不同生态型摩西球囊霉菌株对蜈蚣草砷吸收的影响

砷超富集植物——蜈蚣草无论是在野外或是在室内均能被丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)侵染,但其对蜈蚣草砷吸收及转运的机理尚不清晰.本研究将分离于湖南省郴州市金川塘某铅锌尾矿蜈蚣草根际土壤(Glomus mosseae BGC GD01,简称污染菌株)和云南省未污染土壤(G.mosseae BGC YN05,简称非污染菌株)的2种摩西球囊霉菌株分别接种于非污染生态型和污染生态型蜈蚣草根际,8周后利用菌根化蜈蚣草幼苗在浓度为100 μmol·L-1砷(Na2HAsO4·7H2O)营养液中进行为期24 h的水培试验.结果表明,2种生态型摩西球囊霉菌株分别与蜈蚣草形成中等程度侵染,侵染率为25.2％ ～31.3％.无论是接种污染菌株或是非污染菌株,均明显促进了蜈蚣草根部对磷的吸收.在24 h水培试验期间,接种非污染菌株显著促进了蜈蚣草根部砷的吸收,但接种污染菌株对蜈蚣草根部砷吸收的促进作用有限,说明AM真菌对蜈蚣草砷吸收存在种内差异.     

砂培条件下施加钙、砷对蜈蚣草吸收砷、磷和钙的影响

在砂培条件下 ,研究施加钙、砷对蜈蚣草生长和砷、磷和钙的吸收及转运的影响。添加砷对蜈蚣草的生物量 (根、叶柄和羽叶的干物重 )虽未达到显著影响 (p<0 .0 5) ,但添加 0 .1 mmol/L砷时 ,表现出刺激生长效应。提高介质中钙浓度明显抑制蜈蚣草根系生长 ,钙浓度过高还会显著限制地上部生长。供应 0 .0 3mmol/L钙时 ,蜈蚣草羽片砷浓度为 42 1 8mg/kg,明显高于 2 .5和 5 mmol/L钙处理下相应的砷浓度。砷的转运系数 (羽片 /根 )随着介质中砷浓度的升高而增大 ,随着介质中钙浓度的升高而减少。这说明一定范围内提高介质中砷浓度促进砷向地上部运输 ,而钙却明显抑制砷向地上部转运。钙和砷浓度过高时 ,植株均会出现中毒症状。钙中毒表现为叶脉变褐和叶肉坏死 ;而砷中毒现象表现在叶尖和叶缘变褐。介质中砷限制蜈蚣草根部对磷的吸收 ,但对地上部磷浓度无显著影响。介质中添加砷 ,植物体内钙浓度升高 ,可能起缓解砷毒的作用。钙、砷对蜈蚣草羽片砷累积量和总累积量均有极显著的交互作用 ,钙是负交互效应 ,砷是正交互效应。添加 2 .5和 5.0 mmol/L钙时 ,相对于 0 .0 3 mmol/L钙处理分别减少地上部砷累积量 2 0 .8%和73.1 %。这表明在应用蜈蚣草进行植物修复时 ,介质中出现过高浓度的钙是不利于提高土壤修复效率     

AM真菌对黄瓜根围土壤微生物群落功能的影响

在温室土壤灭菌盆栽条件下对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.,\"中农26号\")接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Funneliformis mosseae,测定了黄瓜根围土壤微生物功能、微生物数量以及土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明AM真菌可以提高土壤的速效养分含量,改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤中磷酸酶、氨肽基酶、多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶活性;接菌处理后土壤中细菌、真菌数量显著高于不接种处理,而放线菌数量低于不接菌处理;对根围微生物功能多样性指标分析表明接菌处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、Simpson优势度指数以及Mclntosh多样性指数,显著低于不接种对照。对菌根侵染率与土壤微生物等性状间的RDA分析表明AM真菌侵染率与速效P含量(r=0.65,P0.05)、磷酸酶(r=0.74,P0.05)、氨肽基酶(r=0.86,P0.05)、真菌数量(r=0.57,P0.05)呈正相关,与酚酸类碳源(r=-0.55,P0.05)、胺类碳源(r=-0.58,P0.05)、速效N(r=-0.77,P0.05)、β-葡糖苷酶(r=-0.90,P0.05)、β-纤维二糖苷酶(r=-0.63,P0.05)呈负相关。因此接种AM真菌的黄瓜菌根苗种植提高了土壤酶活性,优化了温室黄瓜根围微生物群落结构,显著改善了土壤理化性质。     

砷、钙对蜈蚣草中金属元素吸收和转运的影响

蜈蚣草是砷的超富集植物和钙质土壤的指示植物。本试验在砂培条件下,研究砷、钙对蜈蚣草吸收和转运必需金属元素K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn和Cu的影响。结果表明。提高营养液中的砷浓度显著降低根部Mg和Zn的吸收。但对根部其它元素的浓度没有明显影响;叶柄中的Mn和地上部的Fe浓度因介质中添加砷而显著减少。其它元素在地上部的分布不受抑制。添加砷限制Fe从地下部向地上部转运,但促进其从叶柄向羽叶中运输;另外,还显著促进Mn由叶柄向羽叶和Zn由根向羽叶的转运。提高钙处理浓度对蜈蚣草吸收Fe、Zn、Cu无显著影响,但显著限制K、Mg和Mn的吸收。Mn是研究的6种金属元素中惟一一种明显向地上部转运富集的元素。从根部到羽叶中。金属元素间的相关性增强,在根部Ca与各种金属元素都无相关性;叶柄中Ca和Fe浓度呈极显著正相关;在羽叶中,Ca与K、Mg、Mn和Zn浓度呈显著负相关。     

砷对土壤-蜈蚣草系统中磷生物有效性的影响

磷是植物必需的大量营养元素,而其同族元素砷却不是植物生长发育所必需的。通过等温吸附平衡实验发现土壤中存在的砷可以降低褐土对磷的吸附,褐土对砷的吸附率大于等于褐土对磷的吸附率。对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草而言,土壤中砷的添加量不超过800mg／kg时,蜈蚣草地上部和地下部磷含量显著提高,结果初步表明,砷可以提高土壤中磷的生物有效性。     

超富集植物蜈蚣草中砷化学形态的EXAFS研究

采用同步辐射扩展X射线吸收精细结构(SR EXAFS)技术研究了超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)中As的化学形态及其在转运过程中的变化.结果表明,蜈蚣草中的As主要以As(Ⅲ)与O配位的形态存在.As(Ⅴ)被植物吸收后,很快转化为As(Ⅲ),其转化过程主要发生在根部.As(Ⅲ)向地上部转运的过程中价态基本不变.在植物的根部和部分叶柄中存在少量与As-GSH相似的As-S结合方式,但是在As含量最高的羽叶中基本上未发现这种结合方式.与需要提取和分离过程的化学方法相比,采用EXAFS方法研究植物中的砷形态不需经过预分离或化学预处理就可以直接测定植物样品中元素的化学形态,因此可以避免样品预处理过程对As形态的干扰,并获得可靠的砷化学形态方面的信息.     

蒙古沙冬青根围AM和DSE真菌与土壤因子的相关性研究

于2012年6月对银川、沙坡头、民勤3个样地的蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围采集5个土层(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50cm)的土样和根样,研究了蒙古沙冬青根际AM和DSE真菌空间分布以及土壤因子的生态作用,以阐明沙冬青与土壤真菌的共生关系,为利用共生真菌资源促进沙冬青生长和荒漠植被恢复提供依据。结果表明:(1)沙冬青根系能被AM和DSE真菌高度侵染,共生程度和生态分布具有明显空间异质性。(2)沙坡头样地AM真菌总定殖率最高,民勤DSE定殖率最高,但不同样地菌丝、泡囊、丛枝和定殖强度无显著差异;同一样地不同土层AM真菌总定殖率和DSE定殖率无显著差异。(3)相关性分析表明,AM真菌总定殖率与土壤速效P显著正相关;泡囊定殖率与有机质显著正相关,与速效P极显著正相关;定殖强度与总球囊霉素(TEG)显著正相关,与碱解N和速效K极显著正相关;DSE定殖率与易提取球囊霉素(EEG)极显著正相关,与碱解N显著正相关。(4)通径分析表明,土壤有机质、EEG和速效K是通过直接作用影响AM真菌总定殖率和DSE定殖率。     

超富集植物蜈蚣草中砷化学形态的EXAFS研究

采用同步辐射扩展X射线吸收精细结构(SREXAFS)技术研究了超富集植物蜈蚣草(PterisvittataL.)中As的化学形态及其在转运过程中的变化。结果表明,蜈蚣草中的As主要以As(Ⅲ)与O配位的形态存在。As(V)被植物吸收后,很快转化为As(Ⅲ),其转化过程主要发生在根部。As(Ⅲ)向地上部转运的过程中价态基本不变。在植物的根部和部分叶柄中存在少量与As-GSH相似的As-S结合方式,但是在As含量最高的羽叶中基本上未发现这种结合方式。与需要提取和分离过程的化学方法相比,采用EXAFS方法研究植物中的砷形态不需经过预分离或化学预处理就可以直接测定植物样品中元素的化学形态,因此可以避免样品预处理过程对As形态的干扰,并获得可靠的砷化学形态方面的信息。     

盐渍化土壤根际微生物群落及土壤因子对AM真菌的影响

为探明盐渍化土壤影响下AM真菌与根际土壤间的关系,试验选取宁夏碱化龟裂土、草甸盐土、盐化灌淤土3种类型4个样地上典型植被群落,测定了植物根际土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构、AM真菌侵染率以及孢子密度。结果显示:盐渍化土壤根际微生物碳源利用类型显著不同,对芳香类化合物的代谢能力整体较弱;红寺堡草甸盐土上微生物优势群落为氨基酸代谢类群,惠农盐化灌淤土为多聚化合物代谢群,西大滩碱化龟裂土为碳水化合物代谢群。AM真菌孢子密度与微生物碳源代谢群间的关系比较复杂。其中,惠农样点根际土壤孢子密度与多聚化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关,西大滩地区孢子密度与碳水化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关。土壤有机质、全盐、全氮、碱解氮等土壤肥力因子及土壤中的HCO-3、Na+、Cl-等盐基离子含量能解释AM真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。较高的HCO-3浓度促进了AM真菌侵染率的提高,但高盐浓度下Na+和Cl-降低了菌根侵染率。土壤对AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率的影响因土壤盐分组成类型的不同而异。研究结果为深入了解AM真菌多样性,促进宁夏盐碱地的合理开发与利用提供了理论依据。     

Effects of nutrients on arsenic accumulation by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

This research investigated the effects of various nutrients on arsenic (As) removal by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. in a Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS). The treatments included different concentrations of Ca and K in 20% strength of HNS, different strengths of HNS (10, 20 and 30%), different strengths of HNS (10 and 20%) with and without CaCO₃, and different concentrations of Ca, K, NO₃, NH₄, and P in 20% strength of HNS. The plants were grown in nutrient solution containing 1 mg As L^?1 for 4 weeks except the Ca/K experiment where the plants were grown in nutrient solution containing 10 or 50 mg As L^?1 for 1 week. Adding up to 4 mM Ca or 3 mM K to 20% strength HNS significantly (P < 0.05) increased plant arsenic accumulation when the solution contained 10 mg As L^?1. Plant arsenic removal was reduced with increasing Ca and K concentrations at 50 mg As L^?1. Lower strength of HNS (10%) resulted in the greatest plant arsenic removal (79%) due to lower competition of P with As for plant uptake. Addition of CaCO₃ to 20% strength of HNS significantly increased arsenic removal by P. vittata. Among the nutrients tested, NO₃ and CaCO₃ were beneficial to plant arsenic removal while NH₄, P and Cl had adverse effects. This experiment demonstrated that it is possible to optimize plant arsenic removal by adjusting nutrients in the growth medium.     

不同品种牡丹对丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

对山东菏泽赵楼牡丹园栽培的不同品种牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)根围丛枝菌根(ar-buscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌孢子密度、种属构成、种丰度、分布频度、物种多样性指数及其物种组成相似性等进行了研究.结果表明:不同品种牡丹根围AM真菌的种属构成、种丰度和分布频度等均不相同,其中,从‘凤丹'和‘赵粉'根围中各分离到10种AM真菌,从‘乌龙捧盛'和‘洛阳红'根围中分离到9种,从‘胡红'根围中分离到8种;‘凤丹'根围AM真菌孢子密度最高,为59个·50 g-1土,‘胡红'最低,为47个·(50 g)-1土;‘赵粉'的物种多样性指数最高(1.89),‘胡红'最低(1.71).‘凤丹'和‘胡红'的菌根侵染率最高,为63.6%,‘乌龙捧盛'最低,为52.7%.不同牡丹品种之间AM真菌种类组成的相似性系数在0.71～0.95,其中‘乌龙捧盛'和‘凤丹'的相似性系数最高(0.95),而‘胡红'与‘洛阳红'的相似性系数最低(0.71).牡丹基因型能改变AM真菌群落结构特征.     

Proteomic analysis as a tool for investigating arsenic stress in Pteris vittata roots colonized or not by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Pteris vittata can tolerate very high soil arsenic concentration and rapidly accumulates the metalloid in its fronds. However, its tolerance to arsenic has not been completely explored. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonize the root of most terrestrial plants, including ferns. Mycorrhizae are known to affect plant responses in many ways: improving plant nutrition, promoting plant tolerance or resistance to pathogens, drought, salinity and heavy metal stresses. It has been observed that plants growing on arsenic polluted soils are usually mycorrhizal and that AM fungi enhance arsenic tolerance in a number of plant species. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae on P. vittata plants treated with arsenic using a proteomic approach. Image analysis showed that 37 spots were differently affected (21 identified). Arsenic treatment affected the expression of 14 spots (12 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated), while in presence of G. mosseae modulated 3 spots (1 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated). G. mosseae, in absence of arsenic, modulated 17 spots (13 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated). Arsenic stress was observed even in an arsenic tolerant plant as P. vittata and a protective effect of AM symbiosis toward arsenic stress was observed.     

Cellular interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere bacteria

Summary We have investigated whether direct physical interactions occur between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), some of which are used as biocontrol agents. Attachment of rhizobia and pseudomonads to the spores and fungal mycelium ofGigaspora margarita has been assessed in vitro and visualized by a combination of electron and confocal microscopy. The results showed that both rhizobia and pseudomonads adhere to spores and hyphae of AM fungi germinated under sterile conditions, although the degree of attachment depended upon the strain.Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 365 andRhizobium leguminosarum strains B556 and 3841 were the most effective colonizers. Extracellular material of bacterial origin containing cellulose produced around the attached bacteria may mediate fungal/bacterial interactions. These results suggest that antagonistic and synergistic interactions between AM fungi and rhizosphere bacteria may be mediated by soluble factors or physical contact. They also support the view that AM fungi are a vehicle for the colonization of plant roots by soil rhizobacteria.Abbreviations AM arbuscular mycorrhiza - PGPR plant growth promoting rhizobacteria - CBH cellobiohydrolase - DAPG 2,4-(diacetyl-phloroglucinol - TY triptone-yeast - LB Lauria-Bertani Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Eberhard Schnepf on the occasion of his retirement     

Root exudates and arsenic accumulation in arsenic hyperaccumulating Pteris vittata and non-hyperaccumulating Nephrolepis exaltata

This study compared the roles of root exudates collected from two fern species, the As hyperaccumulating Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) and the As-sensitive Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), on As-mobilization of two As minerals (aluminum arsenate and iron arsenate) and a CCA (chromated copper arsenate)-contaminated soil as well as plant As accumulation. Chinese Brake fern exuded 2 times more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than Boston fern and the difference was more pronounced under As stress. The composition of organic acids in the root exudates for both ferns consisted mainly of phytic acid and oxalic acid. However, Chinese Brake fern produced 0.46 to 1.06 times more phytic acid than Boston fern under As stress, and exuded 3–5 times more oxalic acid than Boston fern in all treatments. Consequently, root exudates from Chinese Brake fern mobilized more As from aluminum arsenate (3–4 times), iron arsenate (4–6 times) and CCA-contaminated soil (6–18 times) than Boston fern. Chinese Brake fern took up more As and translocated more As to the fronds than Boston fern. The molar ratio of P/As in the roots of Chinese Brake fern was greater than in the fronds whereas the reverse was observed in Boston fern. These results suggested that As-mobilization from the soil by the root exudates (enhancing plant uptake), coupled with efficient As translocation to the fronds (keeping a high molar ratio of P/As in the roots), are both important for As hyperaccumulation by Chinese Brake fern.     

间作作物种间相互作用对马铃薯根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌的影响

为揭示间作作物种间相互作用对土壤丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的影响,以马铃薯单作(T0)为对照,基于高通量测序平台的方法,研究了连续3年马铃薯‖玉米(T1)、马铃薯‖蚕豆(T2)下马铃薯根际土壤AM真菌群落组成、多样性与土壤环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明:共获得2893个AM真菌操作分类单元(OTUs),分属1门、3纲、4目、...     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria

The soil environment is interesting and complicated. There are so many interactions taking place in the soil, which determine the properties of soil as a medium for the growth and activities of plants and soil microorganisms. The soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), are in mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most of the terrestrial plants. AM fungi are continuously interactive with a wide range of soil microorganisms including nonbacterial soil microorganisms, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhiza helper bacteria and deleterious bacteria. Their interactions can have important implications in agriculture. There are some interesting interactions between the AM fungi and soil bacteria including the binding of soil bacteria to the fungal spore, the injection of molecules by bacteria into the fungal spore, the production of volatiles by bacteria and the degradation of fungal cellular wall. Such mechanisms can affect the expression of genes in AM fungi and hence their performance and ecosystem productivity. Hence, consideration of such interactive behavior is of significance. In this review, some of the most important findings regarding the interactions between AM fungi and soil bacteria with some new insights for future research are presented.     

土施糖类对丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和产孢的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)不能进行光合作用,需要宿主植物提供碳水化合物供其完成整个生命周期,添加外源物质调控AMF和宿主植物的关系被认为是一种可行的措施。通过盆栽实验种植番茄,探索土施不同糖类对摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae的侵染率、产孢能力和功能(宿主植物生长和养分)的影响。结果表明,添加葡萄糖和蔗糖可提高接种了摩西球囊霉的番茄的地上部生物量以及磷、钾吸收量,但对地上部氮吸收量影响不显著;添加麦芽糖和淀粉对地上部生物量及氮磷钾养分吸收量的影响均不显著。添加糖类处理,土壤碱解氮均有下降趋势;土壤速效磷、速效钾随着地上部磷和钾吸收量增加有下降趋势。糖类添加对土壤有机质没有影响。添加不同糖类均提高了AMF的侵染率,其中添加蔗糖处理的侵染率较单独施用摩西球囊霉菌处理增加了114%。单独施用摩西球囊霉菌剂处理土壤孢子数为10个/g,添加葡萄糖和淀粉处理的孢子数均为8个/g,添加蔗糖和麦芽糖处理的孢子数均为11个/g,添加糖类均对AMF产孢无显著影响。     

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield

A greenhouse experiment evaluated the effect of phytoextraction of arsenic from a contaminated soil by Chinese Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) and its subsequent effects on growth and uptake of arsenic by rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. Pteris vittata was grown for one or two growing cycles of four months each with two phosphate sources, using single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). Rice was grown on phytoextracted soils followed by measurements of biomass yield (grain, straw, and root), arsenic concentration and, uptake by individual plant parts. The biomass yield (grain, straw and rice) of rice was highest in soil phytoextracted with Pteris vittata grown for two cycles and fertilized with diammonium phosphate (DAP). Total arsenic uptake in contaminated soil ranged from 8.2 to 16.9 mg pot(-1) in first growing cycle and 5.5 to 12.0 mg pot(-1) in second growing cycle of Pteris vittata. There was thus a mean reduction of 52% in arsenic content of rice grain after two growing cycle of Pteris vittata and 29% after the one growing cycle. The phytoextraction of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata was beneficial for growing rice resulted in decreased arsenic content in rice grain of <1 ppm. There was a mean improvement in rice grain yield 14% after two growing cycle and 8% after the one growing cycle of brake fern.     

Contrasting rhizosphere soil nutrient economy of plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in karst forests

Plant and Soil - Plants growing in the soils of karst forests associate with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) or ectomycorrhizae (ECM) to acquire nutrients. We researched how these different mycorrhizal...