Chromosome banding in three species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypsiboas</Emphasis> (Hylidae,Hylinae), with special reference to a new case of B-chromosome in anuran frogs and to the reduction of the diploid number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22 in the genus

The chromosomes of hylids Hypsiboas albopunctatus, H. raniceps, and H. crepitans from Brazil were analyzed with standard and differential staining techniques. The former species presented 2n = 22 and 2n = 23 karyotypes, the odd diploid number is due to the presence of an extra element interpreted as B chromosome. Although morphologically very similar to the small-sized chromosomes of the A complement, the B was promptly recognized, even under standard staining, on the basis of some characteristics that are usually attributed to this particular class of chromosomes. The two other species have 2n = 24, which is the chromosome number usually found in the species of Hypsiboas karyotyped so far. This means that 2n = 22 is a deviant diploid number, resulted from a structural rearrangement, altering the chromosome number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22. Based on new chromosome data, some possibilities were evaluated for the origin of B chromosome in Hypsiboas albopunctatus, as well as the karyotypic evolution in the genus, leading to the reduction in the diploid number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22.     

Chromosomal characteristics and karyotype evolution of Oxyopidae spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae)

We made a cytogenetic analysis of four species of Oxyopidae and compared it with the karyotype data of all species of this family. In Hamataliwa sp, the mitotic cells showed 2n♂ = 26+X(1)X(2) and telocentric chromosomes. The 2n♂ = 28, which has been described for only one oxyopid spider, is the highest diploid number reported for this family. Peucetia species exhibited distinct karyotype characteristics, i.e., 2n♂ = 20+X(1)X(2) in P. flava and 2n♂ = 20+X in P. rubrolineata, revealing interspecific chromosome variability within this genus. However, both Peucetia species exhibited telocentric chromosomes. The most unexpected karyotype was encountered in Oxyopes salticus, which presented 2n♂ = 10+X in most individuals and a predominance of biarmed chromosomes. Additionally, one male of the sample of O. salticus was heterozygous for a centric fusion that originated the first chromosomal pair and exhibited one supernumerary chromosome in some cells. Testicular nuclei of Hamataliwa sp and O. salticus revealed NORs on autosomal pairs, after silver impregnation. The majority of Oxyopidae spiders have their karyotype differentiated by both reduction in diploid number chromosome number and change of the sex chromosome system to X type; however, certain species retain the ancestral chromosome constitution 2n = 26+X1X2. The most remarkable karyotype differentiation occurred in O. salticus studied here, which showed the lowest diploid number ever observed in Oxyopidae and the second lowest registered for Entelegynae spiders.     

杂交鳢(斑鳢 ♀ ×乌鳢 ♂ )及其自交后代细胞核型初步分析

对杂交鳢(斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂)(Channa maculata ♀×C.argus ♂)及其自交后代的细胞核型进行了初步分析.结果表明,杂交鳢染色体数目为2n=45,核型公式为3m+4sm+6st+32t,染色体臂数(NF)为52;杂交鳢自繁后代群体存在两种染色体核型,一是染色体数目为45,核型公式为3m+4sm+6st+...     

安徽黄山木本植物区系中一些种的细胞学研究（Ⅰ）

报道了黄山地区１８种木本植物的染色体数,分属于１５个科中的１８个属,其中１４种和２个属为首次报道;同时对Ａｐｈａｎａｎｔｈｅ,Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅａｒｉａ,Ｌｏｒｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍ,Ｈｏｌｂｏｅｌｌｉａ,Ｐｌａｔｙｃａｒｙａ属的染色体数及其在分类上的意义作了简单讨论。     

Chromosome numbers and karyotypic evolution of Caraboidea

The chromosome numbers of 136 species of the Spanish caraboid fauna were studied. The most frequent karyotypes are 2n=37 (54 species) and 2n=24 (23 species), and the chromosome number ranges from 2n=21 to 2n=69, of which 2n=69 is the highest diploid number hitherto found among the Coleoptera. It is proposed that 2n=37 is the ancestral karyotype of the division Caraboidea and the suborder Adephaga as opposed to that of the suborder Polyphaga, 2n=20. Karyotypic evolution has led to increases and decreases of this number, both tendencies having taken place in four genera. Species of ten genera show a neo-XY bivalent due to an X-autosome fusion. The thirty-three chromosome numbers of Caraboidea reveal that these Coleoptera have a remarkable karyotypical heterogeneity.     

三褶虾脊兰的核型分析

采用压片法研究了三褶虾脊兰[Calanthe triplicata(Willem.)Ames]的染色体数目和核型.结果表明:三褶虾脊兰的染色体数目2n=38,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=38=28m 8sm 2st.主要由中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成.核型分类为2B型,比较对称.     

Ploidy-dependent genomic stability in the tissue cultures of ornamental Phlox drummondii Hook

Comparisons of the chromosome numbers, 2C nuclear DNA amounts and karyomorphology were made in explant cultures of diploid (2n = 2x = 14) and autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) Phlox drummondii. In 6–36 week old calli derived from diploid internodal segment explants, and in cells of root tips regenerated from such callus, marked differences were observed in chromosome number. The chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 14 to 2n = 100 and DNA amounts from 8.20 to 63.20 pg in the diploid derived callus, while the extent of variation was much reduced in the regenerated roots. In contrast, the autotetraploid cultures were characterised by the maintenance of the same chromosome number and DNA amounts as the mother plant. Modified chromosome structures were not apparent in any of the cultures. The possible reasons for the chromosomal instability at the diploid level and stability at the tetraploid level are discussed.     

中国淡水三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的染色体研究(Ⅰ)

利用空气干燥法对不同产地淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行了研究。核型分析表明：河南淇县鱼泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)和浙江杭州龙井三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)体细胞中有16条染色体,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m,均为具中部着丝粒染色体;河南济源不老泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)有24条染色体,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m,亦全部由中部着丝粒染色体组成。上述3个产地淡水三角涡虫染色体的形态较为接近。北京樱桃沟三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的体细胞染色体数目为24,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=22m 2sm,由中部和亚中部着丝粒染色体组成,其中第2、4号各有一条染色体属于亚中部着丝粒染色体。研究结果表明：4个产地三角涡虫的体细胞染色体数目存在较大差异,包括二倍体(2n=2x=16)和三倍体(2n=3x=24),染色体基数属于x=8类型。     

Chromosomal evolution in the vlei rat, Otomys irroratus (Muridae: Otomyinae): a compound chromosomal rearrangement separates two major cytogenetic groups

G- and C-banding delimits two cytogenetic groups within the vlei rat, Otomys irroratus. One has a diploid number of 2n = 24, resulting from a centric fusion of chromosomes 7 and 12 of the O. irroratus standard coupled with a tandem fusion to chromosome 8. The second has a diploid number of 2n = 28, lacks the compound chromosome, and appears to have a far wider geographic distribution within South Africa. Additionally, the two groups differ through the presence of cytotype-specific heterozygous centric fusions and one to three B chromosomes which appear as floating polymorphisms in the 2n = 28 complex.     

Chromosome number of Icelandic Populus tremula

Aspen ( Populus tremula ) from two locations in Iceland, representing the north and the east populations, were examined for its chromosome number. The plants all have diploid chromosome number (2n=2x=38), as with most other aspen populations of this species in Europe. No previous record of chromosome count on the Icelandic material is available. The significance of such chromosome study is discussed. — Flora Nordica Notes no. 22.     

Karyotype analysis,nucleolus organizer regions and C-banding pattern of Eisenia foetida (oligochaeta,lumbricidae)

The diploid number 2n=22 and haploid number n=11 found for Eisenia foetida from Palermo, Italy, confirm earlier data for this species from other localities. Analyses of silver-stained and C-banded mitotic and meiotic chromosomes suggest that a single chromosome pair has active NORs which correspond with C-positive regions. The occurrence of nucleolus activity during spermatogenesis of E. foetida is ascertained.     

Protostrongylus rufescens: a cytogenetic study

The diploid chromosome number of Protostrongylus rufescens is 2n = 11 for males and 2n = 12 for females. So, the sex determinism mechanism is XO/XX. The study of the genetic behaviour of this species has been made. In diakinesis stage the bivalents show typical tetrads with cross, phi, and lineal configurations. The division of the sexual chromosome is prereductional for the first meiotic division.     

The chromosomes of a catfishParasilurus aristotelis from Greece

The karyotype of the catfish,Parasilurus aristotelis, from Lake Trichonis, Greece, shows that the species has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58. Comparison with published data on the karyotypes of other species belonging toParasilurus shows the same chromosome number but different arm numbers. Reported karyological data of the European populations ofSilurus indicate that they have a diploid number of 2n=60. A reduction in chromosome number is assumed to be connected with speciation and, therefore,Parasilurus probably forms a separate group from that ofSilurus.     

山东昆嵛山细形山地涡虫染色体组型的研究

首次报道了胶东半岛昆嵛山细形山地涡虫Phagocata vivida的形态特征,运用组织再生的方法获得中期分裂相分析了体细胞染色体组型,其2倍体细胞具有36条染色体,核型公式为:2n=2x=10m+26sm,并与产于日本的细形山地涡虫核型进行了比较,发现二者染色体数目相同,但核型参数存在一定差别.     

河南省桐柏县两产地日本三角涡虫核型分析

利用空气干燥法对采自河南省桐柏县下虎山和盘古溪两产地日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)的染色体及核型进行了研究。结果表明,日本三角涡虫下虎山种群体细胞中染色体数目以16条为主,染色体基数x=8,为2倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m;日本三角涡虫盘古溪种群体细胞中染色体数目以24条为主,染色体基数x=8,为3倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m。     

秋水仙碱诱变甜菊多倍体的研究

用０．１％秋水仙碱溶液处理甜菊实生苗生长点,可诱变产生甜菊多倍体（四倍体）植株,用８次点滴处理,诱变率可达３１．２５％。染色体数鉴定表明：四倍体甜菊染色体数是２ｎ＝４４,而二倍体甜菊染色体数是２ｎ＝２２．形态学和解剖学的观察表明,四倍体比二倍体甜菊植株的茎矮壮,叶片增大,长度增长２．１倍,宽度扩大２．３倍,叶片加厚１．７倍,叶色更浓绿,叶片气孔数减少,气孔变大。叶片糖苷含量测定表明：四倍体的叶片含量为１５．７％,而二倍体的叶片含量为１０．８％,前者比二倍体叶片含量提高４．９％。     

Chromosome study of Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha, Chilopoda)

The diploid number 2n = 46 and the chromosome arm number NF = 74 are described in Lithobius forficatus from Olsztyn (Poland). Analyses of silver and CMA3-stained mitotic chromosomes suggest that a single chromosome pair has active NORs which correspond to G-C-rich (CMA3-positive) chromatin. Heteromorphism of the largest metacentric chromosome pair was observed. The sex chromosomes were not identified. Size polymorphism of the first chromosome pair was found.     

New chromosome counts in neotropical Albizia, Havardia and Pithecellobium, and a new combination for Albizia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae-Ingeae)

RICO ARCE, M. DE L., 1992. New chromosome counts in neotropical Albizia, Havardia and Pithecellobium , and a new combination for Albizia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae-Ingeae). New chromosome records are given for 11 species and one hybrid in the genera Albizia, Havardia and Pithecellobium , some of which are illustrated. All have the diploid chromosome number 2n = 26, which is widespread in Ingeae with the exception of Calliandra ( 2n = 16 and 22). Additionally, a new combination for the genus Albizia is formalized.     

Reversal and convergence in marsupial chromosome evolution

The karyotypes of marsupial species are characterized by their relatively low number of chromosomes, and their conservation. Most species have diploid numbers lying between the two modes, 2n = 14 and 2n = 22, but the karyotype of Aepyprymnus rufescens is exceptional in containing 2n = 32 chromosomes. Many differences in diploid number between marsupial species can be accounted for by particular fissions and fusions, which are easy to detect because of the low numbers of chromosomes in each karyotype. This should be a system in which it is possible to detect reversals and repeated chromosome rearrangements. We have used chromosome-specific paints derived from A. RUFESCENS to compare the karyotypes of eight marsupial species, representing closely and distantly related taxa, to trace chromosome change during evolution, and especially to detect reversals and convergence. From these and other painting comparisons, we conclude that there have been at least three reversals of fusions by fissions, and at least three fusions or fissions that have occurred independently in different lineages.     

国产香茶菜属十三个分类群的细胞学研究

对国产11种2变种共16个居群的香茶菜属植物的染色体数目进行了研究。除线纹香茶菜细花变种以外,其它种类的染色体数目均为首次报道。研究结果表明,有12个物种为二倍体,其染色体数目均为2n=24,推测该属植物的染色体基数为x=12。而细锥香茶菜既有染色体数目为2n=24的居群,也存在2n=48的居群,表明该种为二倍体或四倍体,同时2n=48的染色体数目也是香茶菜属内的首次报道。