MicroRNA 181 Suppresses Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Infection by Targeting PRRSV Receptor CD163

We previously showed that microRNA 181 (miR-181) can inhibit PRRSV replication by directly targeting its genomic RNA. Here, we report that miR-181 can downregulate the PRRSV receptor CD163 in blood monocytes and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) through targeting the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of CD163 mRNA. Downregulation of CD163 leads to the inhibition of PRRSV entry into PAMs and subsequently suppresses PRRSV infection. Our findings indicate that delivery of miR-181 can be used as antiviral therapy against PRRSV infection.     

Identification of the CD163 Protein Domains Involved in Infection of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Scavenger receptor CD163 is a key entry mediator for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). To identify the CD163 protein domains involved in PRRSV infection, deletion mutants and chimeric mutants were created. Infection experiments revealed that scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain 5 (SRCR 5) is essential for PRRSV infection, while the four N-terminal SRCR domains and the cytoplasmic tail are not required. The remaining CD163 protein domains need to be present but can be replaced by corresponding SRCR domains from CD163-L1, resulting in reduced (SRCR 6 and interdomain regions) or unchanged (SRCR 7 to SRCR 9) infection efficiency. In addition, CD163-specific antibodies recognizing SRCR 5 are able to reduce PRRSV infection.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating viral pig diseases worldwide (17, 26). The causative agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), has a restricted host and cell tropism, with porcine alveolar macrophages as important target cells (7, 13, 25). PRRSV entry into these macrophages has been studied extensively (6, 15, 16, 28, 31), and to date, two macrophage-specific molecules are known as PRRSV entry mediators: the siglec sialoadhesin and scavenger receptor CD163 (2, 29, 30). The interaction between PRRSV and its internalization receptor, sialoadhesin, has been the subject of intensive investigation, with recently identification of the M/GP₅ complex as a viral ligand interacting with the N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain of sialoadhesin (1, 4, 5, 27). In contrast, our understanding of the specific contribution of CD163 during PRRSV infection is still in its infancy. So far, it has been demonstrated that CD163 is not involved in virus binding and internalization in macrophages but most likely acts during PRRSV uncoating (30). Most recently, viral minor glycoproteins GP₂ and GP₄ were shown to interact with CD163 (3). Further, the two N-terminal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains are not involved, but the transmembrane domain is essential for CD163 to sustain PRRSV infection (2). To get more insight into the role of CD163 during PRRSV infection, this study aimed to identify the CD163 protein domains involved in PRRSV infection.     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白重组伪狂犬病毒的构建及其生物学特性分析

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus,PRRSV）CH-1a株GP5基因插入到伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies Virus,PRV）Bartha-K61株TK基因中,获得了一株TK^-／gE^-表型的重组伪狂犬病病毒,命名为rPRV—GP5。经生长动力学、表达动力学和间接免疫荧光证实PRRSV GP5在重组病毒中获得了表达,表达蛋白的抗原性与亲本病毒相似,rPRV-GP5在不同的细胞上毒价和细胞病变与Bartha—K61比较无显著差异。4只PRV抗体阴性的绵羊,每只接种10^6.0。PFU的rPRV-GP5可以完全抵抗10^3LD50伪狂犬病强毒S株的攻击。10头PRV、PRRSV抗体阴性的仔猪滴鼻接种rPRV-GP5 10^7.0 PFU／头并在接种后63d攻击PRRSV CH-1a株10^5.0 TCID50／头,攻毒后3d和5d出现了PRRSV荧光抗体和ELISA抗体,在政毒后14d检测到了PRRSV中和抗体,Bartha—K61活疫苗组和对照组至实验结束时仍未检测到PRRSV中和抗体。这说明rPRV-GP5免疫产生了针对PRRSV的回忆性免疫应答。     

Identification of a Putative Receptor for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on Porcine Alveolar Macrophages

To identify the receptor which may determine the macrophage tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) were produced. Two MAbs (41D3 and 41D5) which completely blocked PRRSV infection of PAM were further characterized. It was found that they reduce the attachment of PRRSV to PAM and immunoprecipitate a 210-kDa membrane protein from PAM. This protein was detected on the cell membranes of PAM but not of PRRSV-nonpermissive cells. A colocalization was found between the reactive sites of MAb 41D3 and PRRSV on PAM membranes. All PRRSV-infected cells in tissues of experimentally infected pigs reacted with MAb 41D3. Taken together, all these data suggest that the identified 210-kDa membrane protein is a putative receptor for PRRSV on porcine macrophages.     

The M/GP5 Glycoprotein Complex of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Binds the Sialoadhesin Receptor in a Sialic Acid-Dependent Manner

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major threat to swine health worldwide and is considered the most significant viral disease in the swine industry today. In past years, studies on the entry of the virus into its host cell have led to the identification of a number of essential virus receptors and entry mediators. However, viral counterparts for these molecules have remained elusive and this has made rational development of new generation vaccines impossible. The main objective of this study was to identify the viral counterparts for sialoadhesin, a crucial PRRSV receptor on macrophages. For this purpose, a soluble form of sialoadhesin was constructed and validated. The soluble sialoadhesin could bind PRRSV in a sialic acid-dependent manner and could neutralize PRRSV infection of macrophages, thereby confirming the role of sialoadhesin as an essential PRRSV receptor on macrophages. Although sialic acids are present on the GP₃, GP₄ and GP₅ envelope glycoproteins, only the M/GP₅ glycoprotein complex of PRRSV was identified as a ligand for sialoadhesin. The interaction was found to be dependent on the sialic acid binding capacity of sialoadhesin and on the presence of sialic acids on GP₅. These findings not only contribute to a better understanding of PRRSV biology, but the knowledge and tools generated in this study also hold the key to the development of a new generation of PRRSV vaccines.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5a多克隆抗血清的制备

构建XX2012株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)GP5a蛋白基因的真核表达载体,并制备出GP5a蛋白的多克隆抗血清。以XX2012株PRRSV GP5a蛋白的基因序列为扩增模板,设计并合成一对特异性扩增引物,通过RTPCR扩增得到该病毒株的GP5a蛋白全长基因片段,将其定向克隆到真核表达载体p CAGG中,构建含有GP5a蛋白基因的重组表达载体p CAGGS-GP5a,并将获得的p CAGGS-GP5a载体采用基因免疫的方式免疫BALB/c小鼠制备GP5a蛋白的多克隆抗体。结果显示,成功克隆出了XX2012株PRRSV GP5a蛋白全长基因,片段大小为156 bp;构建的p CAGGS-GP5a载体经PCR、双酶切、测序鉴定均无误;通过三次基因免疫小鼠成功制备出了GP5a蛋白的多克隆抗体,间接免疫荧光试验证实制备出的多克隆抗体能特异性识别病毒感染后的细胞。由此获得了PRRSV GP5a蛋白基因的真核表达载体,制备出了GP5a蛋白的特异性多克隆抗血清,为今后开展GP5a蛋白的亚细胞定位及相关功能的研究奠定了基础。     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP3基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征 (porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome ,PRRS)是引起怀孕母猪早产、流产、死胎及仔猪呼吸系统疾病的一种新发现的病毒性传染病[1] .该病毒的基因组为单股正链RNA ,约15kb ,含有 8个开放阅读框架 (ORFs) ,ORF1编码病毒非结构蛋白 (依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶 ) ,ORF2 ORF7编码病毒的结构蛋白 .其中ORF3含有 2 6 5个氨基酸 ,编码的GP3蛋白为高度糖基化的结构蛋白 ,有 7个糖基化位点 ,具有免疫原性[2 ,3 ] .目前 ,用于预防PRRS的疫苗主要是弱毒苗和灭活苗 ,虽然都有一定的免疫效果 ,但由于PRRS抗体依赖性…     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白重组腺病毒的构建与免疫原性测定

应用RT-PCR方法扩增出猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒国内分离株S1毒株的GP5基因序列,然后通过KpnI和XhoI酶切位点把该基因克隆入经过同样双酶切的穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV中.重组穿梭载体经过酶切和PCR鉴定后进行测序,证明所克隆入的基因以正确的阅读框插入.获得的重组穿梭载体经线性化后与腺病毒骨架载体共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183菌株.纯化的重组腺病毒质粒经酶切线性化后转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒.重组腺病毒经纯化后进行RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光鉴定,证明了用PRRSVGP5蛋白基因所构建的重组腺病毒成功的表达了GP5蛋白.猪体免疫试验后收集血清进行中和实验证明所构建的重组腺病毒在猪体内能够诱导产生中和抗体,因此我们所构建的重组腺病毒可以作为PRRSV基因工程疫苗研究候选病毒株.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白重组腺病毒的构建与免疫原性测定

应用RT-PCR方法扩增出猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒国内分离株S1毒株的GP5基因序列,然后通过KpnI和XhoI酶切位点把该基因克隆入经过同样双酶切的穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV中。重组穿梭载体经过酶切和PCR鉴定后进行测序,证明所克隆入的基因以正确的阅读框插入。获得的重组穿梭载体经线性化后与腺病毒骨架载体共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183菌株。纯化的重组腺病毒质粒经酶切线性化后转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒。重组腺病毒经纯化后进行RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光鉴定,证明了用PRRSVGP5蛋白基因所构建的重组腺病毒成功的表达了GP5蛋白。猪体免疫试验后收集血清进行中和实验证明所构建的重组腺病毒在猪体内能够诱导产生中和抗体,因此我们所构建的重组腺病毒可以作为PRRSV基因工程疫苗研究候选病毒株。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒GP5蛋白原核表达初步研究

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reprodutive and respiratory syn-drome virus,PRRSV)引发的病毒性传染病,病症主要表现为怀孕母猪早产、流产、木乃伊胎以及仔猪呼吸症状和高死亡率[1,2]。该病于1987年首先在美国爆发[3],1990年德国亦发现此病,并迅速传播到欧洲其他国家。我国在1996年报道有该病流行[4],由于该病的迅速蔓延使整个世界养猪业遭受了巨大的经济损失。PRRSV属于动脉炎病毒科(Arteriviridae)成员,为有囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒,基因组为15Kb,含有7个开放阅读框, ORF ( Open readingframes,ORF),…     

Indirect ELISA with Recombinant GP5 for Detecting Antibodies to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV),which has six structural proteins (GP2,GP3,GP4,GP5,M and N). GP5 and N protein are important targets for serological detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other methods. Toward this goal,we developed an indirect ELISA with recombinant GP5 antigens and this method was validated by comparison to the LSI PRRSV-Ab ELISA kit. The results indicated that the optimal concentration of coated recombinant antigen was...     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒GP5蛋白原核表达初步研究

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reprodutive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)引发的病毒性传染病,病症主要表现为怀孕母猪早产、流产、木乃伊胎以及仔猪呼吸症状和高死亡率[1,2].该病于1987年首先在美国爆发[3],1990年德国亦发现此病,并迅速传播到欧洲其他国家.我国在1996年报道有该病流行[4],由于该病的迅速蔓延使整个世界养猪业遭受了巨大的经济损失.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒S1株GP3蛋白的原核表达与纯化

利用限制性酶切从重组质粒pRSET-GP3中得到缺失N端疏水序列的基因片段tGP3(truncated GP3)。将tGP3克隆至原核高效表达载体pRSET,在E.coliBL21细胞中用IPTG诱导表达了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组蛋白(His)6-GP3,并用亲和层析法获得了纯化蛋白。Western-Blotting结果表明重组蛋白可被PRRSV阳性血清所识别,从而为进一步研究PRRSV GP3结构蛋白的免疫特性和功能奠定了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒S1株GP3蛋白的原核表达与纯化

利用限制性酶切从重组质粒pRSET-GP3中得到缺失N端疏水序列的基因片段tGP3(truncated GP3).将tGP3克隆至原核高效表达载体pRSET,在E.coli BL21细胞中用IPTG诱导表达了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组蛋白(His)6-GP3,并用亲和层析法获得了纯化蛋白.Western-Blottmg结果表明重组蛋白可被PRRSV阳性血清所识别,从而为进一步研究PRRSV GP3结构蛋白的免疫特性和功能奠定了基础.     

Application of GP5 Protein to Develop Monoclonal Antibody against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

In this study,a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),named as 8C9 and4B4,were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the PRRSV (TCID50=5.5),screened by the indirect ELISA and subjected to several limiting dilutions.mAbs were then identified by biological characterization.Among the two fusion cell strains,8C9 belonged to the IgG1 subclass and 4B4 belonged to the IgG2a subclass.The titers in cell...     

Nsp2 and GP5-M of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Contribute to Targets for Neutralizing Antibodies

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) is characterized by its genetic variation and limited cross protection among heterologous strains. Even though several viral structural proteins have been regarded as inducers of neutralizing antibodies(NAs) against PRRSV, the mechanism underlying limited cross-neutralization among heterologous strains is still controversial. In the present study, examinations of NA cross reaction between a highly pathogenic PRRSV(HP-PRRSV) strain, JXwn06, and a low pathogenic PRRSV(LP-PRRSV) strain, HB-1/3.9, were conducted with viral neutralization assays in MARC-145 cells. None of the JXwn06-hyperimmuned pigs' sera could neutralize HB-1/3.9 in vitro and vice versa. To address the genetic variation between these two viruses that are associated with limited crossneutralization, chimeric viruses with coding regions swapped between these two strains were constructed. Viral neutralization assays indicated that variations in nonstructural protein 2(nsp2) and structural proteins together contribute to weak cross-neutralization activity between JXwn06 and HB-1/3.9. Furthermore, we substituted the nsp2-, glycoprotein2(GP2)-,GP3-, and GP4-coding regions together, or nsp2-, GP5-, and membrane(M) protein-coding regions simultaneously between these two viruses to construct chimeric viruses to test cross-neutralization reactivity with hyperimmunized sera induced by their parental viruses. The results indicated that the swapped nsp2 and GP5-M viruses increased the neutralization reactivity with the donor strain antisera in MARC-145 cells. Taken together, these results show that variations in nsp2 and GP5-M correlate with the limited neutralization reactivity between the heterologous strains HP-PRRSV JXwn06 and LP-PRRSV HB-1/3.9.     

Broadening the Heterologous Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Inducing Ability of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by Breeding the GP4 or M genes

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important swine pathogens, which causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disease in piglets. A major hurdle to control PRRSV is the ineffectiveness of the current vaccines to confer protection against heterologous strains. Since both GP4 and M genes of PRRSV induce neutralizing antibodies, in this study we molecularly bred PRRSV through DNA shuffling of the GP4 and M genes, separately, from six genetically different strains of PRRSV in an attempt to identify chimeras with improved heterologous cross-neutralizing capability. The shuffled GP4 and M genes libraries were each cloned into the backbone of PRRSV strain VR2385 infectious clone pIR-VR2385-CA. Three GP4-shuffled chimeras and five M-shuffled chimeras, each representing sequences from all six parental strains, were selected and further characterized in vitro and in pigs. These eight chimeric viruses showed similar levels of replication with their backbone strain VR2385 both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the DNA shuffling of GP4 and M genes did not significantly impair the replication ability of these chimeras. Cross-neutralization test revealed that the GP4-shuffled chimera GP4TS14 induced significantly higher cross-neutralizing antibodies against heterologous strains FL-12 and NADC20, and similarly that the M-shuffled chimera MTS57 also induced significantly higher levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies against heterologous strains MN184B and NADC20, when compared with their backbone parental strain VR2385 in infected pigs. The results suggest that DNA shuffling of the GP4 or M genes from different parental viruses can broaden the cross-neutralizing antibody-inducing ability of the chimeric viruses against heterologous PRRSV strains. The study has important implications for future development of a broadly protective vaccine against PRRSV.