血清同型半胱氨酸与心血管疾病关系的研究

目的:找出血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与心血管疾病的关系,并分析原因。方法:以69例住院治疗的心血管病患者为试验组,其中急性心肌梗死(AMI)8例,急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)22例,不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)39例,以体检科60例健康体检者为对照组,检测血清Hcy浓度。结果:两组之间存在显著差异(P0.01),试验组Hcy发生率为45.8%,对照组Hcy发生率为3.9%。结论 :心血管疾病患者的Hcy值明显增高,Hcy为致心血管疾病的因子之一。     

同型半胱氨酸/半胱氨酸诱导血管平滑肌细胞中的新cDNA

同型半胱氨酸／半胱氨酸是体内的含硫氨基酸,近年来提出它们可以诱导血管平滑肌细胞的增殖,是心血管病的一个新的独立的危险因子．但其机制尚不了解,本研究目的在于克隆同型半胱氨酸／半胱氨酸诱导的新基因．应用差异显示即ＲＮＡｍａｐｐｉｎｇ的方法,从半胱氨酸诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞中,寻找有差异的条带,克隆新的ｃＤＮＡ．结果分离出７种上调和４种下调ｃＤＮＡ,并且发现其中有４个是至今尚未发现的新的ｃＤＮＡ．应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析,这４个新的ｍＲＮＡ其长度分别为５．０、２．０、１．８和２．２ｋｂ．它们可能在血管平滑肌细胞增殖和心血管病的发病中具有重要意义．     

同型半胱氨酸与年龄相关性疾病

同型半胱氨酸是甲硫氨酸循环中重要的中间产物,在体内参与甲基化反应而发挥重要的生理作用。许多因素影响血循环同型半胱氨酸水平。已有研究表明,血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度升高增加多种老年性疾病的发病风险,如心血管疾病、痴呆、骨折等,氧化应激是其目前公认的致病机制之一。本文综述了同型半胱氨酸与心血管疾病、认知功能障碍或痴呆、骨质疏松性骨折的相关性及其致病机制。     

同型半胱氨酸化与疾病

高同型半胱氨酸血症能引起多种疾病如动脉粥样硬化、恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病等。研究发现,同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)能诱导氧化应激、内质网应激、蛋白质聚集。然而,具体的分子机制还有待进一步研究。近年来,蛋白质的同型半胱氨酸化引起广泛关注,本文对Hcy的代谢途径、同型半胱氨酸化及对机体的影响予以综述。     

同型半胱氨酸对蛋白质的修饰作用研究进展

高同型半胱氨酸血症在心血管疾病、孕期并发症、认知障碍和骨质疏松症等疾病发生发展过程中是一个独立的危险因子,同型半胱氨酸的致病机制相关研究一直受到科研工作者的广泛关注.本综述主要介绍新近国际科研界热点,即以蛋白质同型半胱氨酸化为中心的假设理论.该理论以同型半胱氨酸的分子化学性质为基础,通过两种基本的蛋白质修饰途径,较好地解释了蛋白质的结构和功能损伤之间的关系,而这种对蛋白质的修饰所造成的血管性损伤也许正是引起上述多种不甚相关疾病的共同关键机制.     

高同型半胱氨酸对动脉粥样硬化形成的作用

同型半胱氨酸是甲硫氨酸的中间代谢产物,高同型半胱氨酸血症已成为动脉粥样硬化的一种独立危险因素,探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症形成的原因及同型芈胱氨酸致动脉粥样硬化的机制,有助于动脉粥样硬化的防治.     

同型半胱氨酸与动脉粥样硬化

高同型半胱氨酸血症 (HH)是引起动脉粥样硬化的危险因素 ,可通过增加机体氧化应激因子的细胞毒性作用 ,损害内皮细胞而引起动脉粥样硬化。某些营养素可以防治HH引起的动脉样硬化症状。     

警惕高同型半胱氨酸血症

血清同型半胱氨酸浓度增高使老年人容易发生骨折,也使患心脏病的危险性增加。现认为,可能是由于高水平的同型半胱氨酸能抑制胶原蛋白的交联,而亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）有TT突变基因型的患者．因为此酶的活性降低,通常伴有同型半胱氨酸水平增高和叶酸水平降低。此外,雌二醇能通过增强抗氧化剂系统以防止高同型半胱氨酸血症引起的动脉粥样硬化症。故服用B族维生素和应用雌激素替代疗法是有益的。     

同型半胱氨酸与阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究

阿尔茨海默病（alzheimer＇s disease,AD）是一种慢性、进行性中枢神经系统变性导致的痴呆,是痴呆最常见的病因和最常见的老年痴呆,以渐进性记忆障碍、认知功能障碍、人格改变及语言障碍等神经精神症状为特征。     

同型半胱氨酸与冠心病

随着社会的进步以及人类生活水平的提高,冠心痛的发病率也逐年提高,目前已经成为全球死亡率最高的疾病之一,同时医学水平的不断发展也使得人们对冠心病有了更进一步的研究.近年来同型半胱氨酸越来越受到人们的关注,众多研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血症是冠心痛的独立危险因子,可以影响冠心病的严重程度及预后.但是迄今为止,同型半胱氨酸在冠心病发病中的确切机制尚不完全明确,认为主要与血管内皮损伤、血管平滑肌细胞增殖凋亡、破坏凝血纤溶系统、影响糖、蛋白质、脂质代谢等方面有关.针对高同型半胱氨酸血症的治疗,对于改善冠心病患者的预后有一定疗效.因此,本文就同型半胱氨酸冠心痛的关系作一综述,从而为临床更好的防治冠心痛提供相关的资料.     

Emerging role of interleukin-13 in cardiovascular diseases: A ray of hope

Despite the great progress made in the treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the morbidity and mortality of CVDs remains high due to the lack of effective treatment strategy. Inflammation is a central pathophysiological feature of the heart in response to both acute and chronic injury, while the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Interleukin (IL)-13, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been known as a critical mediator in allergy and asthma. Recent studies appraise the role of IL-13 in CVDs, revealing that IL-13 is not only involved in more obvious cardiac inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis but also relevant to acute or chronic CVDs of other origins, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. The goal of this review is to summarize the advancement in our knowledge of the regulations and functions of IL-13 in CVDs and to discuss the possible mechanisms of IL-13 involved in CVDs. We highlight that IL-13 may be a promising target for immunotherapy in CVDs.     

Role of interleukin‐15 in cardiovascular diseases

Interleukin (IL)‐15 is a recently identified cytokine, which belongs to the interleukin‐2(IL‐2) family, and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunoreaction. Given the fact that the structure of IL‐15 is partially similar to IL‐2, they share some common biological effects, including immunoregulation. IL‐2 was proven to protect cardiac function in mouse myocardial infarction models. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate the cause of mortality worldwide. Besides atherosclerosis, inflammation is also widely involved in the pathogenesis of many CVDs including hypertension, heart failure (HF) and aneurysm. IL‐15, as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, is up‐regulated in some cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. The current understanding of IL‐15, including its signal pathway and cellular function, was described. Furthermore, IL‐15 has a protective effect in myocardial infarction and myocarditis by decreasing cardiomyocyte death and improving heart function. The inhibited effect of IL‐15 in ductus arteriosus (DA) should be focused on. IL‐15 promoted atherogenesis. IL‐15 may be a good target in treatment of cardiovascular diabetology. Finally, future research direction of IL‐15 deserves attention. Since IL‐15 plays several roles in CVDs, understanding the role of the IL‐15/IL‐15R system may provide a scientific basis for the development of new approaches that use IL‐15 for the treatment of CVDs.     

Protective effects of metformin in various cardiovascular diseases: Clinical evidence and AMPK‐dependent mechanisms

Metformin, a well‐known AMPK agonist, has been widely used as the first‐line drug for treating type 2 diabetes. There had been a significant concern regarding the use of metformin in people with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to its potential lactic acidosis side effect. Currently growing clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that metformin can lower the incidence of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients or even non‐diabetic patients beyond its hypoglycaemic effects. The underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of metformin largely involve the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, of which activation corrects endothelial dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress and improves inflammatory response. In this minireview, we summarized the clinical evidence of metformin benefits in several widely studied cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, ischaemic/reperfusion injury and arrhythmia, both in patients with or without diabetes. Meanwhile, we highlighted the potential AMPK‐dependent mechanisms in in vitro and/or in vivo models.     

Arrhythmogenic risks of stem cell replacement therapy for cardiovascular diseases

Ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure are major contributors to high morbidity and mortality. Approximately 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarction occur annually in the United States; the yearly incidence rate is approximately 600 cases per 100,000 people. Although significant progress to improve the survival rate has been made by medications and implantable medical devices, damaged cardiomyocytes are unable to be recovered by current treatment strategies. After almost two decades of research, stem cell therapy has become a very promising approach to generate new cardiomyocytes and enhance the function of the heart. Along with clinical trials with stem cells conducted in cardiac regeneration, concerns regarding safety and potential risks have emerged. One of the contentious issues is the electrical dysfunctions of cardiomyocytes and cardiac arrhythmia after stem cell therapy. In this review, we focus on the cell sources currently used for stem cell therapy and discuss related arrhythmogenic risk.     

microRNAs与心血管疾病

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长21~25 nt的非编码内源性蛋白质的RNAs,它们在转录后水平调控基因的表达,包括细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等一系列生理进程,影响生物体的生长发育,并与多种疾病相关。随着研究人员对microRNAs参与疾病的发病机制的研究,可能为人类某些疾病的治疗开辟一条新的途径。该文总结miRNAs在调控心血管疾病发生作用方面的研究成果,并对miRNA与心肌肥厚、心肌纤维化、心肌梗死、高血压、心率失常等的关系进行综述和展望。     

Circular RNA: A new expectation for cardiovascular diseases

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a class of RNA with the 5' and 3' ends connected covalently to form a closed loop structure and characterized by high stability, conserved sequences and tissue specificity, which is caused by special reverse splicing methods. Currently, it has become a hot spot for research. With the discovery of its powerful regulatory functions and roles, the molecular mechanisms and future value of circRNA in participating in and regulating biological and pathological processes are becoming increasingly apparent. Among them is the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Many studies have elucidated that circRNA plays a crucial role in the development and progression of CVDs. Therefore, circRNA shows its advantages and brilliant expectations in the field of CVDs. In this review, we describe the biogenesis, bioinformatics detection and function of circRNA and discuss the role of circRNA and its effects on CVDs, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac senescence, pulmonary hypertension, and diabetic cardiomyopathy by different mechanisms. That shows circRNA advantages and brilliant expectations in the field of CVDs.     

Long-term prognostic significance of homocysteine in middle-aged and elderly

Objective: We investigated the association among increased levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events. Methods: Hcy was measured in 670 middle-aged and elderly subjects with no previous manifest cardiovascular disease. The follow-up period was 15 years. Results: Subjects with Hcy?≥?10.8?μmol/l (n?=?231) had a significant higher incidence of all-cause mortality (p?<?0.001) and CV events (p?<?0.001) compared with subjects with Hcy?<?10.8?μmol/l (n?=?439). However, there was no association on high levels of Hcy and VTE events or stroke. Conclusion: Increased levels of Hcy are associated with all-cause mortality and CV events.     

Endocrine organs of cardiovascular diseases: Gut microbiota

Gut microbiota (GM) is a collection of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses and protozoa, etc. They inhabit human intestines and play an essential role in human health and disease. Close information exchange between the intestinal microbes and the host performs a vital role in digestion, immune defence, nervous system regulation, especially metabolism, maintaining a delicate balance between itself and the human host. Studies have shown that the composition of GM and its metabolites are firmly related to the occurrence of various diseases. More and more researchers have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota is a virtual ‘organ’ with endocrine function and the bioactive metabolites produced by it can affect the physiological role of the host. With deepening researches in recent years, clinical data indicated that the GM has a significant effect on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article systematically elaborated the relationship between metabolites of GM and its effects, the relationship between intestinal dysbacteriosis and cardiovascular risk factors, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure and hypertension and the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Regulating the GM is supposed to be a potential new therapeutic target for CVD.     

线粒体融合蛋白2与心血管疾病

线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin2,Mfn2)不仅是一种不可或缺的调控线粒体形态和功能的动力素(dynamin)相关蛋白,还是一个重要的细胞内信号分子,参与调控细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等生命过程。Mfn2与高血压、冠状动脉腔内成形术后再狭窄、动脉粥样硬化、心肌肥厚、心肌氧化损伤等多种心血管疾病的病理生理过程密切相关,并通过调节物质代谢影响糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗等的发病。此外,Mfn2还可能是心血管疾病的一个重要的分子标志和治疗靶分子。     

MicroRNA:新的心血管疾病生物标志物

近年来MicroRNA(miRNA)一直是医学生物学研究的热点。它作为一类非编码的小RNA,参与基因的转录和表达调控,因此人体的众多生命活动和疾病的发生、发展都与miRNA的变化密不可分。miRNA的作用因细胞特异性和目标mRNA的不同而异,miRNA可以通过影响细胞的分裂、增殖、凋亡和再生等表型的变化,参与疾病的损伤与修复过程。特别是近期研究人员进行了基于miRNA的疾病诊治研究,结果预示了良好的应用前景。