嗜热革节孢多糖单加氧酶氧化方式

多糖单加氧酶(polysaccharidemonooxygenase,PMO)是一种铜离子依赖的氧化酶,属于辅助活性酶类第九家族(auxiliary activity 9,AA9),在存在电子供体维生素C(vitamin C,Vc)的情况下,可以氧化裂解纤维素的多糖链,显著提高纤维素的酶解效率。本文克隆了嗜热革节孢Scytalidium thermophilumAA9家族的一个编码基因pmo7651,并在毕赤酵母GS115进行诱导表达,通过His标签获得了重组蛋白PMO7651-His。以磷酸膨胀纤维素(PASC)为底物进行酶促反应,薄层层析法(TLC)结果显示PMO7651酶解产物主要为纤维二糖至纤维五糖;飞行时间质谱法(MALDI-TOF-MS)和溴氧化法确定PMO7651具有C1、C4、C6位的氧化活性;底物结合平面的3个芳香族氨基酸位点突变对酶的活性具有不同程度的影响;在PMO7651帮助下,纤维素酶的降解效率均具有不同程度的提高。     

纤维剩余物酶解工艺研究

富含单宁的塔拉豆荚经水解制备没食子酸,其剩余物中富含纤维素。本研究探讨了酶解各因素对塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,进行料液比、酶解温度、p H和酶解时间四因素L16(4)5正交优化实验,其优化工艺条件为料液比1∶6 g·m L-1,酶解温度55℃,p H6,酶解时间48 h。在此条件下,酶解塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率均值为43.95%。     

新鞘氨醇杆菌属9-1的纤维素酶基因Nspcel8A的克隆表达与酶学特性

木质纤维素转化成燃料酒精是缓解能源和环境危机的途径之一.降低将木质纤维素转化成生物燃料的生产成本,需要提高纤维素酶产量或筛选到具更高酶活性的纤维素酶.新鞘氨醇杆菌(Genus Novosphin-gobium)属于鞘氨醇杆菌科(Sphingomonads),该科的细菌新陈代谢多样化,能够降解有机化合物,也可应用于木质素的降解,但目前新鞘氨醇杆菌属细菌的纤维素酶基因的研究未见报道.本研究对新鞘氨醇杆菌属细菌菌株9-1的纤维素酶基因Nspcel8A进行了克隆表达和酶学特性鉴定.Nspcel8A含有属于糖基水解酶家族8的催化结构域.该酶在大肠杆菌中实现了异源表达并获得了表达产物.Nspcel8A对羧甲基纤维素(car-boxymethylcellulose,CMC)的最适作用pH值和温度分别为4.0和40℃,Nspcel8A具有良好的pH值稳定性,在pH值3.5～11.0范围内放置24 h后能够保持60％以上的酶活力.Nspcel8A对CMC的Km值为10 mg/mL,Vmax为14 μmol·min-1·mg-1.底物特异性测试显示Nspcel8A对CMC有最高的酶活力(8.40 U/mg),但对不可溶纤维维如磷酸膨胀纤维素和Avicel只有较低的酶活力或没有酶活.高效液相色谱法分析显示Nsp-ce18A 不能降解纤维二糖、纤维三糖、纤维四糖,能把纤维五糖部分降解成纤维二糖和纤维三糖,能把纤维六糖降解为纤维二糖、纤维三糖和纤维四糖,并以纤维三糖为主.以上结果显示Nspcel8A是一个内切葡聚糖酶,由于它不能水解结晶纤维素,说明它不是Novosphingobium sp.9-1主要的纤维素降解酶.     

酶法制备功能性纤维低聚糖的研究

研究里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C30纤维素酶单一组分EGI、EGII和CBHI降解纤维素的机理及纤维低聚糖酶法制备技术,进而初步研究纤维低聚糖对青春双歧杆菌的增殖作用。以内切葡聚糖酶EGII酶法制备纤维低聚糖,每克纤维素最佳酶用量1 U,最佳酶解时间90 min,制备得到的纤维低聚糖中纤维二糖、纤维三糖和纤维四糖占总糖的比例分别为43.8%、34.8%和7.9%。以纤维二糖、纤维低聚糖为C源增殖青春双歧杆菌,菌体质量浓度增殖倍数分别为2.14、2.84。     

固定化纤维二糖酶的研究

黑曲霉 (AspergillusnigerLORRE 0 12 )的孢子中富含纤维二糖酶 ,将这些孢子用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋后 ,可以方便有效地固定纤维二糖酶。固定化后的纤维二糖酶性能稳定 ,半衰期为 38d ,耐热性和适宜的pH范围均比固定化前有所增加 ,其Km 和Vmax值分别为 6 .0 1mmol L和 7.0 6mmol (min·L)。利用固定化纤维二糖酶重复分批酶解10g L的纤维二糖 ,连续 10批的酶解得率均可保持在 97%以上 ;采用连续酶解工艺 ,当稀释率为 0 .4h- 1 ,酶解得率可达 98.5 %。玉米芯经稀酸预处理后 ,其纤维残渣用里氏木霉 (Trichodermareesei)纤维素酶降解 ,酶解得率为6 9.5 % ;通过固定化纤维二糖酶的进一步作用 ,上述水解液中因纤维二糖积累所造成的反馈抑制作用得以消除 ,酶解得率提高到 84.2 % ,还原糖中葡萄糖的比例由 5 3 .6 %升至 89.5 % ,该研究结果在纤维原料酶水解工艺中具有良好的应用前景。     

研究纤维素酶活时测定还原糖方法的选择

常用的纤维素酶活力测定方法中,除内切葡聚糖酶活用粘度法外,其余均为测定底物酶解后还原糖的生成量。一般都以葡萄糖为标准,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)法、Somogyi法或铁氰化钾法进行测定。已知纤维素的酶解是在纤酶系的作用下逐渐解聚的过程。酶解液中的还原糖包括有葡萄糖和聚合度不等的纤维寡糖,其比例则因纤酶系和酶解条件而异。虽然Miller等     

嗜热毛壳菌多糖单加氧酶的氧化特性及协同作用

以嗜热毛壳菌Chaetomium thermophilum多糖单加氧酶CtPMO1为研究对象,利用薄层层析色谱法(TLC)、高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法(HPLC-RID)和飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)检测CtPMO1的酶活性,并根据定点突变的原理,将CtPMO1第1位的组氨酸(His1)和第166位的谷氨酰胺(Gln166)突变为H1A、Q166A和Q166E,研究两个突变位点是否参与CtPMO1的氧化作用;另外,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法检测CtPMO1与纤维素酶(EGⅡ、BGLⅠ和CBHⅠ)的协同效应。研究发现CtPMO1在温度为50 ℃、pH为5.0的条件下降解磷酸膨胀纤维素(PASC),其酶解产物中不仅存在纤维二糖至纤维五糖,还存在C1氧化寡糖和C4氧化寡糖;此外,发现突变酶H1A完全丧失了酶活,Q166A丧失了C1和C4氧化活性,而Q166E保留了部分C1氧化活性;通过对CtPMO1与纤维素酶协同作用的探究,发现利用CtPMO1预处理磷酸膨胀纤维素(PASC),分别添加EGⅡ、BGLⅠ和CBHⅠ,使还原糖产量分别提高2.10倍、2.08倍和2.16倍,协同度分别是1.022、0.799和0.875。研究结果表明CtPMO1对底物具有C1和C4氧化的功能,其反应的最适温度为50 ℃、最适pH为5.0;CtPMO1活性中心氨基酸His1和平坦表面氨基酸Gln166均是关键性位点;CtPMO1预处理PASC,使纤维素酶的降解效率发生不同程度的提高。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶在酿酒酵母表面的表达

应用表面表达技术对来自Trichodermareesei的β-葡萄糖苷酶在酿酒酵母表面的表达及后期性质进行了研究。实验结果表明酵母表面表达酶有活性,该酶的最佳诱导时间为24h,最适温度是70℃,而酶活的最适pH是5．5。使异源表面表达了Bgl1的酵母在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,发酵结果表明纤维二糖被明显利用了,但在培养186h后,发酵液中仍残留一定量的纤维二糖。这种技术对纤维素发酵系统中纤维二糖酶活性低的现状有所帮助。     

一株耐高温纤维素酶产生菌的分离和鉴定

为获得耐高温的纤维素酶产生菌,从农田旁稻草堆底取样,采用液体滤纸条试管法和纤维素刚果红平板法,分离到6株能够在45℃生长良好且降解纤维素的耐高温菌株,分别标为A1-A6,其中菌株A1透明圈直径和菌落直径比值为4,DNS法测定还原糖浓度较高,确定为实验菌株。菌体呈短杆状,G+,易褪色,具有运动性,过氧化氢酶、淀粉水解、明胶液化、甲基红试验、硫化氢、葡萄糖氧化发酵、P HB类脂粒、异染粒、纤维素分解、反硝化试验呈阳性,乙酰甲基甲醇试验、吲哚试验、硝酸盐还原试验、卵磷脂酶实验呈阴性,以FP A酶活为主,羧甲基纤维素酶活为辅。根据细菌形态、生理生化特征,参照《伯杰氏细菌系统鉴定手册》初步鉴定为纤维单胞菌属,即Cellulomonas。     

木霉纤维素酶的诱导形成及其调节I.槐糖对木霉EA3-867纤维素酶形成的诱导作用

在槐豆荚提取液中分离到白色针状的槐糖结晶,该糖对拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudo-Koningii Rafai) EA3-867的纤维素酶(C1和Cx)有强力的诱导作用。在纤维素酶活力,尤其是产酶速度上明显超过纤维素的诱导作用。槐糖的诱导作用与添加槐糖的时间和菌种有关,并受甘油强烈阻遏。在以纤维二糖(0．5％)为碳源培养时,木霉EA3-867也能较迅速地形成纤维素酶,但在EA3-867的甘油培养物中加入纤维二糖(5×10-3M)并不能诱导Cx酶。槐糖和纤维素对纤维素酶的诱导作用,无论在诱导胞外和胞内纤维素酶的成分上或从凝肢电泳图上,都十分相似。作者认为木霉EA,一867的纤维素酶形成同时受诱导一阻遏机制调节,并对组成型和诱导型的纤维素酶的作用,以及固体纤维素对纤维素酶可能的诱导机制作了推测。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。