重庆酸雨区马尾松林凋落物特征及对干旱胁迫的响应

气候变化导致干旱等极端气象事件增多,这将和酸雨等环境胁迫一起影响森林健康.在重庆铁山坪于2010年监测了酸雨区受害马尾松林的凋落物数量和组分特征及其对土壤水分的响应.结果表明:马尾松林月凋落物量呈“双峰”模式,第1高峰出现在8-9月份伏旱期,第2高峰出现在冬季休眠的12月份;枯死针叶占年凋落物总量的48.42％,凋落物组分比例为针叶＞树枝＞阔叶＞有机碎屑＞树皮及球果;除阔叶凋落物外,其它组分凋落物在伏旱期均明显增加,与土壤湿度显著负相关,特别是30-40 cm和40-50 cm土层;此外,马尾松林凋落物量还与表征气象干旱的气象指标显著相关.和健康森林相比,酸雨区受害林木的细根数量变少和分布变浅导致马尾松林针叶的年形成量与凋落量减少,但枝凋落量及其占总凋落量的比例增大;凋落发生对于旱胁迫更加敏感,年凋落物量的时间分布更集中在伏旱期;酸雨和干旱的双重胁迫将进一步恶化研究地区的森林健康状况.     

上海外环线绿地群落凋落物对土壤水分物理性质的影响

选取上海外环线绿化带8个人工植物群落为对象,以裸地为对照,研究了凋落物量、土壤孔隙性状和持水特性,探讨了城市绿地群落凋落物对土壤水分物理性质的影响.结果表明:各群落0～10 cm土壤的最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量、质量含水量、体积含水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和土壤通气度均显著高于裸地(P<0.05),而容重均显著低于裸地(P<0.05);10～20 am土壤水分物理性质差异不显著;凋落物年凋落量与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关,而与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤持水特性相关性均不显著;凋落物现存量与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤总孔隙度和通气度呈显著正相关,与0～10 cm土壤容重呈显著负相关;而凋落物年凋落量、现存量与绿地群落10～20 cm土壤水分物理性质相关性均不显著;绿地群落凋落物蓄积能有效改善绿地群落内表层土壤(0～10 cm)水分物理性质,主要是改良土壤孔隙状况;在绿地养护中应保留绿地群落凋落物.     

尾叶桉人工林改造对土壤和凋落物持水效能的影响

对低效人工林进行改造,是提高林分质量和生态效能的重要措施.本文对广东省东莞市林业科学园内尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林2种不同改造模式和未改造尾叶桉人工林土壤和凋落物持水能力进行了研究.2种改造模式分别为均匀伐除70％和40％原有桉树后间种乡土阔叶树(分别记为模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅱ),未改造桉树林作为对照(CK).结果表明:与CK相比,改造3年后,模式Ⅰ和Ⅱ的表层(0 ～20 cm)土壤毛管孔隙度、自然含水量、田间持水量和有效蓄水量显著提高,0～40 cm土壤非毛管孔隙度显著下降(P＜0.05);模式Ⅰ和Ⅱ凋落物吸水速率和最大持水率显著增加,凋落物储量和最大持水量显著减小;各林分凋落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系,凋落物持水率、持水量与浸泡时间均呈对数函数关系;林分改造提高了林地0 ～ 60 cm土壤水源涵养功能,且两种改造模式之间无显著差异(P＞0.05);各林分土壤持水能力均远大于凋落物,凋落物最大持水量仅为0～20 cm土层有效持水量的0.59％ ～ 2.06％.     

筇竹构件生物量积累分配特征及其与土壤物理性质的关系

以大关县3种土层深度0-40 cm、0-80 cm和0-120 cm的天然筇竹林为研究对象,在个体水平上研究了竹子构件生物量分配特征及其与土壤物理性质的相关关系,以期为筇竹林适宜立地条件选择、适地适竹及定向培育提供的理论指导。结果表明:(1)同一土层深度,土壤含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均呈现出随土层增加而增加的趋势,而土壤容重和非毛管孔隙度则呈现出随土层增加而减少的趋势,且薄土层和厚土层各土壤物理因子差异显著(P＜0.05)。(2)随着土层厚度的增加,筇竹总生物量以及构件秆、枝、叶、蔸、鞭和根生物量表现出增加的趋势,且不同土层厚度差异显著(P＜0.05)。(3)随着土层厚度的增加,筇竹构件枝、叶、蔸、鞭、根生物量分配相应增加,秆生物量分配则相应减少,但各处理间差异并不显著(P＞0.05)。(4)土壤物理因子对筇竹构件生物量分配有着显著影响(P＜0.05),单一土壤物理因子对筇竹构件生物量分配特征的重要性大小排序为土壤含水量＞总孔隙度＞最大持水量＞容重＞毛管孔隙度＞毛管持水量＞非毛管孔隙度。结论:土壤物理因子沿土层厚度的变化对筇竹构件生物量分配产生了重要影响,在土壤物理性质较差的生境中,筇竹会优先将生物量分配给秆,并通过减少叶生物量来响应水分缺失的不利环境,这对筇竹林立地条件选择有指导意义,即筇竹宜选择较深厚土层经营,以促进生物量积累和种群生长。     

亚热带不同树种土壤水源涵养功能

亚热带地区由于大面积的砍伐使天然林被人工林所代替,对森林土壤水源涵养功能造成了很大影响。树种可以通过自身特性来改变土壤物理结构进而影响土壤持水能力,因此合理选择树种对区域水源涵养具有重要意义。然而,立地条件的差异往往会对实验结果产生影响。为减少立地条件的差异,2012年2月在土壤发育和经营历史相同的林地上建立了中亚热带常见树种同质园。2019年8月测定了种植12个树种后不同土层(0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40 cm和40—50 cm)的土壤容重、含水量、总/毛管/非毛管孔隙度、最大/毛管/非毛管持水量和蓄水量。结果表明,种植不同树种7年后,土壤容重、含水量、总/毛管/非毛管孔隙度、最大/毛管/非毛管持水量和蓄水量均在表层(0—20 cm)土壤中差异显著,而在深层(20—50 cm)土壤中差异不显著。土壤孔隙度、持水量和蓄水量均与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系,而与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。与其他树种相比,种植鹅掌楸、枫香和全缘叶栾树等落叶阔叶树种可在较短时间内增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤持水量和蓄水量。因此,在亚热带人工林经营管理中,可在杉木、马尾松纯林中适当引入鹅掌楸、枫香和全缘叶栾树等落叶阔叶树种,提升亚热带森林土壤水源涵养功能。     

干旱荒漠区煤矸石山覆土区土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性

基于网格取样(20m×20m),采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了干旱荒漠区煤矸石山表层(0～5 cm)土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:研究区土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、毛管最大持水量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量表现为弱变异,土壤含水率表现为中等变异.除土壤容重的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型外,其余指标的最佳...     

冰雪灾害对粤北杉木林土壤物理性质的影响

2008 年1 月至2 月, 雨雪冰冻天气袭击广东粤北地区。冻雨在枝叶上形成冰柱, 造成大量的折干残体。冰雪灾害对森林土壤的影响是森林恢复和管理的关键所在, 然而对灾害引起土壤物理性质的变化研究甚少。为了研究冰雪灾害对土壤物理性质的影响, 在粤北乐昌林场杉木林内建立三个面积为20 m×20 m 的固定标准地, 分别在标准地中心以及四个角采集上土层(0-20 cm)和下土层(20-40 cm)的土样, 测定土壤物理性质: 土壤容重、毛管持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和通气孔隙度。研究结果表明: 与2008 年相比, 2011 年杉木林地土壤容重降低, 而土壤毛管持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和通气孔隙度均升高, 说明冰雪灾害对土壤物理性质有重要影响。     

青藏高原东北缘不同土地利用类型土壤质量综合评价

土壤质量评价是合理利用土壤资源的重要前提。通过采集青藏高原东北缘甘肃省天祝县境内林地(n=9)、草地(n=18)和耕地(n=38)土壤样品,并测定土壤容重、田间持水量和有机质等13项土壤理化性质指标,采用主成分分析和相关性分析构建最小数据集(MDS),建立土壤质量评价指标体系,对3个不同土地利用类型的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明: 林地的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和含水量、有机质、全氮和速效钾含量显著高于草地和耕地。林地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量、有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾,土壤质量指数(SQI)介于0.329～0.678,平均值为0.481;草地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量和速效氮,SQI介于0.302～0.703,平均值为0.469;耕地土壤质量评价指标体系包括毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾,SQI介于0.337～0.616,平均值为0.462。影响林地、草地和耕地土壤质量的最大障碍指标分别为速效钾、田间持水量和毛管持水量。基于MDS的土壤质量指数能够实现研究区不同土地利用类型土壤质量的准确评价,土壤质量整体上表现为林地>草地>耕地,评价结果对该区域土壤可持续管理具有重要参考价值。     

火烧对黔中喀斯特山地马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响

在黔中喀斯特山地马尾松人工次生林内取样分析火烧和对照样地间土壤理化指标的变化,研究了火烧对林地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明马尾松火烧林地表层土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高、最大持水量和最小持水量增加,土壤密度和非毛管孔隙度降低、土壤质量含水量和体积含水量减少;土壤有机质、全N量、全P量、全K量,水解N量、有效P量、速效K量、交换性盐基量和pH值增大,阳离子交换量降低。林火对马尾松林地土壤主要理化指标影响的趋势为或表层土壤影响率大于剖面影响率、或表层土壤影响率小于剖面影响率,不同指标在土壤剖面的变化趋势或增加、或降低,对数或幂函数拟合曲线均达相关显著性水平。火烧和对照样地间的表层土壤理化指标变化主要反映了林火影响,近岩层土壤理化指标变化主要是成土母质在空间上的分异,也受生物的影响。乔木层植株死亡率同表层土壤最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量和全N量的正相关性显著,同土壤密度的负相关性显著;灌木层植株死亡率同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量、全N量、全P量和速效K量的负相关性达显著或极显著水平;灌木层生物损失量同表层土壤密度和有机质量正相关显著,同速效K量的负相关性显著,枯物层生物损失量同pH值的正相关性显著。火烧马尾松林分平均胸径同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量和有机质量的负相关性显著。     

华南地区八种人工林的土壤物理性质

研究了华南地区8种林地的土壤物理性质,根据其土壤特点分为4类。第1类为马占相思林地、黎蒴-加勒比松林地、火力楠-木荷林地、木荷林地和湿地松林地,特点是上层的土壤容重小于中层和下层,毛管孔隙度中等或较小,非毛管孔隙度中等或较大,非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度为上层大于中层和下层,自然含水量中等或较大,随着土壤深度的增加而下降或稳定。除了马占相思林地上层外,毛管持水量为中等或较小;第2类为柚木林地,土壤容重较大,且3层土壤的容重相近,毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量较大,非毛管空隙度和自然含水量较小;第3类为落羽杉林地,各层土壤的自然含水量远远大于其他林地。上层和中层的土壤容重、毛管孔隙度和非毛管空隙度中等,毛管持水量大。下层的土壤容重和非毛管空隙度大、毛管空隙度和毛管持水量小。第4类为尾叶桉林地,上层的土壤容重大于中层和下层,毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量较大,非毛管空隙度和自然含水量较小。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.