Occurrence of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and impaired glucose tolerance in its descendants

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in a cynomolgus monkey. Clinical and pathological features, such as abnormal glucose tolerance, loss of insulin response, or degeneration of pancreatic beta-cells, resemble human noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Two descendants of the monkey have developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin response. Genetic factors seem involved in the appearance of carbohydrate intolerance in this family group of monkeys.     

Comparative studies with six extenders for sperm cryopreservation in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Ejaculated spermatozoa from cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus monkeys were frozen in straws with six different extenders (TTE, DM, mDM, LG-DM, G-DM, and TCG) containing glycerol. Sperm motility and head membrane and acrosomal integrity were evaluated after freezing and thawing, and the cryoprotective effects were compared among the extenders and the two species studied. The results showed that sperm motility and motility recovery with the six extenders were comparable for the cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys. There was no significant difference in sperm motility and head membrane integrity among the six extenders in either the cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys (P>0.05). However, a slightly but statistically lower percentage of acrosomal integrity was found with TCG in both species compared to the other extenders (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that TTE, DM, mDM, LG-DM, G-DM, and TCG are equally suitable extenders for the cryopreservation of spermatozoa from cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys.     

Spontaneously occurring congenital polycystic kidney in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Congenital polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed at necropsy in a stillborn male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). This case was very similar to infantile polycystic kidney disease in man and the rhesus monkey, except that no increase in number of intrahepatic bile ducts was observed.     

Concentration compared with total urinary excretion of 11,17-DOA in cynomolgus monkey urine

Strees sensitive molecules exhibit great variation in concentration in the circulation and it may often be advantageous to quantify these in urine or feces rather than in serum or plasma. We advocate that all urine-or feces-should be collected, and that excretion of stress sensitive molecules should be expressed as amounts excreted per time unit per kg body-weight, rather than being expressed as concentrations in samples. Urine and feces excretion varies significantly within and between animals over time, which may render simple concentration measures of molecules of little biological relevance.     

Establishment of a B-lymphoblastoid cell line infected with Epstein-Barr-related virus from a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

A B-lymphoblastoid cell line (Ts-B) was established from lymph nodes of an apparently healthy cynomolgus monkey. The cells were demonstrated to contain Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. Moreover, herpesvirus particles were found in the cells by electron microscopy. The cell-free culture medium transformed lymphocytes of cynomolgus rhesus monkeys, and of Japanese monkeys.     

Luteinizing hormone receptors in ovaries of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) during the menstrual cycle

Ovarian luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors were characterized using ovarian tissues from 17 cynomolgus monkeys at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Low binding affinity receptors for ¹²⁵I-LH were observed throughout the menstrual cycle. The binding affinity of these receptors for LH (< 12 × 10¹⁰ M^?1) was approximately the same as that of ovarian LH receptors previously reported in human and nonhuman primates. In addition, high-affinity receptors (17?85 × 10¹⁰ M^?1) were also detected at the mid-luteal phase, during which a large functional corpus luteum was present. Thus the high-affinity LH receptors appear with the formation of the corpus luteum and disappear with its regression. Almost no fluctuation of binding capacity was observed throughout the menstrual cycle (32?112 fmol/ mg of ovarian tissue). The high-affinity LH receptor was judged to be derived from the functional corpus luteum.     

Changes in selected serum biochemical and EKG values with age in cynomolgus macaques

Normal serum values for alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in juvenile male cynomolgus monkeys compared to adults. Conversely, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly lower in juveniles than adults. A comparison of selected EKG parameters from each group revealed no significant differences; however, there was a trend towards mean left axis deviation in adult animals.     

Gestational diabetes mellitus: a syndrome with phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity

One hundred ninety-nine gravida with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) defined as "carbohydrate intolerance of varying severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy" have been stratified into subgroups on the basis of fasting plasma glucose and evaluated for further phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. A significantly greater proportion of the women in all our groups were older and heavier than in a "control" population of 148 consecutive gravida with documented normal oral glucose tolerance. After correction for age and weight by covariate analysis, absolute insulinopenia in response to oral glucose could be demonstrated in all GDM groups, although exceptions were present in each. The incidence of diabetes in the mothers of our patients with GDM was 8-fold greater than in controls; the incidence in fathers did not deviate from control patterns. HLA-DR3 and DR4 antigens were more frequently present in GDM and the increase was statistically significant in blacks. At the time of diagnosis, cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA) were significantly more common in GDM associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose than in controls; the frequency of ICA was 18.4% (7/38) in women with fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 130 mg/dl. Our findings indicate that GDM entails genotypic as well as phenotypic diversity and may include patients with slowly-evolving Type I diabetes mellitus, as well as patients with Type II diabetes mellitus, and women with asymptomatic diabetes which antedated the pregnancy (i.e. pregestational diabetes mellitus). Appreciation of this heterogeneity should be incorporated into any evaluation of intervention strategies for women with GDM or into prognoses concerning their postpartum metabolic status.     

中老年食蟹猴群体自发型糖尿病的筛选

筛选440只中老年偏胖食蟹猴群体中自发糖尿病个体,并探讨食蟹猴群体中糖尿病粗筛的方法。以调查基础血糖值为基础,推断疑似糖尿病血糖值,后经OGTT(口服糖耐量)和尿检结果验证该血糖值是否准确。结果显示中老年偏胖食蟹猴群体血糖值为(3.88±0.98)mmol/L,其中56只食蟹猴血糖值大于5.0mmol/L,被初步定为糖尿病个体。这些个体全部糖耐量异常,且36只(69.23%)出现尿糖阳性,证明血糖值大于5.0mmol/L可作为本群体食蟹猴糖尿病的粗筛标准。由于针对中老年偏胖食蟹猴群体,患病率为12.72%(56/440),高于我国糖尿病患病率(9.7%)。虽然该实验的糖尿病血糖指标并不适用于所有食蟹猴群体,但是该筛选的流程简单快捷,对动物损伤小,可适用于大群体糖尿病的筛选。     

Hematological and serum biochemical values in free-ranging Macaca fascicularis of mauritius: Possible diabetes mellitus and correlation with nutrition

Obtained values are presented from a study of blood biochemistry and hematology of free-ranging crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Mauritius. Normal values are generally comparable to those previously obtained from laboratory populations of this species. Abnormal values included elevated serum glucose and triglycerides in certain individuals that suggested glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. A high-carbohydrate diet consisting of large proportions of sugar cane and molasses may have unmasked a genetic predisposition to diabetes in these animals.     

MHC haplotype frequencies in a UK breeding colony of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques mirror those found in a distinct population from the same geographic origin

Background  Mauritian cynomolgus macaques have greatly restricted genetic diversity in the MHC region compared to other non-human primates; however, the frequency of common MHC haplotypes among captive-bred populations has not been reported.
Methods  Microsatellite PCR was used to determine MHC haplotype frequencies among captive macaques at a UK breeding facility. Allele-specific PCR and reference strand conformational analysis were used to determine the allele expression profile of a subset of animals.
Results  Haplotypes H3 (21%) and H1 (19%) were most common in the captive population of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Predicted alleles were detected by allele-specific PCR-SSP in 98% of animals. Allele expression profiles were similar in animals with identical haplotypes.
Conclusions  Mauritian cynomolgus macaques in the UK breeding facility have restricted MHC diversity comparable to a previously described population. Microsatellite-derived haplotypes are highly predictive of allele expression. A selective breeding program has been established to produce MHC-identical animals for biomedical research.     

Social status,behavior, and central serotonergic responsivity in female cynomolgus monkeys

The relationship between social status, behavioral characteristics, and central serotonergic function was examined in eight adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The subjects were housed in four-member social groups for 6 months. Social behavior was observed three times a week. The early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was determined based on the occurrence of menses, and the prolactin response to acute administration of fenfluramine HCl during the early follicular phase was used as a measure of net brain serotonergic responsivity. Delta prolactin responses (the prolactin response to fenfluramine minus baseline concentrations) were lower in dominant than in subordinate females. Dominant females were more aggressive and less submissive than subordinates. Likewise, females with the lowest delta prolactin concentrations were more aggressive and less submissive than females that had relatively large increases in prolactin. Delta prolactin responses also correlated negatively with percent time eating and investigating in close proximity to penmates, and correlated positively with percent time scanning anxiously while alone. The same pattern of correlation was noted between social status and the aforementioned affiliative behaviors. It was concluded that high central serotonergic responsivity may be associated with low rates of aggression, high rates of submission, and subordinate social status in female cynomolgus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

妊娠晚期食蟹猴与同龄未孕食蟹猴血液生理和生化指标的比较

目的提供妊娠晚期食蟹猴有关的血液学数据。方法采用Sysmex XE-2100血液分析仪、SysmexCA-7000凝血分析仪,及OL YMPUS AU600型全自动生化分析仪,对15只怀孕晚期食蟹猴及10只正常对照非孕食蟹猴进行血常规、凝血三项及17项血生化指标分析。结果妊娠晚期食蟹猴在WBC、NEU%、LYM%、PT、APTT、Fgb、TP、Alb、BUN、CR、CHOL、Glu、Fe、LDK、HDBH上,与同龄未孕食蟹猴相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,其他指标RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC、PLT、ALT、AST、ALP、T.Bili、TG、P相比,于孕晚期有不同程度改变,但无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论初步建立了孕晚期食蟹猴的常规生理学数据,为相关的实验研究提供基础资料。     

A two‐step extraction method to measure fecal steroid hormones in female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

We developed a two‐step extraction method for measuring fecal steroid concentrations. In the first step, distilled water was used to extract steroids from fecal samples. In the second step, a mixture of organic solvents (hexane and ether) was used to re‐extract water extracts that had been transferred to a glass tube. A portion of the upper layer of the organic solvents was transferred to separate assay‐tubes for measurement of estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P), and the organic solvents were evaporated in vacuo. After phosphate‐buffered saline was added to each tube, commercially supplied radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits were used to determine the steroids. We demonstrated the advantages and reliability of this method by using it to assay the steroid hormone concentrations in fecal samples and serum samples collected on the same day from female cynomolgus monkeys who showed normal menstrual cycles and from monkeys who had induced hyperfunction of ovarian steroidgenesis. Different fecal samples from each monkey were used to determine the recovery rate of each steroid in water extraction from the fecal samples and the reproductivity of hormone concentrations in the fecal samples. The results demonstrate that this two‐step method is simple and effective for measuring fecal steroids for monitoring the reproductive status of cynomolgus monkeys, without having to collect serum samples. Am. J. Primatol. 48:291–298, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Prevalence of antibody reaction with cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 antigen in Macaca cyclopis, Macaca fascicularis, and Papio anubis in Taiwan

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: A total of 284 non-human primate sera were collected between December 2004 and September 2005 and tested by a commercially available dot immunobinding assay for the antibodies to cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, an alphaherpesvirus with high mortality for infected humans. RESULTS: Seropositive rates were 58% among non-human primates from animal shelters and 38% among those from zoos and academic institutes. Positive reactors were found in three species, the Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis; 57%), the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis; 11%) and the olive baboon (Papio anubis; 68%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that natural infection by cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 in Formosan macaques was highly prevalent, and to a certain extent reflected the situation of the wild populations in Taiwan. The findings raised the issues of zoonotic public health and the occupational health of primate workers. High positive rate in olive baboons was also found, although, it cannot be ruled out that the positivity was due to cross-reactivity between cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses.     

Optimal conditions for blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens in cynomolgus monkeys

Optimal conditions for the mitogen-induced proliferation of T and B lymphocytes of cynomolgus monkeys were determined. The T cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, at concentrations of 1.25–10 μg/ml and 1.25–10 μg/ml, respectively, and the T and B cell mitogen pokeweed mitogen, at concentrations of 0.2–10 μg/ml, induced high lymphoproliferative responses, the average stimulation index (SI) being 34–93. Since suitable mitogens have not been reported for monkey B cells, we tested three types of lipopolysaccharide (LPS): two derived from Escherichia coli—one extracted with phenol and one extracted with trichloroacetic acid (TCA); and one derived from Salmonella typhimurium, extracted with phenol. All three LPS had a high mitogenic effect for monkey lymphocytes, with SI of 2.3–6.4. The highest response was observed for 25 μg/ml of Salmonella LPS, and the addition of trypsin to the culture augmented the proliferative response of low or non-responder lymphocytes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

食蟹猴取食位置偏好及改变的行为学研究

正偏好行为被认为是研究大脑半球功能偏侧性调控表达的一种预测指标(Elias et al.,1998)。偏好行为与大脑解剖结构和功能不对称之间关系的研究表明人类明显偏爱使用右手,是由大脑左半球控制(Zhao et al.,2010;崔媛媛,2012;付卫伟,2012),而手偏好正是大脑皮层结构和功能不对称最基本的行为表现,是大脑半球特化的一个行为标     

Hazard rates and causes of death in a captive group of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

In an attempt to examine possible associations between stages of agespecific mortality and various causes of death, vital records of 159 male and 192 female crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), housed as a single group, were analyzed. Survival and hazard rates associated with each of five distinct categories of causes of death were estimated for males and females, using the nonparametric kernel method. The obtained overall survival and hazard functions were similar to those reported previously for rhesus monkeys. Among two stages identified in age-specific mortality, the first stage, characterized by rapidly decreasing hazard rates up to about 1.5–2 years of age, was discriminated by the occurrence of deaths due to unfitness for postnatal life. The second stage lasted up to the age of 10–15 years and was largely characterized by a high incidence of violent deaths. The respective hazard rates in males and females attained peaks during the early reproductive period of life and markedly decreased thereafter. This pattern was interpreted to indicate that second stage mortality is unlikely related to senescence, but rather, seems to depend on extrinsic environmental factors. Thus, when considering overall hazard rates in Macaca fascicularis, the onset of senescence, as a result of the specific aspects of simian reproduction, may be hidden from view, and mortality due to aging may only be appreciable after 10 to 15 years of age. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A, cortisol and 11-17 dioxoandrostanes, and serum cortisol in metabolic cage housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Quantitative enzyme-immunoassays of urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol and 11-17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), and serum cortisol in eight metabolic-cage-housed female cynomolgus monkeys were performed. The monkeys were divided into two groups, B and NB. Group B animals were blood sampled every 6 hours, whereas Group NB animals were not handled/blood sampled. RESULTS: No differences were recorded between the amounts of feces and urine excreted by the two groups. Group B animals excreted more urinary cortisol than did Group NB animals indicating that restraint-blood sampling resulted in a stress response. Excreted amounts of IgA and 11,17-DOA (urine and feces) did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cortisol was a reliable marker of the stress associated with repeated blood sampling. Declining amounts of excreted urinary cortisol indicated that cynomolgus monkeys acclimated quickly to repeated blood sampling in metabolism cages. Within and between animal variation in amounts of feces voided demonstrated the importance of expressing fecal markers as 'amounts excreted per time unit per kg body weight' rather than just measuring the concentrations in fecal samples.