濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对巴东木莲目前残留的两个最大居群,小溪居群的40个个体和桑植居群的28个个体等位酶遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究,以揭示两居群遗传变异的空间模式,并探讨其形成机制及与巴东木莲致濒原因、过程之间的关系。根据检测出来的8个酶系统的19个酶位点,选择基因频率大于01小于09的等位基因,运用等样本频率和等地理距离间隔两种方法分别计算两居群不同距离等级下的Moran''s I空间自相关系数。结果表明：小尺度的小溪居群等位基因的遗传变异缺乏空间结构,为随机分布模式。巴东木莲生境片断化的桑植居群则是相反的结果,遗传变异存在明显的空间结构,遗传变异空间分布为斑块状。造成这种差别的原因可能是桑植居群片断化和地理隔离造成的基因流的限制。上述结果为进一步制定有效的巴东木莲的保育措施提供科学的理论依据。     

猕猴桃自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析

本研究采用空间自相关分析方法对同域分布的中华猕猴桃(Actinidiachinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A.deliciosa)自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究,以探讨猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的分布特征。选用的9对SSR引物在两物种中共扩增出104个等位基因。选择频率在20–80%的SSR等位基因,运用等样本对频率方法分别对同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃各1个居群及其中华/美味猕猴桃复合居群进行了空间自相关系数Moran’sI值计算。结果表明:中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的遗传变异在居群内均存在着一定程度的空间结构,尽管近半数或半数以上的等位基因在居群内表现为随机分布的空间模式,但也有相当比例(29.6–48.0%)的等位基因在种内居群中和复合居群中(河南西峡51.0%,陕西商南44.7%)呈现渐变、衰退、双向衰退或侵扰模式。而且其居群内遗传变异的空间分布规律,不论是在种内还是复合居群中都基本一致:相距在100m以内,特别是30m范围内的个体间的等位基因表现出显著性的正相关,但随着地理距离的增大逐渐显示出负相关,说明猕猴桃属植物的有效传粉距离可能在100m左右,种子散播主要集中在30m的近距离内。猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的空间结构是其传粉和种子散播等生物学特性与生境共同作用的结果,其中种子近距离的散播、花粉传播的有限距离及人为干扰是最主要的因素。本研究结果揭示了这两个近缘物种居群遗传变异的空间分布特征及相互关系,有助于进一步探讨猕猴桃属植物的遗传变异、居群扩散及其地理系统发育进化等方面的规律,并为制定相应的保育策略和措施提供基础数据和科学依据。     

中国板栗居群间等位酶基因频率的空间分布

中国板栗21个自然群间等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析及F－统计分析结果表明：其多数等位基因频率在居群间呈随机分布模式,缺乏一定的空间结构;而部分等位基因表现为渐变或双向渐变的非随机分布模式,又具有特定空间结构。中国板栗遗传变异空间结构模式的形成可能是长距离基因流、自然气候、人类活动、地理距离隔离等诸因素综合作用的结果。文中还就居群等位基因分布格局的成因进行了讨论：在第四纪冰川后,中国板栗以长江流域中下游的孑遗中心为起点,等位基因分别沿着向北和向南的不同方向迁移形成现在的居群结构;季风气候和人类活动干扰是削弱居群分化的主要因素,而基于环境梯度的选择,是形成由北向南渐变分布的原因。     

水杉孑遗居群AFLP遗传变异的空间分布

本研究采用空间自相关分析方法对水杉 (Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)孑遗居群AFLP遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究 ,以探讨水杉孑遗居群遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。根据 6对AFLP选择性引物扩增的 46个多态性位点 ,选择了其表型频率在 2 5 %～ 75 %的 2 7个AFLP标记 ,运用等样本频率方法和等地理距离间隔方法分别对 3 9株和 3 7株原生母树进行了空间自相关系数Moran’sI值计算。结果表明 :水杉孑遗居群缺乏空间结构 ,绝大多数AFLP位点变异为随机分布的空间模式 ,但也有少数位点存在显著性随机相关 ,在 4～ 8km地理距离间隔显示负相关 ,说明该间隔可能是水杉孑遗居群的部分基因交流的有效屏障。水杉原生母树分布存在 12～ 2 8km的明显距离间隔空挡 ,说明人类从迁入该区域起就影响着水杉孑遗居群的原始生境 ,导致其生境片断化、景观破碎 ,进而形成岛屿状分布格局 ,并引起了水杉残留居群的随机遗传漂变。根据本研究结果 ,结合水杉孑遗居群较低的遗传多样性 ,分析探讨了水杉孑遗居群濒危的机理 ,并提出了相应的保育策略 ,为水杉的有效保育提供了科学依据     

巴东木莲等位酶的遗传多样性

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对中国特有濒危植物巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis Hu)的遗传多样性进行了初步的分析。通过对8个酶系统18个酶位点的检测,结果表明,巴东木莲具有较高的遗传多样性。种水平多态位点的百分数(Ps)为66．7,平均预期杂合度(He)为0．178。高于多年生木本植物的平均水平。居群间分化系数为0．107,说明巴东木莲的遗传变异的89．3％来自于居群内。     

濒危植物巴东木莲的分布及保护策略

为了研究中国特有物种国家二级保护植物巴东木莲(Manglietiapatungensis)的濒危机制,对巴东木莲的分布现状、生境进行了野外调查。原生巴东木莲的空间分布范围是北纬28°47′10″～30°51′53″,东经107°9′～110°38′9″;垂直分布为海拔374～1029m。湖北咸丰县尖山乡和湖南桑植五道水乡杨家坪村为巴东木莲的新分布点。从整体来看,巴东木莲的分布是不连续的、零星的,而且范围很狭窄;分布区的环境条件差异大。人类对巴东木莲的不合理利用及生境片断化是造成其野生资源迅速减少和许多现有种群不能自然更新的主要原因。还对巴东木莲的分布现状提出了相关的保护措施。只有采取保护优先、合理开发的措施,才可获得资源的可持续性利用。     

植物居群遗传变异的空间自相关分析

本文介绍了植物遗传变异空间自相关分析的理论、方法与应用 ,包括将基因型作为绝对型数据与等位基因频率作为连续型数据进行自相关分析的基本方法等。并对影响植物居群遗传变异空间结构的因素以及研究居群内遗传结构的重要意义作了评述     

植物居群遗传变异的空间自相关分析

本文介绍了植物遗传变异空间自相关分析的理论、方法与应用,包括将基因型作为绝对型数据与等位基因频率作为连续型数据进行自相关分析的基本方法等。并对影响植物居群遗传变异空间结构的因素以及研究居群内遗传结构的重要意义作了评述。     

濒危物种巴东木莲的等位酶遗传多样性及其保护策略

为了确定中国特有濒危植物巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis)的就地保护优先单元和制定迁地保护的取样策略,采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳技术对巴东木莲的7个野生居群的等位酶遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析。通过对8个酶系统19个酶位点的分析结果来看,巴东木莲具有较高的遗传多样性和一定程度的遗传分化。每位点平均等位基因数（A）为1.57,多态位点百分率（P）为48.1%,平均预期杂合度（H_e）为0.192。巴东木莲居群间的遗传分化系数（G_ST）为0.165,说明其16.5％的遗传变异存在于居群间;基于遗传分化系数计算的基因流（N_m）为1.27,说明居群间存在适度的基因流;固定指数(F)为-0.191,显示巴东木莲居群杂合体轻微过量,纯合体略显不足。本研究表明,目前巴东木莲仍具有较高的遗传多样性并且在其适宜生境中可以完成自然更新,因此应采取以就地保护为主的综合保育策略。     

准噶尔无叶豆5个自然居群ISSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)5个居群遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究。根据8对ISSR引物扩增的多态性位点,选择了基因频率在30–70%的ISSR位点,运用GenAlEx6和SAAP4.3软件以及地理距离间隔方法分别计算了5个居群的空间自相关系数。结果表明:准噶尔无叶豆居群具有明显的空间遗传结构,绝大多数ISSR位点变异呈非随机分布。位于沙漠腹地的B、D居群和位于沙漠东缘的F居群的遗传变异呈现渐变模式,分别在7m,7m及9m范围内个体呈现显著正相关,推测与克隆繁殖占绝对优势、有性更新罕见发生有关,而克隆大小的差别则主要由微生境差异所引起。位于沙漠北缘的G居群的遗传变异呈现双向渐变模式,在3m内个体呈现显著正相关,这与该居群实生幼苗增补密切相关,但花粉和种子的有限散布所导致的距离隔离对该居群空间遗传结构产生了重要影响。而沙漠腹地的A居群呈现衰退模式,是因为小居群增加了近交的几率,并引起了遗传漂变。     

Analysis of within-population spatial genetic structure in Antirrhinum microphyllum (Scrophulariaceae)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the spatial genetic structure in two populations (Bolarque and Entrepe?as) of endangered cliff specialist Antirrhinum microphyllum Rothm. (Scrophulariaceae). Mantel tests found no significant linear correlations between geographic and genetic data. However, redundancy analysis (RDA) models developed using the spatial data as the constraining matrix were highly significant, and spatial data explained 13.6% and 11.1% of total genetic variation in Bolarque and Entrepe?as, respectively. Moran's I correlograms and Mantel correlograms revealed a positive autocorrelation in the first distance class (15 m), which suggests a patchy distribution of genetic diversity. This distribution is consistent with the genetic vicinities that are expected from the territorial behavior of main pollinator Rhodanthidium sticticum (Megachilidae), the predominant short-distance seed dispersal, and the patchy spatial distribution of available safe sites. The gradient pattern obtained in Entrepe?as was consistent with standard isolation-by-distance models. However, a differential sinusoidal pattern was obtained in Bolarque, which would indicate a more frequent gene flow between patches and might be due to lower plant density there. The spatial genetic structure coexists with a strict self-incompatibility system in the species. Simplified RDA models obtained using a stepwise forward selection comprised the easting component in Entrepe?as and the easting and northing components in Bolarque. Similar results were obtained with directional correlograms. These differential patterns can be explained by the distinct spatial arrangement of the populations (linear and bidimensional in Entrepe?as and Bolarque, respectively).     

用分子标记揭示植物随机大居群中亚居群的遗传结构——茅栗自然居群空间遗传结构的SSR分析

采用微卫星标记对茅栗(Castanea sequinii)随机大居群以及其中各亚居群的遗传结构进行了空间自相关分析,以探讨植物自然居群内遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。通过9对微卫星引物所产生的119个多态位点,测定了大别山区域内茅栗居群以及各亚居群的空间自相关系数Moran's I值。结果表明:大别山分布的野生茅栗为一个缺乏空间结构的随机大居群,茅栗亚居群之间频繁的花粉流削弱了地理隔离导致的遗传漂变或分化作用在维系居群随机遗传结构中具有的重要作用。但是,在接近亚居群大小的地域范围内(0.228 km)具有一定的空间结构,即小地域尺度中的亚居群存在着空间遗传结构。取样的3个亚居群在小格局范围内都存在一定的空间结构,遗传变异基本上呈非随机分布,在短距离内(61 m)3个亚居群一致表现出不同程度的显著正相关,而随着距离的增加,Moran's I值虽然在不同亚居群间存在一定差异变化,但是总体而言趋向预期值,即不存在空间结构,说明其遗传变异在亚居群内只是在短距离内形成一定的空间结构。研究认为有限的种子散播以及微生境选择等因素可能是产生这种小格局的遗传结构的主要原因。上述研究结果有助于进一步了解植物随机大居群的进化历史和生态过程,同时也为栗属植物中国特有种的保育策略提供了科学依据。     

Subpopulation genetic structure of a plant panmictic population of Castanea sequinii as revealed by microsatellite markers

Castanea squinii Dode,an endemic tree widely distributed in China,plays an important role both in chestnut breeding and forest ecosystem function.The spatial genetic structure within and among populations is an important part of the evolutionary and ecological genetic dynamics of natural populations,and can provide insights into effective conservation of genetic resources.In the present study,the spatial genetic structure of a panmictic natural population of C.sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was investigated using microsatellite markers.Nine prescreened microsatellite loci generated 29-33 alleles each,and were used for spatial autocorrelation analysis.Based on Moran's I coefficient,a panmictic population of C.sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was found to be lacking a spatial genetic structure.These results suggest that a high pollen-mediated gene flow among subpopulations counteract genetic drift and/or genetic differentiation and plays an important role in maintaining a random and panmictic population structure in C.sequinii populations.Further,a spatial genetic structure was detected in each subpopulation's scale (0.228 km),with all three subpopulations showing significant fine-scale structure.The genetic variation was found to be nonrandomly distributed within 61 m in each subpopulation (Moran's I positive values).Although Moran's I values varied among the different subpopulations,Moran's I in all the three subpopulations reached the expected values with an increase in distances,suggesting a generally patchy distribution in the subpopulations.The fine-scale structure seems to reflect restricted seed dispersal and microenvironment selection in C.sequinii.These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary history and ecological process of the natural population of C.sequinii and provide baseline data for formulating a conservation strategy of Castanea species.     

Genetic structure of Camellia japonica L. in an old-growth evergreen forest, Tsushima, Japan

The spatial genetic structure of Camellia japonica was investigated, using microsatellite markers, in a 4-ha permanent plot within an old-growth forest. Spatial distribution of individuals was also assessed to obtain an insight into spatial relationships between individuals and alleles. Morisita's index of dispersion showed that 518 C. japonica individuals in the plot were clumped, and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation coefficient revealed weak genetic structure, indicating a low level of allele clustering. Average I correlograms showed that there was stronger genetic structure over short-distance classes. The clumped distribution of individuals and the positive autocorrelation over short-distance classes may result from the limited seed dispersal and microsite heterogeneity of the stand, while the genetic structure may be weakened by overlapping seed shadow and extensive pollen flow, mediated by animal vectors, and the high outcrossing rate found in C. japonica.     

中国栗疫病菌群体遗传结构的空间自相关性分析

应用空间自相关分析方法对中国栗疫病菌17个居群RAPD遗传变异的空间结构进行研究,以探讨栗疫病菌居群遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。结果表明：中国栗疫病菌居群缺乏空间结构,绝大多数RAPD位点变异为随机分布的空间模式,但部分位点表现出渐变、斑块和双向渐变的非随机分布模式,又显示了一定的空间结构。推测其形成原因可能是长距离的基因流、人类活动、地理隔离以及栗疫病菌本身的繁殖特性综合作用的结果,并依据部分位点呈单向渐变的模式推测西南地区为中国栗疫病菌的起源中心。     

Spatial genetic structure of two sympatric neotropical palms with contrasting life histories

The spatial genetic structure within sympatric populations of two neotropical dioecious palm species with contrasting life histories was characterized to evaluate the influence of life history traits on the extent of genetic isolation by distance. Chamaedorea tepejilote is a common wind-pollinated arboreal understory palm. Chamaedorea elatior is an uncommon climbing subcanopy palm with entomophilous pollination syndrome. A total of 59 allozyme alleles for C. tepejilote and 53 alleles for C. elatior was analyzed using both unweighted (Iu) and weighted (Iw) Moran's I spatial autocorrelation statistics. The spatial genetic structure detected within these populations is consistent with those reported for highly dispersed plants. A significance test for differences between mean Moran's I-coefficients revealed less spatial genetic structure within the C. tepejilote population than that in the C. elatior population. Adjacent individuals of C. elatior exhibited significant spatial genetic autocorrelation (Iu=0.039, Iw=0.034), indicating a Wright's neighborhood size of about 100 individuals. For C. tepejilote, nonrandom genetic distribution among nearest neighbors was detected, even from small spatial autocorrelation values (Iu=0.008, Iw=0.009), consistent with a neighborhood size of about 300 individuals. For both species, seed dispersal, mortality among life cycle stages, overlapping generations, and contrasting traits of mating and reproduction influence the standing spatial genetic structure within populations.     

Clonal and fine-scale genetic structure in populations of a restricted Korean endemic, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae) and the implications for conservation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In plant populations the magnitude of spatial genetic structure of apparent individuals (including clonal ramets) can be different from that of sexual individuals (genets). Thus, distinguishing the effects of clonal versus sexual individuals in population genetic analyses could provide important insights for evolutionary biology and conservation. To investigate the effects of clonal spread on the fine-scale spatial genetic structure within plant populations, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae), an endemic species to Korea, was chosen as a study species. METHODS: Using allozymes as genetic markers, spatial autocorrelation analysis of ramets and of genets was conducted to quantify the spatial scale of clonal spread and genotype distribution in two populations of H. jonesii. KEY RESULTS: Join-count statistics revealed that most clones are significantly aggregated at < 3-m interplant distance. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of all individuals resulted in significantly higher Moran's I values at 0-3-m interplant distance than analyses of population samples in which clones were excluded. However, significant fine-scale genetic structure was still observed when clones were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that clones enhance the magnitude of spatial autocorrelation due to localized clonal spread. The significant fine-scale genetic structure detected in samples excluding clones is consistent with the biological and ecological traits exhibited by H. jonesii including bee pollination and limited seed dispersal. For conservation purposes, genetic diversity would be maximized in local populations of H. jonesii by collecting or preserving individuals that are spaced at least 5 m apart.     

Genetic structure of age classes in Camellia japonica (Theaceae)

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae), an insect- and bird-pollinated, broad-leaved evergreen tree, is widely distributed in Japan and the southern Korean peninsula. The species has a relatively even age distribution within populations, which may influence the spatial genetic structure of different age classes relative to species with typical L-shaped age distributions. To determine whether the internal spatial genetic structure found in seedlings and young individuals carries over into adults, we used allozyme loci, F-statistics, spatial autocorrelation statistics (Moran's I), and coancestry measures to examine changes in genetic structure among seven age classes in a population (60-m x 100-m area) in southern Korea. In seedlings, weak but significant positive values of Moran's I-statistics and coancestry measures were found for distances less than 14 m, which is consistent with a mechanism of limited seed dispersal combined with overlapping seed shadows. This spatial structure, however, dissipates in older age classes, and in adults genetic variation has an essentially random spatial distribution. Morisita's index of dispersion of individuals in each age class showed that seedlings and juveniles are more highly clustered than are older individuals. These results suggest that self-thinning changes the spatial relationships of individuals, and thus genotypes. A multilocus estimate of FST (0.008) shows a small but statistically significant difference in allele frequencies among age classes. In summary, intrapopulation genetic structure within and among age classes of C. japonica was significant but weak. Despite presumably limited seed dispersal, weak spatial genetic structure in juveniles suggests overlapping seed shadows followed by self-thinning during recruitment. The present study also demonstrates that studies of spatial genetic structure focusing on limited numbers of generations may not be sufficient to reveal the entire picture of genetic structure in populations with overlapping generations.     

安徽黄山青冈种群遗传结构的空间自相关分析

以黄山－青冈（Ｃyclobalanopsis glauca)种群为例,研究了种群内等位基因的空间格局,在种群内,大多数等位基因的Moran'sI数大于期望值,但只有两个等位基因存在显著的正空间自相关;如果考虑不同的无性系分株时,大多数等位基因在短距离内存在显著的空间自相关。相关图表明不同距离间隔,Moran'sI指数变化无规律,表明没有哪个进化因子起决定作用,但无性系繁殖在空间自相关中起重要作用,尤其是在近距离。