分子标记在濒危物种保护中的应用

分子标记可揭示种群遗传和进化信息, 为制定濒危物种保护措施、指导恢复实践提供重要依据。本文主要介绍了分子标记在濒危物种保护过程不同环节中的应用, 包括: (1)正确识别保护单元, 如排除隐存种和杂交种的影响; (2)确定优先保护单元, 包括优先保护区域、优先保护物种、优先保护种群等; (3)指导迁地保护; (4)对保护工作的动态监测和评估。文章最后探讨了分子标记应用于保护的发展方向, 如开展长期的种群遗传组成监测、切实应用于保护管理实践、将基因组学等遗传信息用于全球变化背景下保护策略的制定等, 期望为分子标记技术在生物多样性保护的研究和实践中提供参考。     

生物保护的经济学

生物保护研究已经从保护生物学发展到保护生态学,在社会经济因素对自然保护影响日益广泛深刻的今天,我们应该更加主动地从经济学角度进行生物多样性保护。建立自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要措施之一。目前的自然保护区管理研究基本上是以生物学和生态学为主,缺乏系统的经济学考虑,导致一些自然保护区的管理效果不理想,可持续性受到威胁。本文在回顾生物保护的相关经济学研究的同时,提出保护经济学的概念和研究框架,以期为自然保护区的经济管理提供一种新思路,为管理部门的保护投资决策提供支持。     

Conservation physiology

Conservation biologists increasingly face the need to provide legislators, courts and conservation managers with data on causal mechanisms underlying conservation problems such as species decline. To develop and monitor solutions, conservation biologists are progressively using more techniques that are physiological. Here, we review the emerging discipline of conservation physiology and suggest that, for conservation strategies to be successful, it is important to understand the physiological responses of organisms to their changed environment. New physiological techniques can enable a rapid assessment of the causes of conservation problems and the consequences of conservation actions.     

Reconciling scientific and local ecological knowledge to identify priority mammals for conservation in a dry forest area in northeast Brazil

Species prioritization for conservation is primarily based on extinction risk assessments but less on sociocultural factors that influence conservation effectiveness. Here, we prioritized mammals for conservation according to their need for conservation attention, the feasibility of their conservation, and their potential to be used as flagship species in a rural community in northeast Brazil. We assessed species occurrence and ethnobiology through interviews, camera trapping, and active searches, and developed a prioritization scheme that accounts for species’ threat level (conservation status and local hunting pressure), cultural importance, and popularity. We found Tolypeutes tricinctus as the overall top-priority species because of its Endangered status and high popularity, which makes its conservation needed and feasible, and this species a potential conservation flagship. Panthera onca was the highest priority regarding the need for conservation attention due to its Critically Endangered status but the least feasible to conserve as it was the most unpopular species. Mazama gouazoubira was the most hunted and popular species. Despite not being threatened, it may also be prioritized for conservation, given its high hunting pressure and popularity, thereby constituting a possible local flagship species. Our results show that priority species for conservation can be reliably identified based on measures of need for conservation attention and expected conservation feasibility in local scales using rapid assessments. Accounting for ethnobiology in species prioritization for conservation allows a better understanding of the needs, opportunities, and obstacles for their conservation, consequently leading to better resource-allocation decisions in different socio-economic scenarios.     

What are we saving? Developing a standardized approach for conservation action

Are all species equal in terms of conservation attention? We developed a novel framework to assess the level of conservation attention given to 697 threatened mammals and 100 critically endangered amphibian species. Our index of conservation attention provides a quantitative framework for assessing how conservation resources are allocated, based on the degree to which conservation interventions have been proposed and implemented. Our results provide evidence of the strong biases in global conservation attention. We find that most threatened species receive little or no conservation, and that the small number receiving substantial attention is extremely biased. Species most likely to receive conservation attention are those which are well-studied, charismatic and that live in the developed world. Conservation status and evolutionary distinctiveness appear to have little importance in conservation decision-making at the global scale. Most species inhabit the tropics and are both poorly known and uncharismatic. Therefore, the majority of biodiversity is being ignored by current conservation action.     

Effects of budget constraints on conservation network design for biodiversity and ecosystem services

Limited budgets and budget cuts hamper the development of effective biodiversity conservation networks. Optimizing the spatial configuration of conservation networks given such budget constraints remains challenging. Systematic conservation planning addresses this challenge. Systematic conservation planning can integrate both biodiversity and ecosystem services as conservation targets, and hence address the challenge to operationalize ecosystem services as an anthropocentric argument for conservation. We create two conservation scenarios to expand the current conservation network in the Dutch province of Limburg. One scenario focuses on biodiversity only and the other integrates biodiversity and ecosystem services. We varied conservation budgets in these scenarios and used the software Marxan to assess differences in the resulting network configurations. In addition, we tested the network’s cost-effectiveness by allocating a conservation budget either in one or in multiple steps. We included twenty-nine biodiversity surrogates and five ecosystem services. The inclusion of ecosystem services to expand Limburg’s conservation network only moderately changed prioritized areas, compared to only conserving biodiversity. Network expansion in a single time-step is more efficient in terms of compactness and cost-effectiveness than implementing it in multiple time-steps. Therefore, to cost-effectively plan conservation networks, the full budget should ideally be available before the plans are implemented. We show that including ecosystem services to cost-effectively expand conservation networks can simultaneously encourage biodiversity conservation and stimulate the protection of conservation-compatible ecosystem services.     

Visitor Perceptions of Nature Conservation at Helsinki Zoo

These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration, and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives.     

植物保护遗传学研究进展

保护遗传学是过用遗传学的原理和研究手段,以生物多样性尤其是遗传多样性的研究和保护为核心的一门新兴学科,近几十年来,遗传学研究在生物多样性保护的理论和实践中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文简要回顾了保护遗传学的发展历史,研究方向和涉及的概念,着重介绍了植物保护遗传学研究所取得的一些进展,包括植物系统发育重建和保护单元的确定,遗传多样性与物种和群体适应性之间的关系,群体遗传结构与保护策略的制定以及植物遗传资源的鉴定和利用等方面的内容,并强调保护遗传学研究是未来生物多样性和保护生物学研究中一个亟待加强的研究领域。     

保护生物学一新分支学科——保护遗传学

研究人类对生物多样性的影响以及防止物种灭绝是保护生物学的两个主要目的。随着环境日益恶化、分子遗传学的迅速发展以及保护生物学和分子遗传学的不为民相互渗透,和产生了一全新的分支学科－－保护遗传学。保护遗传学是保护生物学研究中的一个核心部分,主要研究濒危物种的遗传多样性和保护物种的进化潜力。目前保护遗传学已成为国际上的一个研究热点,但在我国才刚刚起步,为此,本文就保护,遗传学的产生和发展及其研究内容和意义作一简要介绍,以推动我国在该方面的研究。     

How well does online information-seeking behavior indicate public conservation orientation? Taxonomy and personal characteristics matter

Public conservation support for a species can powerfully influence the success of conservation policies and actions. To maximize the effectiveness of the limited resources available for conservation, it would be beneficial to develop a way to predict the degree of public conservation orientation. Here, we explore the utility of the frequency of accessing web content featuring particular species, a direct measure of information-seeking behavior, to predict public conservation orientation. Specifically, we tested whether pageviews of Wikipedia content featuring 100 threatened species in five taxonomic groups (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, insects, and plants) is associated with public conservation orientation toward these species in Japan. Wikipedia pageviews predicted public conservation orientation for species conservation for the two most salient taxonomic groups (mammals and birds). This relationship, however, was not evident for the other three taxa. The relationship between Wikipedia pageviews and conservation orientation was influenced by respondent age and gender. We employed the national red list category of the species as a covariate, but it was not associated with public orientation for species conservation in any of the five taxonomic groups. Overall, information-seeking behavior could be used as a proxy for public conservation orientation for mammals and birds, but should be interpreted with caution.     

Indicating disturbance content and context for preserved areas

An accepted goal of conservation is to build a conservation network that is resilient to environmental change. The conceptual patch-corridor-matrix model views individual conservation areas as connected components of a regional network capable of sustaining metapopulations and biodiversity, and assessment of contextual conditions in the matrix surrounding conservation areas is necessary for planning. Context is often assessed in terms of fixed-width buffers surrounding conservation areas, but in practice, different locations within the same conservation area experience different contexts. We present an alternate approach for describing the landscape context of conservation areas, and we illustrate the approach by assessing vegetation disturbance measured by Landsat NDVI changes over a 4-year period for 51 conservation areas in the Apulia region of south Italy. Insights gained from a multi-scale assessment of disturbance, coupled with information about land use and habitat mosaics are necessary to understand the distinctive features of different preserved areas and thus, to formulate appropriate plans for a regional conservation network to maintain or enhance biodiversity in the region.     

试论生物多样性保护理论与实践面临的困难及现实出路

保护生物学作为一门新兴的交叉科学,已经在最近的一二十年中迅速发展成为一门独立的学科,然而,人们似乎过分沉湎于保护生物学的理论研究之中,却对这样一个事实置若罔闻;保护生物多样性的实践并未能取得预期的成效,生物多样性的危机不仅远未消除,反而越来越严峻,本文从保护生物多样性的伦理妯,保护生物学的理论,保护生物多样性的实践等多个层面上,分析了生物多样性保护面临的重重困难,着重指出,来自社会人文方面的种种不利因素,尤其是经济方面的驱动力,才是制约生物多样性保护的根源所在,并提出通过人文学科的社会经济,政策,法律等方面与自然学科的技术和理论的密切合作研究,综合地探求解决生物多样性危机的有效途径,应该成为保护生物学研究一个新的重点领域。     

Understanding investment in biodiversity conservation in Mexico

Documenting financial resources in biodiversity conservation is a key aspect worldwide in order to set priorities and use effectively the limited resources available. In Mexico, a megadiverse country, studies on financial resources invested in biodiversity conservation are scarce and do not address funding for conservation comprehensively. Using recent data from several sources and applying criteria based on the national priorities for conservation, we compiled, systematized and analyzed data at a national scale on financing sources, financial resources and conservation organizations and their projects. The information obtained is presented in various ways and part of it (case study) is already an information system that can be continuously up-dated. Some of the results show the following: a steady diversification of mechanisms and methods for raising funds for conservation; an increase in governmental budgets; the acknowledgment by the private sector of the importance of biodiversity conservation; a greater technical capacity in people and organizations working in conservation; a greater accessibility of financial resources to support and maintain conservation projects; yet a short term vision in conservation projects; among other. Although the results obtained through this study are a first approach, they can now be used as a baseline to continue gathering and analyzing information on conservation financing in Mexico.     

Ecosystem Services and Opportunity Costs Shift Spatial Priorities for Conserving Forest Biodiversity

Inclusion of spatially explicit information on ecosystem services in conservation planning is a fairly new practice. This study analyses how the incorporation of ecosystem services as conservation features can affect conservation of forest biodiversity and how different opportunity cost constraints can change spatial priorities for conservation. We created spatially explicit cost-effective conservation scenarios for 59 forest biodiversity features and five ecosystem services in the county of Telemark (Norway) with the help of the heuristic optimisation planning software, Marxan with Zones. We combined a mix of conservation instruments where forestry is either completely (non-use zone) or partially restricted (partial use zone). Opportunity costs were measured in terms of foregone timber harvest, an important provisioning service in Telemark. Including a number of ecosystem services shifted priority conservation sites compared to a case where only biodiversity was considered, and increased the area of both the partial (+36.2%) and the non-use zone (+3.2%). Furthermore, opportunity costs increased (+6.6%), which suggests that ecosystem services may not be a side-benefit of biodiversity conservation in this area. Opportunity cost levels were systematically changed to analyse their effect on spatial conservation priorities. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services trades off against timber harvest. Currently designated nature reserves and landscape protection areas achieve a very low proportion (9.1%) of the conservation targets we set in our scenario, which illustrates the high importance given to timber production at present. A trade-off curve indicated that large marginal increases in conservation target achievement are possible when the budget for conservation is increased. Forty percent of the maximum hypothetical opportunity costs would yield an average conservation target achievement of 79%.     

基于水源涵养参照系的中国生态系统水源涵养功能优劣评估

为解决水源涵养优劣评估结果空间可比性差的问题,在拟合1990—2018年中国生态系统水源涵养动态数据基础上,构建基于参照系的水源涵养功能优劣等级评估方法体系,从全国和分区尺度揭示中国生态系统水源涵养功能优劣格局与演变规律,阐明该方法的优越性。结果表明：(1)2015年中国全国生态系统水源涵养功能以差级别占主导,约占总面积的44.8%,主要分布于西北、青藏高原、华北平原和东北平原。1990—2018年中国生态系统水源涵养功能中等级面积极显著降低,差等级面积显著增加,其余类型呈波动变化。(2)各气候区生态系统水源涵养优劣等级构成因气候、生态系统构成等差异而不同,一般为气候区愈湿润,其优良等级比重愈高。1990—2018年,共有10个气候区的优、良、中、低或差等级面积发生了显著变化,主要为优、良、中等级以显著降低为主,差等级全显著增加。(3)与其他方法相比,基于参照系的生态系统水源涵养功能优劣评估法因引入分区分类评估思想,评估结果更科学,空间可比性显著提高。     

变化环境影响下张承地区水源涵养和土壤保持服务及其权衡与协同关系研究

张家口-承德地区是京津冀环境优化的战略要地,开展水源涵养和土壤保持服务的定量评估对维护生态系统的安全运行意义重大。综合运用InVEST模型、空间偏相关统计制图及情景模拟等手段,分析了张承地区近20年水源涵养和土壤保持服务的时空变化特征及其复杂空间关系,定量评估二者对气候和土地利用变化的响应。结果表明:2000-2019年张承地区水源涵养量、土壤保持强度分别以0.97mm/a的速率增加和-0.50t hm^-2 a^-1的速率减少,空间上二者均呈西低(坝上高原)东高(冀北及燕山山地)的分布格局。冀北及燕山山地落叶阔叶林生态区水源涵养和土壤保持能力强,二者空间关系以协同为主;坝上高原草原与农业生态区则权衡关系更占优势。水源涵养和土壤保持服务关系复杂,空间上与区域土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和坡度关系密切。情景模拟结果表明,降水(r=0.90,P<0.01)对水源涵养服务的影响远大于潜在蒸散(r=-0.37,P>0.1),且降水变幅越大对水源涵养量的作用越强;而降水变化与土壤保持服务呈线性正相关关系,降水每增加(减少)10%引起土壤保持强度增加(减少)74.7t/hm²。预计2030年张承地区水源涵养能力将明显提升,土壤保持能力变化不大,届时人为干扰(如生态保护、规划控制)将对提升水源涵养服务产生重要影响。为改善张承地区水源涵养和土壤保持服务,需同时考虑多种因素的综合影响,以制定更合理的政策措施。建议继续加大国家重点生态工程建设,尽可能限制建设用地扩张,提高植被覆盖度,尤其加强保护关键坡度带是今后生态管理工作应关注的重点。     

Three challenges for a real people-centred conservation

Many commentators attest to a paradigm shift in biodiversity conservation, away from exclusive protected areas towards more people‐centred or community‐based conservation. This has been referred to as ‘new conservation’. However, new conservation could be thought of as an attempt to re‐label and re‐package conservation and to ‘get people on board’ existing strategies. According to its critics even so‐called new conservation policy, practice and institutions remain expert‐driven, undemocratic and autocratic. I argue that for new conservation to become reality, then more fundamental changes in priority‐setting, decision‐making and organization are required. This paper presents three challenges for a real people‐centred conservation: a more pluralist approach to understanding knowledge and values of different actors, greater deliberation and inclusion in decision‐making, and a remodelling of institutions to support conservation.     

我国生物多样性保护标准体系现状、问题与建议

目前我国生物多样性保护标准体系还不完善, 尚不能满足生物多样性保护工作的现实需求。为了提升我国生物多样性保护标准化水平, 本文根据《生物多样性公约》确立的“保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益” 3大目标, 围绕生态系统、物种、基因3个层次, 以现行有效的国家标准和行业标准为研究基础, 采用相关关键词检索现有生物多样性保护标准形成标准清单(共包含1,032项标准), 并以此标准清单为研究对象, 深入分析我国生物多样性保护标准体系。本研究发现我国生物多样性保护标准体系的现状主要是分行业管理、基本覆盖各主要任务、涵盖多类别, 但仍存在标准间缺乏系统性和完整性、标准规范质量不高且使用率低, 与国际标准衔接不够的问题。以现行生物多样性保护标准体系存在的问题为切入点, 围绕生物多样性保护的主要任务和职责定位, 提出了我国生物多样性标准体系三维结构框架(包含行业、任务和类别3个维度)的构建设想。最后, 本文从筹建全国生物多样性保护标准化技术委员会、及时开展标准制修订工作、加强科学技术支撑、推动我国标准与国际标准接轨4个面提出了相关建议, 以期为建设更加先进适用的生物多样性保护标准体系提供参考。     

Conservation metagenomics: a new branch of conservation biology

Multifaceted approaches are required to monitor wildlife populations and improve conservation efforts. In the last decade,increasing evidence suggests that metagenomic analysis offers valuable perspectives and tools for identifying microbial communities and functions. It has become clear that gut microbiome plays a critical role in health, nutrition, and physiology of wildlife, including numerous endangered animals in the wild and in captivity. In this review, we first introduce the human microbiome and metagenomics, highlighting the importance of microbiome for host fitness. Then, for the first time, we propose the concept of conservation metagenomics, an emerging subdiscipline of conservation biology, which aims to understand the roles of the microbiota in evolution and conservation of endangered animals. We define what conservation metagenomics is along with current approaches, main scientific issues and significant implications in the study of host evolution, physiology,nutrition, ecology and conservation. We also discuss future research directions of conservation metagenomics. Although there is still a long way to go, conservation metagenomics has already shown a significant potential for improving the conservation and management of wildlife.     

中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策

鸡形目是一个与人类关系非常密切的鸟类类群 ,其保护工作受到国际自然保护组织的广泛关注。作为世界上鸡形目鸟类资源最为丰富的国家之一 ,我国加强该类群鸟类的保护工作不仅是野生动物资源保护的一个重要组成部分 ,而且对全球生物多样性的保护具有特别重要的意义。本文结合国家林业局“十五”期间将要实施的《全国野生动植物及自然保护区建设工程总体规划》 ,对我国鸡形目鸟类的多样性、特有性和分布特点进行了阐述 ,对该类群的濒危状况和致危因素进行了分析 ,从就地保护、易地保护以及科学研究三个方面介绍了我国在该类群研究与保护方面所取得的成就 ,探讨了目前保护管理工作中所存在的问题并提出了相应的保护对策