Synergy of human neutrophils with fluconazole in killing Candida species

The killing of Candida species by human neutrophils in a long-term 24-h assay and possible synergy with fluconazole (FCZ) for killing was investigated. The test medium (TM) consisted of RPMI-1640, penicillin and streptomycin (P/S), and 10% fresh autologous serum. TM alone was highly fungistatic for Candida species compared to TM without serum. When neutrophils were cocultured in TM with Candida species for 24 h the inoculum colony-forming units (CFU) were always significantly reduced (killing) by 58 to 99%. FCZ was tested over a range of 1–500 g/ml, and though almost always fungistatic itself, it synergized with neutrophils for significantly increased killing of C. albicans (isolate Sh27) (P<0.01) and C. albicans (isolate 94-20) (P<0.05). Killing of non-albicans Candida species was so efficient in the absence of FCZ that demonstration of synergy with FCZ was difficult.     

In vitro activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> antifungal protein (PAF) and its combination with fluconazole against different dermatophytes

Strains of five dermatophyte species (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans) were selected for testing against Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) and its combination with fluconazole (FCZ). Inhibition of microconidia germination and growth was detected with MICs of PAF ranging from 1.56 to 200 mug ml(-1) when it was used alone, or at constant concentration (100 mug ml(-1)) in combination with FCZ at from 0.25 to 32 mug ml(-1). The MICs for FCZ were found to be between 0.25 and 128 mug ml(-1). PAF caused a fungicidal effect at 200 mug ml(-1) and reduced growth at between 50 and 200 mug ml(-1). Total growth inhibition with fungistatic activity was detected at 64 mug ml(-1) of FCZ for M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, and T. tonsurans, and at 32 mug ml(-1) FCZ for M. canis and T. rubrum. PAF and FCZ acted synergistically and/or additively on all of the tested fungi except M. gypseum, where no interactions were detected.     

Study of the role of iron in the anticryptococcal activity of human serum and fluconazole

Anticryptococcal activity of human serum and apotransferrin in RPMI 1640 was studied in vitro. The effects of varying concentrations of FeCl₃ on this activity was investigated. Possible synergy of serum and apotransferrin with fluconazole was also measured. The fungistatic activity of human serum, whether lyophilized, stored at 4 °C, fresh frozen or purchased from commercial sources vs. Cryptococcus neoformans was comparable. There was no significant loss of fungistatic activity after freezing and thawing the serum up to 10 times. The fungistatic activity of human serum was similar when tested in different tissue culture media with the exception of Medium 199. The addition of apotransferrin (2.0 or 0.2 mg/ml) to RPMI 1640 had an inhibitory effect on cryptococcal growth. This effect was reversed by 20 M of FeCl₃ at both apotransferrin concentrations. By contrast, addition of FeCl₃ to human serum and RPMI 1640 did not reverse inhibition of growth. Fluconazole synergized with the human serum preparations described, but not with pooled commercial serum, for fungicidal activity. Synergistic activity of fluconazole and human serum was not affected by the addition of FeCl₃. Apotransferrin did not show any synergistic fungicidal activity with fluconazole.     

Rapid and extensive vacuolation of the budding yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andCandida albicans by amphotericin B

The effect of amphotericin B (AMPH) on vacuolation in the budding yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andCandida albicans was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration of AMPH for growth ofS. cerevisiae andC. albicans was 1 µg/ml. In untreated control cultures, mature cells had large central vacuoles in the exponential phase, which hampered the detection of vacuolation effect. Small buds in untreated exponential phase cells, however, only rarely showed vacuoles under the light microscope. Treatment with 0.2 µg/ml of AMPH for 20–30 min induced extensive vacuolation not only in mothers but also buds ofS. cerevisiae. Extensive vacuolation lasted 4 h or more, and growth rate of the cells was much reduced for 8 h or more. Vacuolation itself was not fatal: on removal of the drug most cells gradually recovered from vacuolation and eventually multiplied. A similar effect of AMPH was also observed inC. albicans but at a higher concentration (0.5 µg/ml).     

Elimination of the yeastCandida parapsilosis from lymphoid cells and monolayer cells in culture

Summary In our laboratory, airborne yeast contaminants of cell cultures have consistently been of the genusCandida (speciesCandida parapsilosis), which are difficult to control with fungicidal agents. To salvage cell lines that show the presence of this fungus, two effective methods may be employed. In early stages of infection, the addition of activated mouse peritoneal macrophages (5×10⁵ cells/ml) to the culture medium containing 5 μg Fungizone/ml eliminates all spores by phagocytosis. More heavily contaminated cultures can be depleted of fungi by density centrifugation on a layer of 38% Percoll. Remaining single spores, often not detectable by light microscopy, can be removed by the addition of macrophages (2×10⁵/ml) and Fungizone (5 μg/ml) to the culture medium. Contaminated monolayer cells can be freed of blastospores by several washes with balanced salt solution and subsequent culturing for 4 d in medium containing 10 μg Fungizone/ml without any toxic effects to the cells. These procedures can rescue valuable cell lines and hybridomas that would otherwise be lost. This work was supported by Veterans Administration Research Funds.     

Comparison of In Vitro and Vivo Efficacy of Caspofungin Against Candida parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C. albicans

Caspofungin activity was determined in vitro and in vivo against three Candida orthopsilosis, three C. metapsilosis, two C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and two C. albicans isolates. MIC values and killing activity were determined in RPMI-1640 plus 50?% human serum. Neutropenic (cyclophosphamide-treated) mice were infected intravenously. Five-day intraperitoneal treatment with caspofungin was started after 24?h postinfection. Kidney burden was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test. In killing studies, caspofungin was fungistatic and fungicidal against C. albicans at ≥0.25 and ≥2?μg/ml concentrations, respectively. Caspofungin was fungistatic at ≥8-16, ≥2-8 and at ≥2-8?μg/ml against C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, respectively. In the murine model, C. albicans was inhibited by 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg of caspofungin (P?相似文献   

Effect of miconazole on diO-C6-(3) accumulation in mitochondria ofCandida albicans

A flow cytometric method was used to investigate the effect of miconazole (MCZ) on yeast-form cells ofCandida albicans. Relative changes in electric potential of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membranes were assessed by 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (diO-C₆-(3)) and bis-(1,3-dibutyl-barbituric acid) trimethine oxonol (diBA-C₄-(3)) stainings, respectively. WhenC. albicans was exposed to MCZ at 10 μg/ml (a fungistatic concentration) for 2 h, no change appeared in cytoplasmic membrane potential, which was revealed by constant fluorescence intensity of diBA-C₄-(3)-stained cells. On the other hand, the cells lost the ability to accumulate diO-C₆-(3) in mitochondria by MCZ treatment. Time- and dose-responses in fluorescence intensity reflected that MCZ affected the mitochondrial activity ofC. albicans.     

Comparison of Killing Activity of Micafungin Against Six <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida</Emphasis> Species Isolated from Peritoneal and Pleural Cavities in RPMI-1640, 10 and 30% Serum

Currently echinocandins are recommended in Candida peritonitis and pleuritis. We determined micafungin killing rates (k values) at therapeutic concentrations (0.25–2 mg/L) in RPMI-1640 with and without 10 and 30% serum mimicking in vivo conditions against six Candida species isolated from peritoneal and pleural fluid. In RPMI-1640, micafungin was fungicidal against C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. kefyr within 2.27?±?10.68, 2.69?±?10.29 and 3.10?±?4.41 h, respectively, while was fungistatic against C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. In 10% serum, ≥?0.25, ≥?0.5, ≥?0.5 and ≥?1 mg/L micafungin produced positive k values (killing) for all C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr and C. krusei, respectively. In 30% serum, 2 mg/L micafungin produced killing against all C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. kefyr isolates, but was ineffective against C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and 2 of 3 C. tropicalis. Micafungin exposure should be increased against non-albicans species to eradicate fungi from peritoneal and pleural cavities.     

和厚朴酚通过ROS的积累和破坏细胞膜杀死白色念珠菌

[目的]研究在体外情况下和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的抑制作用及其可能机制。[方法]采用微量稀释法测定和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC₈₀）和最低杀菌浓度（MFC）;用透射电镜观察不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌超微结构的影响;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI染色法分析不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞凋亡的影响;用DCFH-DA染色法测定不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞内活性氧积累的影响;用JC-1染色法分析不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌线粒体膜电位的影响;用碘化丙啶染色、考马斯亮蓝G-250染色检测和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞膜通透性的影响;通过测定加入麦角甾醇后,和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的抑制作用的变化,检测和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞膜的影响。[结果]和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌具有很强的抑制作用,MIC和MFC分别为16 μg/mL和32 μg/mL。对白色念珠菌细胞壁、细胞膜和胞浆均有明显的影响。和厚朴酚是通过增加活性氧的产生和破坏线粒体功能来诱导白念珠菌的细胞凋亡和坏死。它也影响细胞膜的通透性,这可能和细胞壁的破坏和与麦角固醇的结合有关。[结论]和厚朴酚通过产生活性氧并伴随着一系列的细胞损伤这种复杂的机制从而对白色念珠菌产生抑制作用,使和厚朴酚成为一种潜在的抗真菌药物。     

Study on the hyphal responses of Aspergillus fumigatus

The hyphal responses of an A. fumigatus isolate to a trizolederivative-fluconazole (FCZ) were studied with a Bio-Cell Tracer system. The numerical data were recorded as the original growth rate (Pre-GR), the time needed for FCZ reaching to its target in hypha (τ_on), the growth rate under the FCZ effect (Exp-GR) and the growth rate after FCZ was removed (Post-GR). Based on above numerical data, the inhibitory rates in the exposure and post exposure periods were calculated as the Exp-I% and Post-I% values. It was found there were variable inhibitory rate values (I%) in individual hyphae corresponding to different FCZ concentrations. It was shown by correlation analysis of the numerical data that the Pre-GR values were negatively correlated with the τ_on values and positively correlated with both the Exp-I% and Post-I% values. Additionally, the τ_on values are negatively correlated with the Exp-I% and Post-I% values. Those results suggested that the hyphal growth rate and the susceptibility of the FCZ target be the important factors to determine the hyphal responses to the FCZ effect. Serial morphological alternations were captured while the hyphal growth curves were changing under the FCZ effects. Of the morphological data, the interesting alternations were visualized when the hyphae were affected by 16 μg/ml FCZ. As shifting of the hyphal growth curves, the hyphae were repeatedly seen as swollen tips and germination from the swollen sites. It is indicated that the hyphal tips are the most sensitive parts of this mycelia fungus to the FCZ affects. Additionally, because the hyphal regrowth was observed as germination from the swollen tips before FCZ was removed, an adaptation phenomenon could be proposed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Macrophage-mediated fungistasis: requirement for a macromolecular component in serum

Peritoneal macrophages from Mycobacterium bovis- or Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice cultured in vitro in Dulbecco's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and endotoxin stopped replication of Cryptococcus neoformans for 30 hr, whereas yeast cells cultured alone reproduced with a 3.0-hr doubling time. Without at least 5% FBS, macrophage fungistasis was poor. FBS without macrophages enhanced the growth rate of cryptococci. Macrophages preincubated in vitro for 24 hr without serum became fungistatic when challenged with cryptococci in medium with FBS but were not fungistatic without FBS. Macrophages preincubated in medium with FBS were never subsequently fungistatic. Dialyzed, heated (56 degrees C, 30 min), or delipidated FBS supported macrophage fungistasis, whereas FBS heated at 70 degrees C for 30 min did not. FBS contained no measurable opsonic activity for C. neoformans. Inclusion of endotoxin and/or murine IFN-gamma over wide concentration ranges did not substitute for FBS. Ultrafiltration estimation of FBS activity localized to 50 to 150 Kd. By gel filtration chromatography, FBS activity ran in the 25 to 100 Kd range. Dye-ligand affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue agarose gel dissociated the FBS activity from the albumin and lipoprotein fractions. Anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel revealed activity in the first fraction eluting at low ionic strength, pointing to a protein(s) with an isoelectric point toward neutral. Activated macrophages can prevent microbial replication within host tissues; the local environment is critical for fulfillment of this important physiologic function. These results point to a macromolecular factor(s) present in serum that is essential for full fungistatic capability of activated macrophages.     

Effects of organic compounds on the degradation ofp-nitrophenol in lake and industrial wastewater by inoculated bacteria

Many microorganisms fail to degrade pollutants when introduced in different natural environments. This is a problem in selecting inocula for bioremediation of polluted sites. Thus, a study was conducted to determine the success of four inoculants to degradep-nitrophenol (PNP) in lake and industrial wastewater and the effects of organic compounds on the degradation of high and low concentrations of PNP in these environments.Corynebacterium strain Z4 when inoculated into the lake and wastewater samples containing 20 µg/ml of PNP degraded 90% of PNP in one day. Addition of 100 µg/ml of glucose as a second substrate did not enhance the degradation of PNP and the bacterium utilized the two substrates simultaneously. Glucose used at the same concentration (100 µg/ml), inhibited degradation of 20 µg of PNP in wastewater byPseudomonas strain MS. However, glucose increased the extent of degradation of PNP byPseudomonas strain GR. Phenol also enhanced the degradation of PNP in wastewater byPseudomonas strain GR, but had no effect on the degradation of PNP byCorynebacterium strain Z4.Addition of 100 µg/ml of glucose as a second substrate into the lake water samples containing low concentration of PNP (26 ng/ml) enhanced the degradation of PNP and the growth ofCorynebacterium strain Z4. In the presence of glucose, it grew from 2×10⁴ to 4×10⁴ cells/ml in 3 days and degraded 70% of PNP as compared to samples without glucose in which the bacterium declined in cell number from 2×10⁴ to 8×10³ cells/ml and degraded only 30% PNP. The results suggest that in inoculation to enhance biodegradation, depending on the inoculant, second organic substrate many play an important role in controlling the rate and extent of biodegradation of organic compounds.Abbreviations PNP p-nitrophenol     

In vitro antifungal activities of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: Review of the literature

Voriconazole (Vfend™) is a new triazole that currently is undergoing phase III clinical trials. This review summarizes the published data obtained by NCCLS methods on the in vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole in comparison to itraconazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and flucytosine. Voriconazole had fungistatic activity against most yeasts and yeastlike species (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs] <2 μg/ml) that was similar or superior to those of fluconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole. Against Candida glabrata and C. krusei, voriconazole MIC ranges were 0.03 to 8 and 0.01 to >4 μg/ml, respectively. For four of the six Aspergillus spp. evaluated, voriconazole MICs (< 0.03 to 2 μg/ml) were lower than amphotericin B (0.25 to 4 μg/ml) and similar to itraconazole MICs. Voriconazole fungistatic activity against Fusarium spp. has been variable. Against F. oxysporum and solani, most studies showed MICs ranging from 0.25 to 8 μg/ml. Voriconazole had excellent fungistatic activity against five of the six species of dimorphic fungi evaluated (MIC₉₀s < 1.0 μg/ml). The exception was Sporothrix schenckii (MIC₉₀s and geometric mean MICs ≥ 8 μg/ml). Only amphotericin B had good fungistatic activity against the Zygomycetes species (voriconazole MICs ranged from 2 to >32 μg/ml). Voriconazole showed excellent in vitro activity (MICs < 0.03 to 1.0 μg/ml) against most of the 50 species of dematiaceous fungi tested, but the activity of all the agents was poor against most isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Phialophora parasitica). Voriconazole had fungicidal activity against most Aspergillus spp., B. dermatitidis, and some dematiaceous fungi. In vitro/in vivo correlations should aid in the interpretation of these results. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Killing Rates for Caspofungin Against Candida albicans After Brief and Continuous Caspofungin Exposure in the Presence and Absence of Serum

It was previously demonstrated that brief (≤1 h) exposures to echinocandins are as effective to kill Candida albicans cells as continuous 24-h exposure. However, killing rates after continuous and short (1 h) echinocandin exposures to C. albicans have not yet been evaluated in RPMI-1640 with and without 50 % serum. We evaluated four echinocandin susceptible C. albicans bloodstream isolates, ATCC 10231 type strain and an echinocandin-resistant isolate (DPL20, FKS F645P). Caspofungin MICs, time-kill and postantifungal effect (PAFE) tests were performed in RPMI-1640 with and without 50 % serum. Killing rates (k values) in time-kill and PAFE experiments were determined for each strain and concentration. In time-kill experiments, colony count decreases were isolate- and concentration-dependent at 0.25, 1, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/L in RPMI-1640, but concentration-independent at 1, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/L in 50 % serum. One-hour caspofungin exposure at 4, 16 and 32 mg/L resulted in CFU decreases comparable with the results obtained in time-kill experiments in RPMI-1640, but 50 % serum at 4, 16 and 32 mg/L allowed growth of all isolates (k values were negative) (P < 0.05–0.001). PAFE in 50 % serum decreased markedly at 4, 16 and 32 mg/L. Killing rates remained high and concentration-independent in 50 % serum in case of continuous but not in case of brief caspofungin exposure. As only a short growth inhibition without killing was observed in 50 % serum, clinical relevance of caspofungin PAFE in vivo is questionable.     

Efficacy of 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole onTrichophyton in vitro and in vivo

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of synthetically parepared 6-animo-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole (APB) againstTrichophyton strains were studied. APB inhibited the growth of 3Trichophyton strains at 65 µg/ml. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole was not effective at 125 µg/ml and ketoconazole inhibited the growth at 20–30 µg/ml. Treatment of experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs using 2.5% APB cream was studied in comparison to Canesten cream (1% clotrimazole). Dermatophytosis was considerably reduced after both APB and Canesten therapies.     

Antimicrobial activity of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride against Candida spp

BackgroundCandida-associated denture stomatitis is the most common manifestation of oral candidal infection, caused mainly by Candida albicans. Several authors have attempted to add antifungal agents or antiseptics to denture temporary soft lining materials or to denture acrylic resins, without relevant results. Therefore, the investigation of a quaternary ammonium functionalized compound [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MADQUAT), which copolymerizes with methacrylates and which could act as a fungal inhibitor, is of paramount importance.AimsTo evaluate the in vitro activity of MADQUAT against Candida species.MethodsThirty-one Candida strains were used to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of this compound. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations of MADQUAT and nystatin were determined.ResultsMADQUAT showed antifungal properties at concentrations of 6.25 to > 100 mg/ml, and fungicidal activity between 25 and > 100 mg/ml. The quantitative determinations of the fungistatic and fungicidal activity of MADQUAT showed fungistatic activity against all Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis strains, revealing fungicidal activity against some strains of the other species.ConclusionsMADQUAT has antifungal activity against Candida spp. Moreover, the sensitivity to this substance varies across the different species in terms of MIC values and fungicidal or fungistatic activity.     

Broth Microdilution and Time–Kill Testing of Caspofungin, Voriconazole, Amphotericin B and their Combinations Against Clinical Isolates of Candida krusei

Treatment of invasive Candida krusei infections can be difficult due to its intrinsic fluconazole resistance and its reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B and flucytosine. Caspofungin (CAS) acts on a different cellular target, and its combination with voriconazole (VOR) or amphotericin B (AmB) appears promising. We evaluated the activity of CAS, VOR and AmB alone and in combination at 1/4, 1, 4xMIC concentrations by time–kill method against 30 C. krusei isolates. All isolates were susceptible to CAS and VOR; AmB MICs were 2 μg/ml for 50% of isolates by broth microdilution. CAS showed a fast killing activity at all concentrations; it was fungistatic at 1/4xMICs and fungicidal at 1-4xMICs in general. VOR displayed a concentration-independent fungistatic activity against all isolates. AmB exhibited a concentration-dependent activity; it was fungistatic at 1/4-1xMIC and fungicidal at 4xMIC. The most common interaction was indifference for both combinations. Frequency of synergic interaction for the VOR + CAS combination was 66.7% at 1/4xMIC after 48 h. The best results for CAS + AmB combination were obtained at 4xMIC in the first 4–8 h; synergic interaction was detected for 20 isolates (66.7%) at 4xMIC after 4 h. Consequently, VOR and CAS alone have been found effective, and high AmB MICs are remarkable against clinical C. krusei isolates in vitro. The combinations of CAS with VOR or AmB have exhibited promising results.     

Enhancement of the attachment on microcarriers and tPA production by fibroblast cells in a serum-free medium by the addition of the extracts ofCentella asiatica

The addition of ethanol extracts ofCentella asiatica showed a remarkable enhancement of fibroblast cells attachment to Cytodex beads in serum-free (SF) medium. It also improves tPA production in both batch and perfusion cultivations. The optimal concentration for SF medium was determined as 2 ppm of the extracts when using Cytodex III. In batch cultivation a high specific tPA production rate was obtained, compared to that from 5% FBS containing medium. However, a fast specific growth rate was observed in 5% FBS medium. In perfusion cultivation a reasonably good cell density and tPA production was achieved at a perfusion rate of 2.4×10⁶ (viable cell/ml) and 0.65 (g/ml), respectively at 22 ml/min.     

Occurrence of Dermatomycoses and In-Vitro Therapeutic Efficacy of Three Antifungal Drugs on the Growth of Epidermophyton Floccosum

The occurrence of dermatomycoses and the in-vitro therapeutic efficacy of some antifungal agents on dermatomycotic organisms were investigated. Of the 550 primary school children screened, the incidence was one hundred (18%), 70 were males (representing 20% of the males screened) and 30 females (15% of the females sampled). The differences between male and female prevalence were insignificant. Three species of dermatophytes were isolated and identified. These were Microsporum canis, Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton floccosum. The antifungal agents tested on E. floccosum were griseofulvin, terbinafine and ketoconazole. They produced different sized zones of inhibition against the growth of E. floccosum. Griseofulvin exhibited a 50% inhibition of growth on E. floccosum at 63.00 mg/L. Terbinafine on the other hand exhibited varying levels of inhibition of growth at varying concentrations, at 0.07 mg/L, terbinafine achieved 46% inhibition of growth on E. floccosum. The drug achieved 100% inhibition of growth on the isolate at 61.81 mg/L. In the case of ketoconazole, 50% inhibition of growth was achieved at 100 mg/L while 100% inhibition of growth was achieved at 200 mg/L. The antifungal effects of the three drugs were confirmed by broth dilution tests where terbinafine was found to be fungistatic on the growth of E. floccosum at concentrations ranging from 0.013-1.700 mg/L and was fungicidal at concentrations ranging from 0.027-1.700 mg/L. Ketoconazole was found to inhibit the growth of E. floccosum at 0.003-1.700 mg/L and was fungicidal at concentrations ranging from 0.027-1.700 mg/L. It however did not succeed in killing the isolate under the same range of concentrations. Griseofulvin exhibited fungistatic effects on the growth of E. floccusum at 0.013-1.700 mg/L. In conclusion, ketoconazole and griseofulvin were found to be fungistatic and not fungicidal while terbinafine was both fungistatic and fungicidal on the pathogen. Terbinafine was found to be the most effective drug in inhibiting E. floccosum.