针叶树体细胞无性系研究和应用进展

针叶树体细胞无性系的建立是加速其品种改良和良种繁育的基础,在无性系林业的发展,园林绿经和环境保护等方面也有十分重要的作用。本文从形态发生的不同途径全面综述了目前国内外有关针叶树体细胞胚胎发生,器官发生和腋芽增殖植标再生的研究进展,概括了每一形态发生途径的培养过程,影响因素及其在实际生产中的应用前景。     

华北落叶松体细胞胚胎发生及遗传转化实验系统的建立(简报)

华北落叶松(Larix principis-Rupprechtii)是我国北方中高山地区重要的针叶速生用材树种,进行其体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的研究,在针叶树无性快速繁殖及基因工程育种上有其特殊的用途,既可为针叶树无性系林业提供产业化途径,也可作为目的基因遗传转化实验系统。针叶树的基因转化相对较难,再生更属不易,Lelu等报道过杂种落叶松与欧洲落叶松体细胞胚胎发生方面的研究;而我国尚未见有落叶松体细胞胚胎发生的研究报道。我们     

月季体细胞无性系及其在品种选育中的可能应用

文章介绍月季的体细胞无性系诱导和植株再生,主要包括月季体细胞无性系再生的类型、影响因素及其在育种中应用的研究进展。     

欧美杂种山杨体细胞无性系变异的分析

以成年欧美杂种山杨(Populustremula×P.tremuloides)优良无性系为材料,通过组织培养方法获得体细胞无性系,利用细胞学和分子生物学方法对其发生的变异进行研究。结果表明:用3.0mg.L-12,4-D诱导的再生植株的细胞染色体稳定性较差,所检测的144个细胞中,变异的细胞中多数发生了染色体加倍,二倍体细胞数仅占36.81%。有些染色体还发生了形态变异,染色体加长,形成带有随体或长臂较长的大型染色体。用1.0mg.L-16-BA诱导再生植株中染色体数量稳定性介于对照和3.0mg.L-12,4-D诱导的再生植株之间,在观察的142个细胞中二倍体细胞占54.93%。再生植株的AFLP分析表明,由激素诱导的再生植株中,AFLP谱带发生了变化,表明发生了体细胞无性系分子水平变异。     

欧美杂种山杨体细胞无性系变异的分析

以成年欧美杂种山杨(Populus tremula ×P. tremuloides)优良无性系为材料, 通过组织培养方法获得体细胞无性系, 利用细胞学和分子生物学方法对其发生的变异进行研究。结果表明: 用3.0 mg.L-12, 4-D诱导的再生植株的细胞染色体稳定性较差, 所检测的144个细胞中, 变异的细胞中多数发生了染色体加倍, 二倍体细胞数仅占36.81%。有些染色体还发生了形态变异, 染色体加长, 形成带有随体或长臂较长的大型染色体。用1.0 mg.L-1 6-BA诱导再生植株中染色体数量稳定性介于对照和3.0 mg.L-1 2, 4-D诱导的再生植株之间, 在观察的142个细胞中二倍体细胞占54.93%。再生植株的AFLP分析表明, 由激素诱导的再生植株中, AFLP谱带发生了变化, 表明发生了体细胞无性系分子水平变异。     

白蜡树属植物的组织培养和植株再生

从形态发生的不同途径,就有关白蜡树属植物的器官发生、腋芽增殖和体细胞胚胎发生植株再生,以及每一形态发生的培养过程和影响因素的研究进展作了介绍和展望.     

植物体细胞无性系变异研究进展

植物体细胞无性系变异是植物组织培养中的普遍现象,泛指在植物细胞、组织和器官培养过程中, 培养细胞和再生植株中产生的遗传变异或表观遗传学变异。植物体细胞无性系变异的发生有其遗传学基础, 可从形态学、细胞学、生物化学和分子生物学等多个方面对其进行综合检测和鉴定。植物体细胞无性系变异是植物育种的有利资源, 但同时也是植物微繁和遗传转化工作中需要克服的一大难题,一直被众多研究者所关注。本文分别从细胞学和分子生物学两个层次综述了植物体细胞无性系变异的遗传学基础及其鉴定方法的研究进展,并就其在植物品质改良中的应用现状、存在的问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

植物体细胞无性系变异研究进展

植物体细胞无性系变异是植物组织培养中的普遍现象,泛指在植物细胞、组织和器官培养过程中,培养细胞和再生植株中产生的遗传变异或表观遗传学变异。植物体细胞无性系变异的发生有其遗传学基础,可从形态学、细胞学、生物化学和分子生物学等多个方面对其进行综合检测和鉴定。植物体细胞无性系变异是植物育种的有利资源。但同时也是植物微繁和遗传转化工作中需要克服的一大难题,一直被众多研究者所关注。本文分别从细胞学和分子生物学两个层次综述了植物体细胞无性系变异的遗传学基础及其鉴定方法的研究进展．并就其在植物品质改良中的应用现状、存在的问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

香果树组织培养过程中遗传变异的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记方法,从DNA水平上分析野生型香果树以及通过器官发生途径和体细胞胚胎发生途径得到的香果树再生植株以及体细胞胚胎发生过程中不同继代次数的培养物之间的遗传变异。筛选了100个随机引物,其中有75条随机引物能够扩增出条带,从中选取11个引物进行PCR扩增的结果显示：香果树体细胞胚胎无性系中有RAPD多态性位点,在胚性愈伤组织中也检测到少数RAPD变异位点。表明RAPD分子标记方法可以鉴定香果树组织培养过程中的遗传变异。     

梨多倍体化对离体叶片不定梢再生能力的影响

以源于二倍体梨品种Fertility(Pyrus communis L.)通过秋水仙碱离体诱变体细胞染色体加倍获得的不同同源多倍体无性系为试材,以离体叶片为外植体,观察研究了不同倍性无性系叶片的不定梢再生能力。结果表明,多倍体的不定梢再生率显著低于二倍体的再生率。不同多倍体无性系的不定梢再生能力也存在显著差异。三倍体无性系3x-3和四倍体无性系4x-4不能诱导产生不定梢。表明器官发生能力下降或植物细胞全能性的丧失与细胞染色体多倍体化有关。     

Age structure and regeneration of old growthCryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island

The regeneration process ofCryptomeria japonica forests was studied from surveys of age and initial growth of the coniferous stumps in plots of 2.66 ha in total on Yakushima Island, south Japan. The conifers germinated during particular regeneration periods each of which was shorter than 100 years. The periods repeated themselves several times in each plot, and conifers of each period formed patches. Both tree cutting and natural gap formation of the canopies initiated the regenerations. The saplings that were thought to have germinated before the initiation of the regeneration grew slowly. After the initiation, the saplings that germinated earlier grew more quickly. For the three codominant conifers:Cryptomeria japonica, Tsuga sieboldii, andAbies firma, the shade tolerance was inversely correlated with maximum age. Even the most shade-tolerantA. firma was a gap-dependent species in regeneration periods, and there were no species differences in the colonizing times during the regeneration period. Shade-intolerant long-lived species and shade-tolerant short-lived species coexisted as climax species, not as alternate species in the sere of succession.     

Morphological characterization of the asexual reproduction in the acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis

The acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis reproduces asexually by fragmentation and subsequent regeneration from the body fragments. We examined the morphogenesis of its asexual reproduction. At first, we collected asexually reproducing specimens and observed their morphogenesis. Then, we succeeded in inducing the asexual reproduction artificially by cutting the worm at the end of the genital region. The process of morphogenesis is completely the same between naturally collected and artificially induced specimens. The stages during morphogenesis were established on the basis of the external features of the asexually reproducing fragments. The internal features of the fragments were also examined at each stage. In a separate phase of the study, the capacity for regeneration of some body parts was also examined by dividing intact worms into about 10 fragments. Although the capacity for regeneration varied among the different body parts, some fragments regenerated into complete individuals in 1 month. The process of regeneration was the same as that in the asexually produced fragments.     

The direct regeneration hypothesis in northern forests

Question: Can the direct regeneration hypothesis (DRH) be used to predict post‐disturbance regeneration after fire, wind disturbance, and clearcutting in northern forests? Do life‐history traits such as regeneration strategy and shade tolerance influence post‐disturbance regeneration success of tree species? Location: Northern forests in North America. Methods: A meta‐analysis was conducted by collecting published data on pre‐ and post‐disturbance stand compositional characteristics in the northern forests. For each tree species, compositional difference (CD) was calculated as the difference between basal area proportions of the post‐ and pre‐disturbance stands, but for post‐disturbance stands <25 years of age, post‐disturbance proportions were calculated based on relative stem density. Results: Species response to disturbances was best explained by regeneration strategy, while disturbance type had no effect on CD. The proportion of broadleaf trees with either strong or weak vegetative reproduction ability increased after all disturbances. Serotinous species had CD values not significantly different from zero after fire, while CD for semi‐serotinous species was negative. The post‐disturbance proportions of non‐serotinous conifers decreased after all forms of disturbance. Conclusions: All disturbances promote broadleaf trees, regardless of regeneration strategy (suckering, sprouting, or seeding). The DRH is supported for conifers with serotinous cones after fire. Fire causes local extinction of non‐serotinous conifers, while wind and clearcutting only decrease the proportion of non‐serotinous conifers because of partial survival of seed sources and advanced regeneration. This study suggests that increasing stand‐replacing disturbances associated with global climate change will promote broadleaf trees in northern forests.     

Regeneration of planted conifers across climatic moisture gradients on the Canadian prairies: implications for distribution and climate change

The influence of dry climates on white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss)) regeneration was examined by conducting surveys of seedlings and small trees that had regenerated naturally at 100 farm shelterbelts and plantations in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The sites surveyed were located along a climate moisture gradient extending from the relatively moist boreal forest, across the aspen parkland, to the semi-arid prairie grasslands. Natural regeneration was greatest at sites in the boreal forest and northern aspen parkland, decreased in the southern aspen parkland, and was negligible in the grassland zone. Furthermore, the few seedlings found in the drier zones were usually in poor condition. Similar results were obtained for the introduced Colorado spruce ( Picea pungens Engelm.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). It is concluded that the present climate of the southern parkland and grassland is too dry to permit natural regeneration of white spruce and other conifers. If increases in atmospheric CO₂ levels lead to a drier future climate in the southern boreal forest of western Canada, the ability of conifers to regenerate naturally may be significantly reduced.     

A specific rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA induced by tissue culture

Summary The induction, growth and regeneration of sugar beet callus to whole plants were all found to be highly genotype-specific. Regenerants of one line (of sterile cytoplasm) were obtained and a study of the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in these somaclones was undertaken by gel electrophoresis and cosmid hybridization. In one somaclone a rearrangement in the mitochondrial genome was observed; the novel arrangement of this part of the genome was identical to the corresponding area of the genome of the normal cytoplasm though it was otherwise of sterile type. This suggests that mitochondrial DNA may have a propensity to undergo certain types of rearrangement.     

皮毛之道：以表皮器官为研究模型探讨再生生物学与再生医学的基础概念

再生医学是一个具有巨大潜力的新兴医学领域。该文以此为方向讨论了再生医学研究中的三个关键问题,并以非神经外胚层器官的干细胞行为为例做进一步的探讨。第一,如何获取干细胞,介绍了包括胚胎干细胞、组织干细胞和诱导性多能干细胞的获得途径,以及若干组织细胞重编程的成功范例;第二,如何将干细胞转化为组织和器官,这需要了解干细胞分化以及形态发生的机制,并以羽毛的形态发生为模型,引入了千细胞拓扑生物学的概念以及干细胞微环境调控塑造器官形态的机制;第三,如何将干细胞及其转化产物置于患者体内,并以鼠毛生长周期波为例,阐明了宏观环境因素如何调控干细胞的活性：最后,还分析了在器官发生中干细胞的自组织对于新生毛发组织工程的重要意义。该文的许多原则不仅限于皮肤,同时也适用于其它体内器官。通过对生物再生的过程的基础研究,我们可以受到生物再生之道的启发,逐渐理解组织修复及再生的机制,并提高分子和细胞水平上的干细胞操作技术,希望在不久的将来将干细胞研究成果应用于临床医学。     

A New Somaclone of Prunus Avium Shows Diverse Growth Pattern under Different Spectral Quality of Radiation

The aim of this research was to set up a regeneration protocol from mature explants of Prunus avium L. cv. Hedelfinger and to develop an early screening method for selection of putative somaclones based on morphological and physiological traits regulated by the spectral quality of radiation. DNA analyses of a new somaclone named HS, conducted using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR), revealed a polymorphism between the somaclone HS and wild type propagated by microcuttings. When grown under different spectral quality of radiation, somaclone HS showed a different pattern of growth and development compared to the wild type with the main modifications related to apical dominance and chlorophyll production. Somaclone HS showed reduced apical dominance compared to the wild type. Wild type shoots grown in darkness showed chlorophyll a and b contents at levels in both cases comparable to those recorded under red radiation while HS did not retain the same capability.     

蔗糖与激素对小麦幼穗体细胞无性系形成及生长特性的影响研究

通过在诱导培养基中添加不同浓度的蔗糖和激素,研究了蔗糖与激素对小麦幼穗体细胞无性系形成及生长特性的影响。结果表明;较高浓度的2,4-D有利于小麦幼穗愈伤组织的形成与生长,但低浓度的2,4-D更有利于胚性愈伤组织的形成,低浓度的KT能显著促进小麦幼穗愈伤组织的生长和胚性愈伤组织的形成,而高浓度的KT不利于小麦幼穗体细胞无性系的形成和生长;蔗糖有利于小麦幼穗胚性愈伤组织的形成,在2.5%-5.5%浓度范围内,随蔗糖浓度的提高,胚性愈伤组织的形成率也随之提高。     

Gap formation, microsite variation and the conifer seedling occurrence in a subalpine old-growth forest, central Japan

To evaluate the effects of canopy gaps and forest floor microsites (soil, fallen logs, root-mounds, buttresses and stumps) on regeneration of subalpine forests, the gap regeneration and seedling occurrence of conifers (Abies mariesii, Abies veitchii, Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis and Tsuga diversifolia) were studied in two stands of a subalpine old-growth forest, central Japan. The percentage of gap area to total surveyed area was 11.2–11.3% in the stands. Gap regeneration was not common for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis and T. diversifolia. In contrast, gap regeneration by advanced regeneration was relatively common for Abies. Seedling occurrence of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis and T. diversifolia was restricted on elevated surfaces such as stumps and root-mounds, while Abies seedlings could occur on soil as well as on elevated surfaces. Rotten stumps were the most favorable microsites for conifer seedling occurrence, which covered small area in the forest floor. Although canopy gaps were not always favorable for seedling occurrence, all conifer seedlings were larger under canopy gaps than under closed canopy. Canopy gaps and forest floor microsites clearly affected seedling occurrence and growth of conifers. This suggests that regeneration of conifers is related to the difference of growth advantage under canopy gaps and favorable microsites for seedling occurrence.     

Removal of Encroaching Conifers to Regenerate Degraded Aspen Stands in the Sierra Nevada

Aspen is considered a keystone species, and aspen communities are critical for maintaining biodiversity in western landscapes. Inventories of aspen stand health across the Eagle Lake Ranger District (ELRD), Lassen National Forest, California, U.S.A., indicate that 77% of stands are in decline and at risk of loss as defined by almost complete loss of mature aspen with little or no regeneration. This decline is due to competition from conifers establishing within aspen stands as a result of modification of natural fire regimes coupled with excessive browsing by livestock. Restoration treatments were implemented in four aspen stands in 1999 using mechanical equipment to remove competing conifers to enhance the growth environment for aspen. Recruitment and establishment of aspen stems were measured in treated stands (removal of competing conifers) and non‐treated stands (control) immediately prior to treatment and 2 and 4 years post‐treatment. There was a significant increase in total aspen stem density and in two of three aspen regeneration size classes for treated stands compared to controls. Pre‐treatment total aspen density was positively associated with total aspen density and density in all size classes of aspen (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate that mechanical removal of conifers is an effective treatment for restoring aspen.