穿膜肽的研究现状及应用

以细胞内物质为靶标的药物(大分子、蛋白质、多肽及核酸)只有穿透细胞膜才能进一步发挥其药效。细胞穿透多肽(穿膜肽)是由少于30个氨基酸残基组成的小肽,它们能够通过与细胞膜相互作用而穿透细胞膜这一天然屏障。穿膜肽大致分为宿主防御肽、基于信号序列的穿膜肽和富含精氨酸的穿膜肽;穿膜肽进入细胞的机制尚未完全阐明,存在倒置微团模型、地毯式模型及打孔模型等假说。穿膜肽能够携带各种物质进入细胞的特性受到人们的关注。我们就穿膜肽的种类、穿膜机制,及其在生物影像学和生物递送系统中的应用做一综述。     

细胞穿膜肽pep-1与vMIP-Ⅱ的融合表达与纯化

细胞穿膜肽是一类能携带大分子物质进入细胞的短肽,其穿膜能力不依赖经典的胞吞作用。本研究构建了含有细胞穿膜肽pep-1和病毒巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-Ⅱ(viral macrophage inflammatory protein-Ⅱ,vMIP-Ⅱ)的融合表达质粒pET15b-pep-1-vMIP-Ⅱ,并将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plysS中经IPTG诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定出可溶性的融合蛋白pep-1-vMIP-Ⅱ。通过对IPTG浓度、温度等诱导表达条件进行优化,确定在IPTG浓度为0.2mmol/L、28℃下诱导7h可溶性蛋白的表达量相对较高,经Ni-NTA亲和层析,超滤除盐纯化获得高纯度的融合蛋白pep-1-vMIP-Ⅱ,将该蛋白作用于Hela细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果显示该融合蛋白能够携带目的基因穿透细胞膜。本文结果将为进一步研究vMIP-Ⅱ的功能和细胞穿膜肽技术的应用奠定基础。     

细胞渗透肽的研究近况

细胞渗透肽是一类能携带大分子物质进入细胞的短肽,其跨膜能力不依赖经典的胞吞作用,被认为是一种理想的运载工具,在将蛋白质和其他分子导入活细胞的研究中有着广泛的应用前景.该文着重介绍细胞渗透肽的跨膜转运机制及其应用等.     

多聚精氨酸融合增强型绿色荧光蛋白制备方法及穿膜效果

为了方便细胞穿膜肽R9融合蛋白的可溶性表达及功能上的研究,构建了pSUMO (小分子泛素样修饰蛋白) -R9-EGFP (增强型绿色荧光蛋白) 原核表达载体。分别纯化EGFP及R9-EGFP蛋白后,作用于HepG2,细胞经流式细胞仪及激光共聚焦检测R9细胞穿膜肽的作用效果。实验结果显示在SUMO分子伴侣的作用下,R9-EGFP融合蛋白获得可溶性表达。经流式细胞仪检测,R9细胞穿膜肽可以快速有效的携带目的蛋白进入细胞内部且呈时间、剂量依赖性,大约1.5 h以后荧光强度进入平台期。共聚焦显微镜检测结果表明R9细胞穿膜肽可以有效携带EGFP进入HepG2细胞,并显示主要聚集在细胞浆内。同时体外经肝素抑制实验显示,肝素抑制R9-EGFP穿膜的效率达到50％。这些结果表明,可以利用pSUMO-R9/Ni-NTA表达纯化系统,快速、有效地表达出可溶性多聚精氨酸融合蛋白,同时R9细胞穿膜肽可以有效地携带目的蛋白进入细胞内,为进一步研究多聚精氨酸的穿膜机制提供了基础。     

穿膜肽的结构特点和穿膜机制

穿膜肽（penetratin）是果蝇的触角足同源异形域的DNA结合结构域第三个片段的商品名,由16个氨基酸残基组成,它可以介导多种疏水大分子进入活体细胞质内而不破坏细胞膜的完整性;其最大的特点是可以介导多种大分子进入细胞内,并且无需外源能量,分子作为整体插入细胞内,穿膜过程不需解折叠。该发现开辟了药物进入细胞的新的介导途径。该文介绍穿膜肽的结构特点、穿膜机制、应用及局限性。     

细胞穿透肽设计及肿瘤靶向治疗

细胞穿透肽是近年来发现的具有穿透生物膜功能,并能介导大分子物质跨膜转导的一类小分子短肽。该肽段以其转导效率高,速度快,生物活性好,对细胞损害小等特点,成为药物导向治疗方法研究领域的热点。肿瘤靶向治疗的一个局限性是不能使药物有效地进入肿瘤细胞内,极大地降低了肿瘤靶向药物治疗的疗效。因此,如何使抗癌药物特定输送至肿瘤细胞群是当前亟需研究设计的课题,本文就特异性靶向穿膜肽在肿瘤靶向治疗方面的设计、应用作一综述。     

细胞穿膜肽介导蛋白/多肽类药物输送的研究进展

在当前药物研发中,蛋白/多肽类药物占据着重要地位。然而,此类药物大多需进入细胞内才能发挥作用,故细胞摄取率低的问 题成为制约其发展的关键因素。细胞穿膜肽是一类富含精氨酸的短肽,自身具有较强的生物膜穿透能力,可携带多种大分子甚至是纳米 粒入胞。因此,穿膜肽被广泛应用于药物输送,且基于穿膜肽介导药物胞内输送,成为解决蛋白/多肽类药物入胞问题的优选策略。主 要综述穿膜肽介导蛋白/多肽类药物输送用于不同疾病治疗的研究进展。     

细胞穿透肽在肿瘤治疗中的应用

随着人类对基因组信息解读的不断深入,越来越多的生物大分子作为候选药物进入生物治疗领域。但细胞表面的脂质双层膜具有选择通透性,这种天然屏障作用在保护细胞的同时也限制了绝大多数生物大分子进入细胞内部发挥治疗效应。目前流行的入胞转运方式如电穿孔、脂质体转染等均存在对细胞的额外毒副作用,且作用范围局限于体外实验。细胞穿透肽是一类以非受体依赖方式,非经典内吞方式直接穿过细胞膜进入细胞的多肽。它们可以与多种生物活性物质连接并携带其进入细胞,这一特性为它们成为理想的药物载体提供了可能。本文对使用细胞穿透肽作为载体转运具有抗癌作用的生物大分子进入细胞的抗癌实验予以介绍。     

穿膜肽的内化机制及其应用

穿膜肽是一类具有特殊穿膜功能的多肽分子,能携带其它分子甚至超分子颗粒穿膜进入细胞内部．早期研究认为,其进胞是一种无需受体、也不存在饱和状态的非经典胞吞行为．近年研究表明,其穿膜机制可能与其含有的氨基酸种类有很大关系．现在,穿膜肽的穿膜过程称为巨型胞饮行为,它与传统的胞吞形式很相似．当然,还可能存在着其它的进胞方式而没有被证明或发现．关于穿膜肽的应用也是人们最感兴趣的,在很多领域的研究都在进行并不断取得进展．不论是生物界还是医学界,穿膜肽都被认为将是一类非常有发展潜力的多肽分子．     

细胞穿膜肽介导生物大分子入胞机制研究进展

生物大分子药物与传统治疗方式相比作用靶点具有高度的专一性,成为21世纪药物研发中最具发展前景的领域之一,但由于细胞膜的天然屏障作用致使许多潜在的胞内药物靶标无法应用于新药研究。细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides,CPP)是一类具有穿膜功能的小分子短肽,可高效携带核酸、蛋白质等生物大分子穿过细胞膜进入胞质发挥功能,在介导生物大分子药物入胞上有着高效、低毒等诸多优势,但仍存在效率低、靶向性差等问题。CPP携带货物分子入胞的方式可以根据是否依赖能量分为直接入胞和内吞。直接入胞依据孔隙形成的方式不同分为四种模型:桶板模型、超环面模型、地毯模型和反向胶团模型。内吞则根据受体的不同又分为巨胞饮、网格蛋白介导的内吞、小窝蛋白介导的内吞、硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖介导的内吞以及神经毡蛋白-1介导的内吞。CPP自身的类型、浓度、效应分子的物理化学性质以及分子大小都会影响CPP的入胞过程,进而决定CPP携带生物大分子入胞的途径。对CPP介导生物大分子的入胞机制进行综述,为研究更加高效、靶向性强的CPP提供依据,从而推动其在生物、医学领域的应用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.