猪苓与天麻共生蜜环菌类群的比较

猪苓和天麻都是传统中草药,具有很高的药用价值。它们的生长都离不开蜜环菌,蜜环菌可以为其生长提供营养。对于猪苓和天麻共生的蜜环菌种类是否有一定的异同,目前尚未有相应的报道。本研究在前期完成的从全国11个省份收集野生猪苓菌核,分离得到47株蜜环菌以及ITS、β-tubulin和elongation factor-1 alpha 3种序列的基础上,与文献报道的天麻共生蜜环菌的序列进行比较,并构建系统发育树,结果显示猪苓和天麻共生的蜜环菌共分为10个clade,其中和猪苓共生的蜜环菌有6个clade,和天麻共生的蜜环菌有7个clade,有3个clade的蜜环菌既可以和天麻共生,也可和猪苓共生。在这3个共同类群中,菌株来自于陕西、山西、吉林、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃、四川几个省份。西藏、云南等地的蜜环菌则具有较高的专一性。本研究从系统发育角度明确了猪苓和天麻共生蜜环菌的异同,该结果可为猪苓和天麻栽培过程中蜜环菌种类的选择提供一定的理论依据。     

猪苓与蜜环菌的关系

蜜环菌Armilla riella mcllea(Vahl：Ff．)Kgtst·侵入猪苓Gri[ola umbe』zd‘4(PetsFr．)PilOt)菌核,激活了猪苓菌抵御异体侵染免疫反应的本能,猪苓菌丝细胞木质化,形成与菌核表皮结构相似的隔离腔,将蜜环菌素和部分猪苓菌丝包围。在隔离腔中蜜环菌消化分隔在腔中的猪苓菌丝,另外猪苓菌丝也可侵入或附着在蜜环菌索及侵染带细胞间隙吸收其代谢产物,猪苓菌核即可萌发出新苓正常生长。当隔离腔中的猪苓菌丝被消化后,蛮环菌生活力也减弱,解体后被猪苓菌吸收利用,隔离腔变成空腔。从广义角度看,仍可把蜜环菌与猪苓菌寄生与反寄生的营养关系概括为共生关系。     

蜜环菌激发子诱导猪苓细胞产生活性氧及其相关酶的变化*

研究了蜜环菌激发子处理猪苓细胞后活性氧产生及相关酶的变化。结果表明 :蜜环菌激发子分别处理猪苓菌丝和菌核后 ,都能引起活性氧迸发 ,且出现两个迸发高峰 ,高峰期分别在加入激发子后约 1 0min和 90min。与此同时 ,猪苓菌丝酶活性也发生相应变化 ,超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)活性下降 ,过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性没有变化 ,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)活性出现先下降后上升的趋势。     

猪苓与蜜环菌高亲和性组合的筛选

猪苓与蜜环菌共生亲和性是猪苓人工栽培成功的关键因素。为获得猪苓与蜜环菌的高亲和性组合,本文采用了5株猪苓菌株与4株蜜环菌菌株进行筛选。通过将猪苓菌株与蜜环菌菌株共培养,比较不同组合的生长速度、拮抗线形成情况,以及两种菌丝生长过程中形态学变化等指标,结果发现组合GU-06&AM-08生长速度最快,为3.36mm/d。GU-06和GU-07-2菌株与每株蜜环菌共培养均可产生拮抗线,共培养28d后,产生拮抗的猪苓菌丝分枝较多,可以看到菌丝束。被蜜环菌菌索侵染的猪苓菌核,切面可以明显观察到侵入猪苓菌核中的蜜环菌菌索,侵染到猪苓菌核中的蜜环菌菌索分枝较多,中空,表皮细胞细长。发生侵染现象的组合有7组：GU-04与AM-06;GU-06与AM-06,AM-08,AM-13;GU-07-2与AM-06,AM-08;GU-15与AM-06,其中以GU-06与AM-06,AM-13两组组合侵染最严重,其余组合没有发现侵染现象。综合以上共生筛选指标获得GU-06&AM-08、GU-06&AM-06、GU-07-2&AM-08以及GU-06&AM-13 4组高亲和性的组合。     

我国猪苓研究的进展

猪苓菌核同密环菌建立起共生关系才能继续生长。从猪苓菌核生长、菌核与蜜环菌的关系、猪苓菌种培养与猪苓多糖提取、猪苓人工栽培等方面进行了综述     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。 猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环菌菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

发酵法生产猪苓菌丝体及猪苓多糖的研究

采用经选育的猪苓PU－99菌作为生产菌株,研究了其培养基组成,优化了深层发酵条件。在1吨罐中生产猪苓菌丝体：发酵36h,其菌丝体干重达2．3％,粗多糖含量在31．0％。对得到的猪苓菌丝体进行了有效成分的提取,并测定了猪苓多糖的分子量,分子量为29054,峰面积72．02％。     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环茵菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究*

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。 猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环菌菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

密环菌激发子诱导猪苓细胞产生活性氧及其相关酶的变化

研究了蜜环菌激发子处理猪苓细胞后活性氧及产生及相关酶的变化。结果表明：蜜环菌激发子分别处理猪铃菌丝和菌核后,都能引起活性氧迸发,且出现两个迸发高峰,高峰期分别在加入激发子后约10min和90min。与此同时,猪铃菌丝酶活性也发生相应变化,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性没有变化,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性出现先下降后上升的趋势。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism