植物叶脉标本简单制作方法及基于Image J软件的叶脉图像分析

采用5%氢氧化钾沸水浴对12种植物叶片进行处理,结合超声波清洗使叶肉及表皮脱离,经漂白、染色制成叶脉标本。使用数码相机及显微镜对标本进行成像,利用Image J软件MINA工具宏的分析步骤对图像进行分析,测定12种植物叶脉的密度、分支密度、交点密度、端点密度,并通过手动追踪验证测量结果的准确性。结果表明,该方法可快速获得清晰完整的叶脉网络结构图,并且可以运用Image J软件MINA工具宏的分析步骤对叶脉进行分析。与传统的氢氧化钠组织透明法比较,该方法处理时间短,叶脉网络结构完整清晰,用Image J软件可准确测量叶脉密度。     

一种使用Image J重构昆虫感器支配神经的方法

【目的】Image J是一款基于Java的完全开源软件,本文通过Image J重构昆虫感器支配神经,以期提供一种开源的三维重构方法。【方法】Image J重构包括调整系列图片亮度及对比度、图像校准、手动绘制填色图片、导入填色图片、通过图形工作站运行3D Viewer。【结果】基于ImageJ,完成了灰飞虱触角盘状感器支配神经的三维重构,重构模型生动展示了盘状感器支配神经元组的数量及空间延展关系。在三维查看器中可旋转、放大三维模型观察精细结构,也可调整阈值观察特定结构,还可调整模型透明度及模型整体颜色。【结论】ImageJ具有广阔的升级空间和应用前景,有望为昆虫、其他节肢动物及生物组织的三维重构提供有力支持。     

紫花苜蓿复合体(Medicago sativa complex)叶片形态特征及数量分类研究

运用比较形态学和比较解剖学方法,使用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对紫花苜蓿复合体(Medicago sativa complex)6个分类群的叶片形态特征和叶片解剖结构进行了观察和比较,并以15个叶片表征形态性状为基础,采用聚类分析法(UPGMA)和主成分分析方法(PCA)对6个分类群进行了数量分类研究.观察结果表明:各分类群叶片的上、下表皮多为不规则形细胞;垂周壁呈深浅不一的波状;气孔器为不规则型,具有蜡质气孔盖,气孔密度有一定差异.6个分类群的叶片均为薄纸质型,厚度130～170 μm,表皮细胞切面近圆形或近长方形;栅栏组织细胞1～2层,厚度41～68 μm,细胞排列紧密;海绵组织厚度32～75 μm,细胞排列疏松;不同分类群叶片的组织疏松度和组织紧缩度有一定的差异,大花苜蓿(M. trautvetterii Sumnev. )叶片的组织疏松度最高,紫花苜蓿叶片的组织紧缩度最高.UPGMA结果显示:在结合线1.53处可将6个分类群划分为2支,其中,黄花苜蓿(M. falcata L. )独立为一支,其余5个分类群聚成另一支;在结合线1.18处,第2支又被分成2个亚支,其中一个亚支包含紫花苜蓿和天山苜蓿(M. tianschanica Vassilcz. ),另一个亚支则包含西锡金苜蓿(M. schischkinii Sumnev. )、座垫苜蓿(M. rivularis Vassilcz. )和大花苜蓿.PCA结果表明:对紫花苜蓿复合体而言,叶片表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、轴性分化特征、组织疏松度和气孔密度等特征具有较好的分类价值;基于主成分分析的Q分布图与聚类分析结果也具有较高的一致性.根据本研究结果及前人的研究结果,认为国产的紫花苜蓿复合体应包含3个分类群,即紫花苜蓿、黄花苜蓿及多变苜蓿(M. varia Martyn).此外,西锡金苜蓿、座垫苜蓿、天山苜蓿和大花苜蓿等杂交后代分类群的性状分化不稳定,应属于多变苜蓿的同种异名植物.     

甘蔗品种(系)叶片形态特征数学分析

本文对48份甘蔗品种(系)的叶片形态特征进行主成分、聚类和判别分析.结果表明,品种(系)间的叶片形态特征差异达到极显著水平(P＞0.01);主成分分析选出了3个主成分,方差累积贡献率达到97.52%,叶长、叶宽及形态因子分别是第一、二、三主成分的主导因子;在聚类分析基础上用判别分析选出对甘蔗品种(系)叶片形态分类有极显著影响的面积、长度、宽度、周长、长宽比及形态因子参数,同时建立了4个判别能力较高的判别模型.     

不同种源樟树叶片形态特征及生长差异分析

为了解不同种源樟树叶片形态特征和生长差异,该文以30个种源樟树为研究对象,对其叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、周长、叶面积、长宽比、形态因子、株高、地径等指标进行测定和差异性分析.结果表明:(1)30个种源间叶片性状的变异系数为3.88％～16.14％,显示不同种源樟树叶片形态特征存在显著差异;叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、周长、面积、叶厚...     

根据形态和叶片微形态特征讨论无芒披碱草的归并

通过形态学观测和叶片解剖特征分析,比较了无芒披碱草、短芒披碱草及老芒麦3个近缘种的主要性状差异,以探讨无芒披碱草的系统分类归属.结果表明,在外部形态上无芒披碱草与短芒披碱草差异甚小,难以进行区分,但与老芒麦差异明显,是典型的种间关系;在叶片解剖上,无芒披碱草的绝大多数特征与短芒披碱草的一致或类同,可与老芒麦的却存在明显间断.故研究认为:无芒披碱草与短芒披碱草是同一个种,无芒披碱草应作为短芒披碱草的异名.     

形态变化对叶片表面温度的影响

干旱区植物叶片形态可塑性是植物适应高温干旱环境的重要生存策略, 但目前仍缺乏直观的数据予以证明。该研究应用热成像技术和图像分析技术, 同步测定真实叶片与模拟叶片的叶温、形态及风速、辐射和温度等环境参数。研究结果显示: 在干旱、高温环境下, 除了蒸腾, 叶片形态变化也是调控叶温的重要因子。干旱区植物叶片变小, 有利于加速叶片与环境的物质及热量交换, 从而达到降低叶温的目的。样地数据显示, 在高温、低风速环境下, 叶片宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低约2.1 ℃, 而模拟叶片叶宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低0.60-0.86 ℃。该研究对深入理解植物生存策略与环境适能力具有重要意义。     

丁香属植物叶片表皮形态特征与环境适应及系统学关联

通过对丁香属内2组4系1亚属的7种野生种质的叶片表皮形态特征比较,分析了它们在系(亚属)水平上的环境适应机制差异及其与系统学的关联。结果表明:广域分布的暴马丁香(拟女贞亚属)和华北紫丁香(欧丁香系)的叶片表皮的蜡质纹饰呈中心条纹状和放射状排列且较厚,表皮细胞体积较小,气孔小型化且密度高,它们比其余5个区域分布种显示出更强的适应性环境响应能力;与自然光照环境下相比较,羽叶丁香在林下遮荫光环境下的表皮细胞体积变大,叶片气孔密度减少,气孔开张度增大,而气孔开张的变化只发生在气孔的纬向宽度上,而气孔长轴相对稳定;从气孔器类型、蜡质纹饰、表皮细胞形态及垂周壁特征看,暴马丁香和华北紫丁香明显带有较为进化的特征,羽叶丁香系、巧玲花系和顶生花序系可能具有较近的亲缘关系。     

中国野生山梨叶片形态及光合特性

以异位保存在国家梨资源圃的48份我国原产山梨品种和2份秋子梨地方品种为材料,比较了野生山梨与地方秋子梨品种间差异,研究了我国野生山梨的光合特征以及光合特性相关指标间的关系,建立了山梨光合及瞬时水分利用特征的线性回归方程.结果表明:地方品种叶片形态特征指标、叶绿素含量、光合特征指标都显著低于野生品种平均值,且低于大部分野生品种的测定值;山梨叶片的比叶面积、叶干物质含量、胞间CO2浓度的变异系数较低,其他8项指标变异系数为0.12～0.41,表现出较高的多样性水平,可见我国野生山梨资源光合特征差异明显;光合特性指标与叶绿素组成(Chl a/b)、叶干物质含量呈显著相关;光合速率与胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈显著的指数曲线关系,山梨光合速率主要受气孔限制的影响.‘锦州山梨’具有高光合特性,可作为山梨资源光合特征研究利用的良好材料.     

不同生境吉首蒲儿根叶片形态和叶绿素荧光特征的比较

吉首蒲儿根为近年发现的自然分布狭窄的珍稀植物,为了揭示其对不同生境的适应能力及机制,选择野外自然分布的3种河谷生境和人工引种的2种河谷外生境中的吉首蒲儿根为研究对象,比较其叶片形态和叶绿素荧光特征。研究发现,3种河谷生境吉首蒲儿根的叶面积、比叶面积要高于2种河谷外生境,而气孔密度、SPAD值则低于2种河谷外生境。5种生境吉首蒲儿根的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Y(NPQ)没有显著差别,但谷外阳生生境下的吉首蒲儿根ETR max、Ik、qP和Y(Ⅱ)均高于其它各生境,而河谷林下生境吉首蒲儿根的ETR max、Ik、qP和Y(Ⅱ)均显著低于其它各生境,河谷瀑布生境、河谷山坡生境、谷外阴生生境吉首蒲儿根的以上4参数则无显著差别。结果表明:吉首蒲儿根能够通过减小叶面积、比叶面积,增加气孔密度、SPAD值来调整叶片结构,积极调控调节性能量耗散NPQ,提高PSⅡ实际光量子效率Y(Ⅱ)来适应较高的光照和中等空气相对湿度环境。     

利用数码相机和Photoshop软件非破坏性测定叶面积的简便方法

采用数码相机获取叶片的数字图像,用Photoshop图像处理软件计算叶面积,并与目前常用的剪纸法和叶面积仪测定法进行比较分析。结果表明,本方法和上述传统测定方法测定结果存在极显著线性相关;不同拍摄分辨率、单位叶面积存贮像素个数和拍摄角度对测定结果无显著影响。和其它方法相比,本方法具有准确、快速、成本低廉、适合非破坏性动态连续观测等优点,适用于植物生理生态学研究中叶面积的测定。     

A new method to measure leaf age: Leaf measuring-interval index

We propose a new method, the leaf measuring-interval index (LMI), to estimate leaf age in morphological and physiological studies of leaves. When the plastochron, the interval between the initiation of successive leaves, is constant, the well-known leaf plastochron index (LPI) provides a robust measure of leaf age. When the duration of the plastochron is not uniform, however, we show that the LPI can (in simulations) and does (with actual data) turn variation in duration of the plastochron into variance about the regression estimates of leaf growth curves. The method we present in this paper, the LMI, is plastochron independent. This new method is particularly suited, therefore, for studies of plants growing in natural environments rather than in controlled growth facilities where the assumptions of the LPI method can be met.     

A method for the enumeration of bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells using image analysis

Abstract Computerised image analysis was utilised to enumerate the attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to HEp2 cell monolayers. A differential staining technique was employed such that individual staphylococcal cells stood out in sharp contrast against the uneven cell surface and granular contents of the epithelial cells. The primary image analysis operation involved subtracting an out-of-focus image from an in-focus image of the bacteria on the monolayer, thereby accentuating the bacterial image. Enumeration, using a particle counting routine, was rapid and reproducible, facilitating counting in excess of 700 bacteria per field at ×500 magnification. The computerised programme compared favourably with manual counting and would provide a rapid, objective and morphologically discriminatory method for evaluating bacterial attachment to various tissues.     

A novel video-based method using projected light to measure trunk volumes during respiration

This paper proposes and evaluates an innovative video-based method for measuring the trunk volume during respiration, using projected light and surface reconstruction. The method consists of the following main steps: (a) to project a grid of circular light markers on the anterior and posterior human body trunk surface during breathing, (b) to register the subject's trunk surface using two pairs of pre-calibrated digital video cameras, (c) to segment the video stream and track the projected markers using pre-processing techniques, morphological operators and detection algorithms, (d) to label the corresponding markers in the video sequences registered by each pair of stereo cameras, (e) to reconstruct the 3-D coordinates of all markers, (f) to reconstruct the surfaces from the unordered cloud of points using the Power Crust method and (g) to calculate the trunk volume in function of time using the divergence theorem. The evaluation of the method was based on two experiments. (1) Comparison of the volume of a trunk model (mannequin) by immersion and using the proposed optical method. (2) Analysis of the applicability of the method for measuring a subject's trunk volume during a vital capacity respiratory manoeuvre. The results showed that the method was able to automatically measure more than 2000 projected points per image and to provide a very detailed representation of the subject's trunk. The relative accuracy of the volume measurement was estimated to be better than 3%. The analysis of the experiments revealed that signals coherent with the respiratory cycles could be identified through this method. In conclusion, the method based on light projection and surface reconstruction provides an accurate, non-invasive and useful means to calculate human trunk volumes during breathing.     

A novel video-based method using projected light to measure trunk volumes during respiration

This paper proposes and evaluates an innovative video-based method for measuring the trunk volume during respiration, using projected light and surface reconstruction. The method consists of the following main steps: (a) to project a grid of circular light markers on the anterior and posterior human body trunk surface during breathing, (b) to register the subject's trunk surface using two pairs of pre-calibrated digital video cameras, (c) to segment the video stream and track the projected markers using pre-processing techniques, morphological operators and detection algorithms, (d) to label the corresponding markers in the video sequences registered by each pair of stereo cameras, (e) to reconstruct the 3-D coordinates of all markers, (f) to reconstruct the surfaces from the unordered cloud of points using the Power Crust method and (g) to calculate the trunk volume in function of time using the divergence theorem. The evaluation of the method was based on two experiments. (1) Comparison of the volume of a trunk model (mannequin) by immersion and using the proposed optical method. (2) Analysis of the applicability of the method for measuring a subject’s trunk volume during a vital capacity respiratory manoeuvre. The results showed that the method was able to automatically measure more than 2000 projected points per image and to provide a very detailed representation of the subject's trunk. The relative accuracy of the volume measurement was estimated to be better than 3%. The analysis of the experiments revealed that signals coherent with the respiratory cycles could be identified through this method. In conclusion, the method based on light projection and surface reconstruction provides an accurate, non-invasive and useful means to calculate human trunk volumes during breathing.     

The transfer of bovine J blood group activity to erythrocytes: chemical nature of transferable and of non-transferable J1

The bovine J blood group substance exists as a glycosphingolipid (ceramide deca-hexoside as well as ceramide dodecahexoside) and as a glycoprotein. The lipidic form occurs in erythrocyte membranes, both forms are found in serum. The lipidic J substances were isolated from erythrocytes and from serum, and identified by thin-layer chromatography with lipidic J substances isolated from spleen. The glycoprotein nature of the non-lipidic J of serum was evident by pronase-catalysed hydrolysis yielding J-active glycopeptides of lower molecular weights. The lipidic J was completely extracted from lyophilized stroma with chloroform/methanol. From lyophilized serum, however. it was completely extracted only in the presence of water, indicating different binding partners in serum and in erythrocyte membranes. The J lipid was incorporated as intact molecule into the erythrocyte membrane by a simple incubation technique. The incorporation was inhibited by various glyc-erophospholipids (called blockers). The J glycoprotein could not be transferred to the erythrocyte membrane. Three methods are descrjbed which are suitable for the preparation of a blocker-free fraction enriched with J lipids from J-positive serum.     

基于图像重建的CT三维重建提升腹部增强扫描图像质量的价值

摘要 目的：探讨基于图像重建的电子计算机断层扫描仪器(Computed Tomography,CT)三维成像提升腹部增强扫描图像质量的价值。方法：2019年11月到2020年10月选择在本院进行腹部CT增强扫描的患者76例作为研究对象,采用电脑随机数字法将研究对象分为对照组和重建组各38例,对照组给予常规扫描成像,重建组给予基于自适应统计迭代重建(adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction,ASIR)的CT三维成像,记录两组成像质量与噪声情况。结果：两名医师对重建组的图像主观质量评分都高于对照组(P<0.05)。重建组的图像相对细腻柔和,能清晰显示图像细小血管断面,末梢血管显示良好,血管壁光滑柔和。重建组的动脉期、门静脉期、平衡期的肝脏CT值高于对照组(P<0.05),动脉期、门静脉期、平衡期的肝脏、胰腺对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio,CNR)值低于对照组(P<0.05)。重建组的容积剂量指数(volume CT dose index,CTDIvol)和剂量长度乘积(Dose-Length product,DLP)、有效剂量(effective dose,ED)值都低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：基于图像重建的CT三维成像能提升腹部增强扫描主客观图像质量,降低图像噪声,更利于腹部疾病的显示,从而提高正确诊断率。     

A new fluorimetric method to measure protein-catalyzed phospholipid transfer using 1-acyl-2-parinaroylphosphatidylcholine

A new, simple and versatile method to measure phospholipid transfer has been developed, based on the use of a fluorescent phospholipid derivative, 1-acyl-2-parinaroylphosphatidylcholine. Vesicles prepared of this phospholipid show a low level of fluorescence due to interactions between the fluorescent groups. When phospholipid transfer protein and vesicles consisting of non-labeled phosphatidylcholine are added the protein catalyzes an exchange of phosphatidylcholine between the labeled donor and non-labeled acceptor vesicles. The insertion of labeled phosphatidylcholine into the non-labeled vesicles is accompanied by an increase in fluorescence due to abolishment of self-quenching. The initial rate of fluorescence enhancement was found to be proportional to the amount of transfer protein added. This assay was applied to determine the effect of membrane phospholipid composition on the activity of the phosphatidylcholine-, phosphatidylinositol- and non-specific phospholipid transfer proteins. Using acceptor vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine and various amounts of phosphatidic acid it was observed that the rate of phosphatidylcholine transfer was either stimulated, inhibited or unaffected by increased negative charge depending on the donor to acceptor ratio and the protein used. In another set of experiments acceptor vesicles were prepared of phosphatidylcholine analogues in which the ester bonds were replaced with ether bonds or carbon-carbon bonds. Assuming that only a strictly coupled exchange between phosphatidylcholine and analogues gives rise to the observed fluorescence increase, orders of substrate preference could be established for the phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins.