere and the aedeagal basal process among the three species. In addition, a number of quantitative characters are compared. Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni correction, which are carried out separately for each sex, detect significant differences in 15 characters, of which two are male-specific, among the three species. Canonical discriminant analysis using these characters reveals that the three species can be distinguished from each other with high confidence for both sexes. The results clearly show the presence of three good species, Drosophila (Sophophora) lini Bock & Wheeler, 1972 and its two new siblings. The new species are described as Drosophila (Sophophora) ohnishii sp. nov. from Pyinoolwin and Drosophila (Sophophora) ogumai sp. nov. from Yangon. The morphological differentiation among the three sibling species does not coincide with the degree of reproductive isolation (based on a previous study). The premating isolation pattern suggests two possibilities that premating isolation has been evolved or reinforced in sympatric populations between D. ohnishii and D. lini and between D. ohnishii and D. ogumai or that it has evolved in a very restricted local population of D. ohnishii, possibly by a few mutations.     

In Situ Hybridisation Analysis of the X-Linked Genes in the Species of the Virilis Group of Drosophila

When estimating the level of DNA sequence variation within and between populations or when planning QTL analysis, it is essential to know the location of the genes under study. In the present work, five X chromosomal genes, earlier localised in Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis, were mapped by in situ hybridisation on the larval polytene chromosomes of four other virilis group species, D. a. americana, D. flavomontana, D. lacicola and D. montana. Conjugation of X chromosomes of the most interesting species pairs was studied in interspecific hybrids. Three of the marker genes were used as RFLP markers to examine the occurrence of recombination in D. flavomontana and D. montana hybrid females. The gene arrangement of all species studied, appeared to be different at the proximal end of the X chromosome, which prevented normal conjugation along the most part of the X chromosome. The data illustrating the locations of five X chromosomal marker genes are presented for D. a. americana, D. flavomontana, D. lacicola and D. montana.     

黑腹果蝇种组的核型与进化研究

观察了国内黑腹果蝇种组34种果蝇的有丝分裂中期核型,其中首次描述了一些新核型。系统地分析了黑腹果蝇种组8个种亚组之间的核型进化关系及种间亲缘关系。结果是:elegans种亚组的核型为A型;eugracilis、melanogaster和ficusphila种亚组的核型为C型;takahashii和suzukii种亚组的核型为C型和D型;montium种亚组的核型为B、C、C’、D、D’、和E型;ananassae种亚组的核型为F、G和H型。从核型分化的角度可以将黑腹果蝇种组分为5个谱系:elegans,eugracilis-melanogaster-ficusphila,takkahashii-suzukii,montium,ananassae。这与2004年Yang等的观点基本一致,正好从核型进化的角度验证了Yang通过DNA序列分析所得到的结果。差别只在于elegans种亚组,作者把它单独列为一支,认为是祖先种亚组。通过选取同一种果蝇的几个不同地域单雌系的核型分析,结果表明:同一种果蝇的核型存在地域差异。这种差异可能是由于不同生境造成,也可能是本身进化程度的差异,或是两种因素相互作用的结果。     

濒危植物巴东木莲花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

对巴东木莲Manglietia patungensis及其近缘种乳源木莲M. yuyuanensis的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程的基本特征进行了比较研究。乳源木莲与巴东木莲的染色体数目和核型相同,但不经任何人为因素诱导,它们之间在减数分裂过程中的染色体行为上有明显差异。(1)巴东木莲减数分裂中期I构型为0.30IV+18.33II+0.15I,与乳源木莲构型19II不同,巴东木莲可能存在同臂内倒位杂合子,染色体结构存在一定的杂合性。(2)后期I和后期II染色体行为异常现象发生频率明显不同。以后期II为例,乳源木莲减数分裂相中有迟滞染色体的细胞占8.8%,迟滞染色体不超过2个;巴东木莲有迟滞染色体等异常现象的细胞占29.2%,迟滞染色体最高达11个,还出现染色体碎裂成断片现象。巴东木莲减数分裂过程中染色体组表现出染色体结构杂合变异和迟滞染色体与染色体的断裂频率很高的异常现象在一定程度上可能影响了雄配子体的发育。     

葡萄果粒表皮酵母菌多样性研究

从新疆、甘肃、陕西、宁夏、山东主要酿酒葡萄产区收集葡萄果粒并分离得到酵母258株, 利用26S rDNA的D1/D2区序列分析并结合形态学、生理学特征对这些菌株进行了分类学研究, 探讨了这些地区葡萄果粒表皮酵母的物种多样性及其分布。共鉴定出13属26种, 其中优势属为汉逊酵母属Hanseniaspora(5种), 假丝酵母属Candida(4种), 毕赤酵母属Pichia(4种)和伊萨酵母属Issatchenkia(2种)。对分离自不同地域的同种内不同菌株进行了D1/D2序列分析比较, 以探讨不同地理起源地酵母种内序列稳定性及其变异。     

中国马鞭草属的新记录--长苞马鞭草

长苞马鞭草(Verbena bracteata Cav.ex Lag.&J.D.Rodriguez)原产北美.2001年春天我们首次在中国大连的马兰水库发现该种植物,它丛生或与其他植物混生,形态与原产地的种一样;因为其苞片通常大、显著且比花萼明显的长,易和原产中国的唯一马鞭草属的V.officinalis L.区分开.     

A Comprehensive Study of Genic Variation in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. III. Variations in Genetic Structure and Their Causes between Drosophila melanogaster and Its Sibling Species Drosophila simulans

The natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans were compared for their genetic structure. A total of 114 gene-protein loci were studied in four mainland (from Europe and Africa) and an island (Seychelle) populations of D. simulans and the results were compared with those obtained on the same set of homologous loci in fifteen worldwide populations of D. melanogaster. The main results are as follows: (1) D. melanogaster shows a significantly higher proportion of loci polymorphic than D. simulans (52% vs. 39%, P<0.05), (2) both species have similar mean heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus, (3) the two species share some highly polymorphic loci but they do not share loci that show high geographic differentiation, and (4) D. simulans shows significantly less geographic differentiation than D. melanogaster. The differences in genetic differentiation between the two species are limited to loci located on the X and second chromosomes only; loci on the third chromosome show similar level of geographic differentiation in both species. These two species have previously been shown to differ in their pattern of variation for chromosomal polymorphisms, quantitative and physiological characters, two-dimensional electrophoretic (2DE) proteins, middle repetitive DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Variation in niche-widths and/or genetic "strategies" of adaptation appear to be the main causes of differences in the genetic structure of these two species.