阴道毛滴虫染色体组型观察

采用火焰干燥法制备阴道毛滴虫染色体标本,按 Levan等方法,进行核型分析。阴道毛滴虫的染色体数目为n＝10,2n ＝20,染色体的组型为3m、3sm、1st和3T。 Abstract：　The chromosomes ofTrichomonas vaginaliswere prepared by flame-drying method. Data of chromosome were measured and calculated. According to Levan's method, analysis of karyotype was described. The results showed that the chromosome number ofT. vaginalisconsisted of twenty pairs(2n=20) and chromosome type was 3m, 3sm, 1st and 3T.     

组蛋白与转录因子在hAMFR基因启动子序列上的结合及相互作用

采用从鸡红细胞中分离纯化的组蛋白Ｈ１,核心组蛋白Ｈ２Ａ＋Ｈ２Ｂ和Ｈ３＋Ｈ４,以及从ＨｅＬａ细胞中萃取的含有ＲＮＡ聚合酶Ⅱ和多种Ⅱ类基因转录因子的可溶性ＨｅＬａ细胞核抽提物,通过凝胶迟滞电泳,对组蛋白和ＨｅＬａ细胞核抽提物中的转录因子在人自泌移动因子受体（Ｈｕｍａｎａｕｔｏｃｒｉｎｅｍｏｔｉｌｉｔｙｆａｃｔｏｒ,简称ｈＡＭＦＲ）基因上游启动子序列的相互作用关系进行了初步研究,得到以下结论,组蛋白Ｈ１     

三个家猪品种和rob易位群染色体分带多态性的比较

对家猪不同品种及家系间的染色体组型、C-带、Ag-NORs多态性进行的研究表明：杜洛克猪、约克夏猪、长白猪体细胞染色体数2n=38,核型2n=10sm+12m+4st+12t, 而13/17易位纯合子猪（36, rob. 13/17）的体细胞染色体数2n=36,核型2n=10sm+12m+6st+8t; 13/17易位杂合子猪（37,rob. 13/17）的体细胞染色体数目为 2n＝37,核型为2n=10sm+12m+5st+10t。5种家猪的C-带在13～18号染色体上存在大、中、小三种类型, 且呈多态性分布。杜洛克猪、约克夏猪、长白猪、13/17易位纯合子猪、13/17易位杂合子猪的Ag-NORs均数分别为2.05、2.06、2.00、1.99、1.98,说明Ag－NORs在品种、个体及细胞间具有多态性。 Abstract:The present experiment is carried out to make comparative stdy on polymorphism of chromosome Karyotypes, C-band ?and Ag-NORs of different breeds and strains in domestic Pigs. The results showed that the chromosome number of somatic cell in Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace Pig Was 38 and the karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+4st+12t. But in heterozygous Rob 13/17(37, rob. 13/17) Pig, the chromosome number of somatic cell was 37 andthe karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+5st+10t, while in homozygousRob 13/17(36, rob. 13/17) Pig, the somatic cell chromosome number was 36 and the karyotype was 2n=10sm+12m+6st+8t. It was also showed that there were three C-band types in size on chromosome No. 13-18 showing polymorphism in three breeds and two strains of domestic Pigs. The average of Ag-NORs in Duroc, yorkshire,Landrace, homozygous Rob. 13/17 and heterozygous Rob. 13/17 Pig was 2.05, 2.06, 2.00, 1.99 and 1.98, respectively. It is suggested that Ag-NORs have polymorphism among strains, which can be used as a genetic index to analyse relationships among domestic animals with high reliability.     

赤链蛇染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs的研究

以骨髓细胞为材料研究赤链蛇的染色体,结果表明该物种2n=46,由8对大型的和15对微小的染色体组成,AF=50.性染色体的大小介于3号和4号之间,为ZW型;8对大型染色体均显示着丝粒C带,1-6号还显示浅染端粒C带.W染色体为整条C带阳性;该物种一对NOR位于7号染色体近着丝粒区.不同地理分布群赤链蛇核型可能经历过Z与W染色体不等交换。 Abstract:The Karyotype,C-bands and Ag-NORs of Dinodon rufozonaturn (Cantor) reported is in this paper including the diploid number(2n=46)comprising 8 pairs of macro-and 15 pairs of microchromosomes,and AF=50 in the D.rufozonatum.The sex chromosome in size locates between the autochromosones No.3 and No.4,which belongs to ZW type.The C-banding technique revealed that the all macrochromosomes there are centromerc C band,the telomeric C band was only observed in Nos.1~6,while a whole W chromosome is constitutive heterochromatinization.Two NOR were observed on the pericentric of the No.7 chromosome.     

棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究

以骨髓细胞为材料研究了棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种的染色体, 结果表明,该物种的2n=36,由8对大型的和10对微小的染色体组成,AF=50。No.4为性染色体(ZW型);所有大型染色体均显示端粒深染C带,但仅NO.2、3、5和Z染色体显示着丝粒浅染C带。W染色体为整条C带阳性;该物种一对NOR分布于微小染色体。锦蛇属核型可能经历过染色体间的着丝粒融合的罗伯逊易位。 Abstract:This paper reports the karyotype,C-bands and Ag-NORs of Elaphe schrenckii anomala(Boulenger).The diploid number,2n=36,comprising 8 pairs of macro- and 10 pairs of microchromosomes in the E.s.anomala.AF=50.The No.4 is sex chromosome,which belong to ZW type.The C-banding technique revealed telomeric constitutive heterochromatin in the whole macrochromosome.But the centromeric C band was only observed in No.2,3,5 and Z chromosome,while a whole W chromosome is constitutive heterochromatinization.Two NORs was observed in group of microchromosome.     

毛冠鹿B染色体多态及遗传机制探讨

采用原代培养和传代培养法, 对1头毛冠鹿的胚肺组织细胞进行观察,发现一种新的核型,其二倍体染色体数目为2n=48,核型公式为2M+2ST+42T+XX,出现1对大的末端着丝粒染色体,C-带显示该染色体与已报道的相关染色体同源,首次提出毛冠鹿B染色体多态,对其传递机制进行了探讨。 Abstract:　Primary culture and subculture were adopted using lung cells of a female Elaphodus cephalophus' embryo. A new karyotype and a pair of big telocentric chromosomes were found. The diploid has 48 chromosomes, and the karyotype formula is 2M+2ST+42T+XX. C-banding analysis shows that these chromosomes are homologous with those reported relevant chromosomes. This article is the first to report the polymorphism of Elophodus cephalophus B-chromosomes and studies it's transmitted mechanism.     

蝗虫染色体C带带型示意图的计算机绘制

该程序用C语言和FoxPro混合编写,把C语言的绘图优势和FoxPro强大的制表优势完美地结合起来, 通过输入实验测量的有关数据,可显示和打印出蝗虫C带带型的示意图,并可显示和打印出数据的统计表,以便于同模式图进行对照分析,并可将有关数据进行贮存。该程序稍作改动后可推广到其他动植物的C带以及其他带型示意图的绘制中。 Abstract:Using this program,we can draw all chromosomes of a species in line.Moreover,it can express centromere C-band,terminal C-band and internal C-band of each chromosome.This program not only can be used for locusts,after a little change,it can be used for all animals and plants.     

阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白基因的原核表达

目的在原核细胞中表达阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin,Fd)基因。方法构建阴道毛滴虫Fd基因的原核表达重组质粒pUC19-Fd,转化大肠埃希菌JM109感受态细胞中,异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导蛋白质表达。结果经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和免疫印迹(Western blot)分析,重组质粒在大肠埃希菌中表达出Fd。结论在大肠埃希菌中表达出了Fd。     

乳酸杆菌的代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫的影响

目的研究乳酸杆菌代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫的杀伤作用。方法检测不同浓度的乳酸杆菌代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫在不同作用时间下的杀伤率。结果乳酸杆菌代谢产物浓度10%,作用时间2 h、4 h和6 h体外培养毛滴虫的杀伤率分别为26.43%、37.47%和46.35%;浓度25%时杀伤率分别为43.56%、74.65%和90.15%;浓度50%杀伤率分别为92.36%、95.23%和99.01%。结论乳酸杆菌代谢产物的浓度越高,对体外培养的毛滴虫的杀伤力越大,作用时间越长,效果越好。     

Trichomonas vaginalis: observation of coexistence of multiple viruses in the same isolate

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated, parasitic protozoan that inhabits the urogenital tract of humans. Some isolates of T. vaginalis are infected with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, which was described in the literature as homogeneous icosahedral viral particles with an isometric symmetry and 33 nm in diameter. This study examined in detail the viral particles in T. vaginalis isolate 347 and describes a heterogeneous population of viral particles. The different dsRNA viruses were only observed after a change in the technique. The sample was prepared by the negative staining carbon-film method directly onto freshly cleft mica. The detected viruses ranged in size from 33 to 200 nm. Among the shapes observed were filamentous, cylindrical, and spherical particles. These results show that T. vaginalis may be a reservoir for several different dsRNA viruses simultaneously.     

荆芥体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨荆芥体外杀灭阴道毛滴虫的作用机制。方法将浓度为1∶4的荆芥水提液作用于体外培养的阴道毛滴虫,并采用透射电镜观察经药物作用2 h和4 h后阴道毛滴虫的超微结构变化。结果荆芥作用后阴道毛滴虫多聚核糖体解聚,粗面内质网脱颗粒,胞质内可见大量空泡;随药物作用时间延长,核膜不完整,核质变疏松;最终,胞膜破损,内容物外溢,虫体死亡。结论荆芥可破坏阴道毛滴虫的内膜系统,具有较强的抗滴虫作用。     

A systematic identification of Kolobok superfamily transposons in Trichomonas vaginalis and sequence analysis on related transposases

Transposons are sequence elements widely distributed among genomes of all three kingdoms of life, providing genomic changes and playing significant roles in genome evolution. Trichomonas vaginalis is an excellent model system for transposon study since its genome ( ～ 160 Mb) has been sequenced and is composed of ～65% transposons and other repetitive elements. In this study, we primarily report the identification of Kolobok-type transposons (termed tvBac) in T. vaginalis and the results of transposase sequence analysis. We categorized 24 novel subfamilies of the Kolobok element, including one autonomous subfamily and 23 non-autonomous subfamilies. We also identified a novel H2CH motif in tvBac transposases based on multiple sequence alignment. In addition, we supposed that tvBac and Mutator transposons may have evolved independently from a common ancestor according to our phylogenetic analysis. Our results provide basic information for the understanding of the function and evolution of tvBac transposons in particular and other related transposon families in general.     

Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichomonas vaginalis Cause Apoptosis in Mouse Sperm in Vitro

Excretory-secretory products (ESP) of T. vaginalis have been shown to inhibit sperm motility, viability, and functional integrity, leading to a decreased fertilization rate in vitro. This study investigated whether T. vaginalis induce apoptosis and ultrastructural changes of sperm using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Incubation of sperm with T. vaginalis ESP increased phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Transmission electron microscopy of sperm incubated with ESP revealed abnormal features such as distorted heads, broken necks, and acrosomes exocytosis. This is the first report that demonstrates a direct impact of T. vaginalis ESP on sperm apoptosis and architecture in vitro.     

探讨荆芥体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果

目的探讨荆芥体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果。方法将不同浓度的荆芥水提液作用于体外培养的阴道毛滴虫,于药物作用后不同时问记录毛滴虫的死亡率,并在光镜下观察药物作用前后毛滴虫的形态变化,同时与白头翁和青蒿的体外杀虫效果相比较。结果荆芥的杀虫效果与药物浓度和作用时间呈正相关。荆芥水提液触杀阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为1：4。3种中药中,白头翁的杀虫效果最好,与另2种中药相比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）;荆芥与青蒿的作用效果接近（P〉0．05）。荆芥作用后毛滴虫体内充满大量颗粒和空泡,部分虫体裂解、内容物外溢。结论荆芥具有较强的抗阴道毛滴虫作用。     

Phagocytosis by Trichomonas vaginalis: new insights

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease. The phagocytic activity of this parasite has not been completely elucidated. In order to better understand the mechanisms of trichomonal phagocytosis, we have studied the in vitro capacity of T. vaginalis to phagocytose and degrade Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: To analyse the phagocytic ability and capacity, two isolates of T. vaginalis presenting different virulence grades were used. Complementary techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy, computer-based fluorescence analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the use of drugs that interfere with the actin microfilaments, were used in order to follow the behaviour of the actin cytoskeleton during phagocytosis of yeast cells by T. vaginalis. It was concluded that: (1) T. vaginalis changes its shape rapidly and engulfs the yeast cells, which are almost as large as the parasite; (2) long-term and fresh cultures are able to phagocytose, although the low-virulence strain JT demonstrated a lower activity when compared with the highly virulent T016 isolate; (3) the T016 strain exhibited an amoeboid morphology during the internalization of yeast cells in contrast with the JT strain; (4) attachment of yeast cells to the parasite occurs via the whole cell surface, including both anterior and recurrent flagella; (5) two forms of phagocytosis were observed: a 'sinking' process without any apparent participation of plasma membrane extensions and the classical phagocytosis where pseudopodia are extended toward the target cell; (6) the internalized S. cerevisiae are digested in lysosomes; (7) competitor sugars D-mannose or L-fucose inhibit the phagocytosis, and inhibition was 1.67 times higher in long-term cultured JT than that of the parasites from fresh isolate T016; (8) a thick layer of actin microfilaments was present underlying the plasma membrane, and especially in the pseudopodia and around the phagocytosed particles; (9) a dramatic change in the distribution pattern of fibrillar actin occurred during phagocytosis; (10) cytochalasin D depressed the phagocytosis; (11) a non-specific recognition and phagocytosis of yeast cells by T. vaginalis is mediated by a mannose receptor present on the parasite surface; (12) the phagocytic process may occur simultaneously during mitosis of the parasite.     

A potentially functional mariner transposable element in the protist Trichomonas vaginalis

Mariner transposable elements encoding a D,D34D motif-bearing transposase are characterized by their pervasiveness among, and exclusivity to, animal phyla. To date, several hundred sequences have been obtained from taxa ranging from cnidarians to humans, only two of which are known to be functional. Related transposons have been identified in plants and fungi, but their absence among protists is noticeable. Here, we identify and characterize Tvmar1, the first representative of the mariner family to be found in a species of protist, the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. This is the first D,D34D element to be found outside the animal kingdom, and its inclusion in the mariner family is supported by both structural and phylogenetic analyses. Remarkably, Tvmar1 has all the hallmarks of a functional element and has recently expanded to several hundred copies in the genome of T. vaginalis. Our results show that a new potentially active mariner has been found that belongs to a distinct mariner lineage and has successfully invaded a nonanimal, single-celled organism. The considerable genetic distance between Tvmar1 and other mariners may have valuable implications for the design of new, high-efficiency vectors to be used in transfection studies in protists.